scholarly journals Organic Matter Fractions and Quality of the Surface Layer of a Constructed and Vegetated Soil After Coal Mining. I - Humic Substances and Chemical Characterization

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 886-894 ◽  
Author(s):  
Otávio dos Anjos Leal ◽  
Rosa Maria Vargas Castilhos ◽  
Eloy Antonio Pauletto ◽  
Luiz Fernando Spinelli Pinto ◽  
Flávia Fontana Fernandes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Humic Acid ◽  
Coal Mining ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
The Other ◽  
Paspalum Notatum ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Chemical Fractions

After open coal mining, soils are “constructed”, which usually contain low levels and quality of organic matter (OM). Therefore, the use of plant species for revegetation and reclamation of degraded areas is essential. This study evaluated the distribution of carbon (C) in the chemical fractions as well as the chemical characteristics and humification degree of OM in a soil constructed after coal mining under cultivation of perennial grasses. The experiment was established in 2003 with the following treatments: Hemarthria altissima (T1), Paspalum notatum (T2), Cynodon dactilon (T3), Urochloa brizantha (T4), bare constructed soil (T5), and natural soil (T6). In 2009, soil samples were collected from the 0.00-0.03 m layer and the total organic carbon stock (TOC) and C stock in the chemical fractions: acid extract (CHCl), fulvic acid (CFA), humic acid (CHA), and humin (CHU) were determined. The humic acid (HA) fraction was characterized by infrared spectroscopy and the laser-induced fluorescence index (ILIF) of OM was also calculated. After six years, differences were only observed in the CHA stocks, which were highest in T1 (0.89 Mg ha-1) and T4 (1.06 Mg ha-1). The infrared spectra of HA in T1, T2 and T4 were similar to T6, with greater contribution of aliphatic organic compounds than in the other treatments. In this way, ILIF decreased in the sequence T5>T3>T4>T1>T2>T6, indicating higher OM humification in T3 and T5 and more labile OM in the other treatments. Consequently, the potential of OM quality recovery in the constructed soil was greatest in treatments T1 and T4.

scholarly journals Organic Matter Fractions and Quality of the Surface Layer of a Constructed and Vegetated Soil After Coal Mining. II - Physical Compartments and Carbon Management Index

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 895-902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Otávio dos Anjos Leal ◽  
Rosa Maria Vargas Castilhos ◽  
Eloy Antonio Pauletto ◽  
Luiz Fernando Spinelli Pinto ◽  
Clenio Nailto Pillon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Coal Mining ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Light Fraction ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Partial Recovery ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Organic C ◽  
C Stocks

Soils constructed after mining often have low carbon (C) stocks and low quality of organic matter (OM). Cover crops are decisive for the recovery process of these stocks, improving the quality of constructed soils. Therefore, the goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of cover crops on total organic C (TOC) stocks, C distribution in physical fractions of OM and the C management index (CMI) of a soil constructed after coal mining. The experiment was initiated in 2003 with six treatments: Hemarthria altissima (T1), Paspalum notatum (T2), Cynodon dactylon (T3), Urochloa brizantha (T4), bare constructed soil (T5), and natural soil (T6). Soil samples were collected in 2009 from the 0.00-0.03 m layer, and the TOC and C stocks in the physical particle size fractions (carbon in the coarse fraction - CCF, and mineral-associated carbon - MAC) and density fractions (free light fraction - FLF; occluded light fraction - OLF, and heavy fraction - HF) of OM were determined. The CMI components: carbon pool index (CPI), lability (L) and lability index (LI) were estimated by both fractionation methods. No differences were observed between TOC, CCF and MAC stocks. The lowest C stocks in FLF and OLF fractions were presented by T2, 0.86 and 0.61 Mg ha-1, respectively. The values of TOC stock, C stock in physical fractions and CMI were intermediate, greater than T5 and lower than T6 in all treatments, indicating the partial recovery of soil quality. As a result of the better adaptation of the species Hemarthria and Brizantha, resulting in greater accumulation of labile organic material, the CPI, L, LI and CMI values were higher in these treatments, suggesting a greater potential of these species for recovery of constructed soils.

scholarly journals Impact of treated sewage on meiobenthic nematodes: a case study from the Tunisian Refining Industries Company

