Masculinity Attitudes Across Rural, Suburban, and Urban Areas in the United States

This article uses the 2011–2019 National Survey of Family Growth to explore how masculinity attitudes differ by rural, suburban, and urban contexts across three social axes: sexual identity, race/ethnicity, and education. It examines within-group differences based on spatial context among 17,944 men aged 15–44 who are straight, gay/bisexual, Black, white, and Latino, as well as among men with less than a bachelor’s, a bachelor’s, and more than a bachelor’s. This contributes to existing knowledge in several ways: it is the first project to build on important qualitative studies through the use of a nationally representative sample; it contributes to the scarce research on how rural gay/bisexual, Black, and Latino men understand masculinity; and it examines how education shapes the relationship between spatial context and attitudes about masculinity. Results indicate that spatial context has a stronger relationship to attitudes among white men, straight men, and men without a bachelor’s than among Black men, Latino men, gay/bisexual men, or men with a bachelor’s or above. Theoretically, what this shows is that spatial context is more strongly related to masculinity attitudes for men who are advantaged on the basis of sexuality or race than for men who are marginalized on these axes. When significant differences emerged, rural men were more conservative than urban and suburban men, and suburban men were more conservative than urban men. These results show that there is a relationship between spatial contexts and attitudes about masculinity, but that it depends on social identity and level of education.

Differential reporting of discriminatory experiences in Brazil and the United States

Cadernos de Saúde Pública ◽

10.1590/0102-311x00110516 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 33 (suppl 1) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Sarah Burgard ◽

Debora de Pina Castiglione ◽

Katherine Y. Lin ◽

Aline A. Nobre ◽

Estela M. L. Aquino ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Black Men ◽

White Women ◽

White Men ◽

The United States ◽

Group Differences ◽

National Comparison ◽

Using Data ◽

Gender Groups ◽

College Educated

Abstract: There has been little cross-national comparison of perceived discrimination, and few studies have considered how intersectional identities shape perception of discriminatory treatment in different societies. Using data from the ELSA-Brasil, a study of Brazilian civil servants, and the Americans’ Changing Lives Study, a nationally-representative sample of U.S. adults, we compare reports of lifetime discrimination among race-by-gender groups in each society. We also consider whether educational attainment explains any group differences, or if differences across groups vary by level of education. Results reveal higher lifetime discrimination experiences among Black respondents in both countries, especially Black men, than among Whites, and lower reports among White women than White men. Brown men and women also reported higher levels than White men in Brazil. For all race-by-gender groups in both countries, except Brazilian White men, reports of discrimination were higher among the more educated, though adjusting for educational differences across groups did not explain group differences. In Brazil, we found the greatest racial disparities among the college educated, while U.S. Black men were more likely to report discrimination than White men at all levels of education. Results reveal broad similarities across countries, despite important differences in their histories, and an intersectional approach contributed to identification of these similarities and some differences in discrimination experiences. These findings have implications for social and public health surveillance and intervention to address the harmful consequences of discrimination.

Gender and Marital Satisfaction: Data from the National Survey of Families and Households

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1998.83.1.319 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 83 (1) ◽

pp. 319-327 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Walter R. Schumm ◽

Farrell J. Webb ◽

Stephan R. Bollman

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Marital Satisfaction ◽

Representative Sample ◽

The United States ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

Satisfaction Relationship ◽

Representative Samples ◽

Small Support

In 1972, Bernard argued that marriage was good for men and bad for women. Subsequent research noted that wives, on average, reported lower marital satisfaction than husbands. Furthermore, when differences within couples existed on marital satisfaction, the wife was usually the less satisfied spouse; however, most previous studies of the gender/marital satisfaction relationship had not been based on nationally representative samples. A nationally representative sample from the 1988 Survey of Families and Households was used to assess the relationship of gender with marital satisfaction. Within-couple analyses indicated that wives were less satisfied with their marriages than husbands and that, when substantial within-couple differences occurred with respect to marital satisfaction, the wife was usually the less satisfied spouse. Results provide at least small support for feminist assertions about the relatively adverse nature of marriage for women in the United States.

Daily and Nondaily Smoking Varies by Acculturation among English-Speaking, US Latino Men and Women

Ethnicity & Disease ◽

10.18865/ed.28.2.105 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 105 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Kim Pulvers ◽

A. Paula Cupertino ◽

Taneisha S. Scheuermann ◽

Lisa Sanderson Cox ◽

Yen-Yi Ho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Relative Risk ◽

Mexican Americans ◽

English Language ◽

Rating Scale ◽

The United States ◽

Latino Men ◽

English Speaking ◽

The Relationship ◽

Nondaily Smoking

Background: Higher smoking prevalence and quantity (cigarettes per day) has been linked to acculturation in the United States among Latinas, but not Latino men. Our study examines variation between a different and increasingly important target behavior, smoking level (nondaily vs daily) and acculturation by sex.Methods: An online English-language survey was administered to 786 Latino smokers during July through August 2012. The Brief Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans–II (ARSMA-II) and other acculturation markers were used. Multinomial logistic regression models were implemented to assess the association between smoking levels (nondaily, light daily, and moderate/ heavy daily) with acculturation markers.Results: Greater ARMSA-II scores (relative risk ratio, RRR=.81, 95% CI: .72-.91) and being born inside the United States (RRR=.42, 95% CI: .24-.74) were associated with lower relative risk of nondaily smoking. Greater Latino orientation (RRR=1.29, 95% CI: 1.11-1.48) and preference for Spanish language (RRR