2022 ◽  
Vol 82 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Hedfi ◽  
M. Ben Ali ◽  
A. Noureldeen ◽  
H. Darwish ◽  
T. Saif ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
The Other ◽  
Treated Sewage ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Bizerte Bay ◽  
De Man ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The main objective of the current study was to assess the impact of the water taken from the ‘Tunisian Refining Industries Company’ on meiobenthic nematodes, before and after a series of treatments in decantation basins followed by its discharge in Bizerte bay, Tunisia. The comparison of environmental parameters of the two types of water was clearly indicative of an improvement in the quality of treated waters after a significant reduction in their loads in hydrocarbons. Overall, the water retained a good quality after being treated by ‘Tunisian Refining Industries Company’ before discharge in the sea. At the end of the experiment, differential responses were observed according to the richness of sediment in organic matter and hydrocarbons. Thus, it was apparent that the nematode assemblage exposed to the treated waters was closer to controls and associated to higher values of abundance, than that under untreated ones. It was also assumed that the species Microlaimus honestus De Man, 1922, Paramonohystera proteus Wieser, 1956 and Cyartonema germanicum Juario, 1972 are sensitive bioindicators of bad environmental statues and of hydrocarbon presence in the environment. On the other hand, Metoncholaimus pristiurus (Zur Strassen, 1894) Filipjev, 1918 would rather be classified as a positive bioindicative species of this type of pollutants.

scholarly journals Quality of bio-solids produced in a Spanish Wastewater Treatment Plant (Córdoba-Spain) and its use in agronomy along 2000-2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 9-15
Author(s):  
Rafael Marín Galvín
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
The Other ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Urban Wastewater ◽  
Main Metal ◽  
Colony Forming Units

Bio-solids are the final fate of pollution present in urban wastewater, reaching the production of these ones in Spanish WWTPs 701,751 T/year (dates of 2018). Considering that 85% of Spanish bio-solids are used in agronomy, it is important to know characteristics of biosolids there produced, and in this way, we have investigated bio-solids generated in La Golondrina´s WWTP (Córdoba, Spain) along 2000-2019. This WWTP is a conventional facility operated by activated sludges (26.55x106 m3/year treated) which has produced 1.43 kg of bio-solids per m3 of treated wastewater (38.000 T/year). Our results indicated that bio-solids had a dryness over initial mass of 22.3%, and 74.9% of organic matter over dried matter (o.d.m.). At the same time, major components detected in bio-solids were N, P and Ca which levels were 5.0%, 3.5% and 3.7%, respectively. On the other hand, concentration of total metals in bio-solids ranged 13,024 mg/kg o.d.m., being the main metal Fe (11.749 mg/kg o.d.m.) followed by Zn, Cu and Mn, with levels as mg/kg o.d.m. of 463.1, 392.8 and 265.7, respectively. Evolution per year of all the investigated parameters are shown in the paper. Taking into account the use of bio-solids in agronomy, we have evaluated levels of metals limited by the Spanish normative to this respect: thus, the seven metals restricted (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Hg and Cr) exhibited concentration in bio-solids very lower than parametric values established. Moreover, we have estimated the ratios of accumulation of organics and metals from wastewater to bio-solids: thus, organic matter, N and P, were accumulated in bio-solids respectively, 342, 356 and 643 times, and total metals, 2,632 times. Finally, levels of Escherichia coli slightly varied from wastewater to bio-solids: 1.5x108 colony-forming units/L in the first one, and 0.9x108/g (o.d.m.) in the second ones.

scholarly journals Potencial forrajero de híbridos de maíz (Zea mays L.) en la Comarca Lagunera.

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 88
Author(s):  
Jesús Arreola ◽  
Cristina Vega ◽  
Enrique Navarro ◽  
Gustavo Burciaga
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
The Other ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Proximal Analysis ◽  
Chemical Traits

The objectives of this work were to evaluate the forage performance of several hybrids in relations with six checks. The farmer hybrids were realised by "Instituto Mexicano del Maíz", located at Saltillo, Coahuila. The agronomic traits taken into account were: grain yield and some chemical traits and their relationships with production and quality of forage in corn. Their work was divided in two parts, the first one under the field conditions in Gómez Palacio, Durango, (1992) where 25 hybrids were evaluated with a population density of 62,500 plants/ha. The analysis of variance showed no significance for production of green forage. However, one hybrid overcame the best check for more than 4 t. The second phase was carried out in the quality forage laboratory during 1992 - 1993, where each plant representing an entry was divided in three parts; later, a proximal analysis was performed and two variables were analized for green forage and ensilage. For percentage of fat, some experimentals hybrids had lower vulner than commercial hybrids in both green forage and ensilage, whereas for protein content six experimental hybrids overcame, the mean of the best checks. However, it is important to mention that the value was higher vulner of the entries for protein content were highest on ensilage than those shown for green forage whose group means were 6.91 and 6.12 respectively. In the other hand, it was posible to detect some experimental material with low vulner of fiber, mainly, in the phase of ensilage. We observed that the midde part of the plant was the richest for protein content in both ensilage and green forage. Finally, we observed the superiority of some experimental hybrids as for the parameters of contents of organic matter, portein, amount of ensilage and green forage.

Macropods, feral goats, sheep and cattle. 2. Equivalency in what and where they eat

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lester Pahl
Keyword(s):  
Diet Composition ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
The Other ◽  
Green Leaf ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Annual Grasses

The extent to which sheep, cattle, feral goats, red kangaroos, western grey kangaroos, euros and eastern grey kangaroos are equivalent in their use of the Australian southern rangelands is partly dependent on the extent to which their diets and foraging areas overlap. These herbivores all eat large amounts of green annual grasses, ephemeral forbs and the green leaf of perennial grasses when they are available. Overlap in use of these forages by all seven herbivores is concurrent and high. As the abundance of these preferred forages declines, sheep, cattle and feral goats consume increasing amounts of mature perennial grasses and chenopod and non-chenopod perennial forbs. Red kangaroos and western grey kangaroos continue to graze mature perennial grasses longer than sheep, cattle and feral goats, and only switch to perennial forbs when the quantity and quality of perennial grasses are poor. Consequently, overlap in use of perennial forbs by sheep, cattle, feral goats, red kangaroos and western grey kangaroos is sequential and moderately high. When palatable perennial forbs are eaten out, the diets of all herbivores except feral goats comprise predominantly dry perennial grass, and overlap is again concurrent and high. In comparison, feral goats have higher preferences for the browse of a wide range of shrubs and trees, and switch to these much earlier than the other herbivores. When perennial grasses and perennial forbs become scarce, sheep, feral goats and cattle browse large shrubs and trees, and overlap is sequential and high. If climatic conditions remain dry, then red and western grey kangaroos will also browse large shrubs and trees, but overlap between them, sheep, cattle and goats is sequential and low. In contrast to the other herbivores, the diets of euros and eastern grey kangaroos are comprised predominantly of perennial grasses, regardless of climatic conditions. As for diet composition, concurrent overlap in foraging distributions of sheep, cattle, feral goats and the four species of macropods is often low. However, over periods of several months to two or three years, as climatic conditions change, overlap in foraging distributions is sequential and high. While equivalency in what and where these herbivores eat is not quantifiable, it appears to be high overall. This is particularly so for perennial grass, which is the dominant forage for herbivores in the southern rangelands.

scholarly journals Physico-Chemical Characterization and Biological Activities of a Digestate and a More Stabilized Digestate-Derived Compost from Agro-Waste

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonella Vitti ◽  
Hazem S. Elshafie ◽  
Giuseppina Logozzo ◽  
Stefania Marzario ◽  
Antonio Scopa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Physiological Data ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Soil Suppressiveness ◽  
Phytotoxic Effect

The excessive use of agricultural soils and the reduction in their organic matter, following circular economy and environmental sustainability concepts, determined a strong attention in considering composting as a preferred method for municipalities and industries to recycle organic by-products. Microorganisms degrade organic matter for producing CO2, water and energy, originating stable humus named compost. The current study analyzed the chemical composition of a cow slurry on-farm digestate and a more stabilized digestate-derived compost (DdC), along with their phytotoxic, genotoxic and antifungal activities. The chemical analysis showed that digestate cannot be an ideal amendment due to some non-acceptable characteristics. Biological assays showed that the digestate had phytotoxicity on the tested plants, whereas DdC did not induce a phytotoxic effect in both plants at the lowest dilution; hence, the latter was considered in subsequent analyses. The digestate and DdC induced significant antifungal activity against some tested fungi. DdC did not show genotoxic effect on Vicia faba using a micronuclei test. Soil treated with DdC (5 and 10%) induced damping-off suppression caused by Fusarium solani in tomato plants. The eco-physiological data indicated that DdC at 5–10% could increase the growth of tomato plants. In conclusion, DdC is eligible as a soil amendment and to strengthen the natural soil suppressiveness against F. solani.

scholarly journals The long-term changes in soil organic matter contents and quality in Chernozems  

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 8-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Horáček Jan ◽  
Novák Pavel ◽  
Liebhard Peter ◽  
Strosser Eduard ◽  
Babulicová Mária
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Humic Acid ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Survey ◽  
The Other ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
Open Issue

For the purposes of assessment of long-term changes, two sets of Chernozems soil samples were analysed and compared in parallel: ‘old’ file samples obtained during the Soil Survey 1960–1970 in the former Czechoslovakia and a ‘present’ (2013) set of samples from exactly the same sites as the archive samples. The recently collected samples revealed worse qualitative parameters (lower humic acid to fulvic acid (HA/FA) ratios and higher colour quotient Q4/6 values) than the file samples, for all the localities. On the other side, the quantitative soil organic matter (SOM) parameters (oxidizable carbon (C<sub>ox</sub>) and all its determined components) showed contrary results. The amount of total SOM at the same sites is higher now than it was about 50 years ago. It can be concluded that the current decline in SOM quality in Chernozems is partly compensated for by higher accumulation of SOM in the soils. All the analysed Chernozem samples were found to have much worse qualitative SOM parameters than the values mentioned for this soil type in the older literature. However, a comparison of the current data and the file data of Chernozem SOM quality can still be considered an open issue and require more complex research.  

scholarly journals Biologisation impact on soil condition, grapevine mineral nutrition and productivity

2021 ◽  
pp. 26-35
Author(s):  
O. E. Klimenko ◽  
N. N. Klimenko ◽  
N. I. Klimenko
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Mineral Nutrition ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Soil Condition ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Nitrate Content ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Soil Enrichment ◽  
Grape Quality

The research aimed to study the combined effect of inter-row sodding with perennial grasses and biofertiliser applications (microbial preparations, MPs) on soil fertility and biological activity, as well as on mineral nutrition, productivity and quality of grapes. The experiment was conducted at a vineyard of the Shasla x Berlandieri 41B-rootstock Muskat Belyy variety nearby Sevastopol. The two-factor design was as follows. Sodding: with segetal vegetation (SV) or a mixture of seeded cereal and leguminous herbs (MHs). Microbial preparations: grapevine root system and soil bacterisation with MPs of various action, including Diazophyte nitrogen fixer, Phosphoenterin (PE) phosphate-mobiliser and a complex of microbial preparations (CMP) additionally containing Biopolycide bioprotector. In control, MPs were not applied with SV or MH sodding. Preparations were introduced in soil once a year prior to grapevine flowering at a dose of 200 g MP suspension per bush. Herbs were mown 5–6 times per season at 30–40 cm height. A combined sodding—MPs usage has been found to increase the nitrate content by 24–45, mobile P2O5 – by 16–21, exchangeable K2O – by 28–50 and organic matter – by 0.06–0.13 % relative to control. The greatest increase in N-NO3–K2O content was registered for the combination of MHs, Diazophyte and CMP; combined SV—CMP–MHs had the greatest impact on mobile P2O5 and organic matter. Biologisation enriched mineral grapevine nutrition, especially for P and K, as well as increased the bush productivity by 10–14 % (maximum in CMP–MHs) via improving the berry and bunch mass and grape quality via significantly increasing the sugar content and lowering acidity of wort. MHs–CMP maximized counts of agronomically valuable microorganisms involved in the organic and mineral nitrogen and phosphorus turnover (ammonifiers and oligotrophs by 120–130, amylolytics and phosphate mobilisers by 50–70 and oligonitrophilic by 50– 80 %). All usages contributed to soil enrichment with nutrients and humus.

scholarly journals Effect of adding graded levels of lablab forages on fermentation characteristics of Brachiaria silage

2021 ◽  
pp. 112
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lablab Purpureus ◽  
Protein Nitrogen

Ensiling as a method of forage feed conservation is the most appropriate in conserving of crude protein (CP) enhanced forages for sustainable dairy production. This is attributed to the fact that with this method, protein dependent lactic acid bacteria (LAB) hydrolyze water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) into short chain volatile fatty acids (VFAs) which are precursors for milk synthesis while the proteins buffers the excessive organic acids to produce more acetate and propionate. The study therefore aimed at assessing the quality of Brachiaria silage which was protein supplemented with graded levels of lablab forage. To achieve this objective, wilted Brachiaria forage (Brachiaria hybrid cv Mulato II) was collected, wilted and ensiled with and Lablab purpureus forages at inclusion levels of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% Lablab purpureus forage. The resultant 4 treatments were assessed in a completely randomized design in 3 replicates. All silages were prepared using plastic jar mini-silos to laboratory scale and then incubated at room temperature (±30°C) for 45 days. After the 45 days, chemical analysis for quantification of water soluble carbohydrate (WSC), none protein nitrogen (NH3-N), Acid detergent fiber (ADF), Neutral detergent fiber (NDF), pH, in-vitro organic matter digestibility (INVOMD), acetic acid, lactic acid and propionic acid composition were conducted. The results indicated that; none protein nitrogen, acetic acid and propionic acid composition decreased in quadratic trends with increasing legume forage inclusion to minimum values of 5.8, 48.0 and 0.7g/kg at 14.7, 1.8 and 6.0% inclusion levels of lablab forage, respectively. On the other hand, following a quadratic trend, WSC composition decreased with increase in lablab forage, with a maximum of 28.9g/kg obtained at 7.6% inclusion level of lablab forage. Generally, CP, dry matter, INVOMD and metabolizable energy of the silage increased with increase in the inclusion levels of lablab silage. Using regression equations of the response curves, NDF and ADF decreased with increasing legume forage inclusion to minimum values of 349.3 and 172.1g/kg at inclusion levels of 16.1 and 17.1%, respectively. On the other hand in-vitro organic matter digestibility increased with the increase in the lablab forage inclusion to a maximum of 49.4%. However, mineral composition of the silage was not affected by lablab forage inclusion. Since the quality of silage for dairy cows depends on short chain volatile fatty acid, fibre and crude protein composition, inclusion of lablab forage to Brachiaria hybrid cv mulato II silage at a rate of 17.1% potentially yields the best results in lactating cows.

scholarly journals Perennial grasses for recovery of the aggregation capacity of a reconstructed soil in a coal mining area in southern Brazil

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 327-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lizete Stumpf ◽  
Eloy Antonio Pauletto ◽  
Flavia Fontana Fernandes ◽  
Luis Eduardo Akiyoshi Sanches Suzuki ◽  
Tiago Stumpf da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coal Mining ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Mining Area ◽  
Soil Aggregation ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Heavy Machinery ◽  
Coal Mining Area ◽  
Hemarthria Altissima ◽  
Reconstructed Soil

The construction of a soil after surface coal mining involves heavy machinery traffic during the topographic regeneration of the area, resulting in compaction of the relocated soil layers. This leads to problems with water infiltration and redistribution along the new profile, causing water erosion and consequently hampering the revegetation of the reconstructed soil. The planting of species useful in the process of soil decompaction is a promising strategy for the recovery of the soil structural quality. This study investigated the influence of different perennial grasses on the recovery of reconstructed soil aggregation in a coal mining area of the Companhia Riograndense de Mineração, located in Candiota-RS, which were planted in September/October 2007. The treatments consisted of planting: T1- Cynodon dactylon cv vaquero; T2 - Urochloa brizantha; T3 - Panicum maximun; T4 - Urochloa humidicola; T5 - Hemarthria altissima; T6 - Cynodon dactylon cv tifton 85. Bare reconstructed soil, adjacent to the experimental area, was used as control treatment (T7) and natural soil adjacent to the mining area covered with native vegetation was used as reference area (T8). Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected in October/2009 (layers 0.00-0.05 and 0.10-0.15 m) to determine the percentage of macro- and microaggregates, mean weight diameter (MWD) of aggregates, organic matter content, bulk density, and macro- and microporosity. The lower values of macroaggregates and MWD in the surface than in the subsurface layer of the reconstructed soil resulted from the high degree of compaction caused by the traffic of heavy machinery on the clay material. After 24 months, all experimental grass treatments showed improvements in soil aggregation compared to the bare reconstructed soil (control), mainly in the 0.00-0.05 m layer, particularly in the two Urochloa treatments (T2 and T4) and Hemarthria altissima (T5). However, the great differences between the treatments with grasses and natural soil (reference) indicate that the recovery of the pre-mining soil structure could take decades.

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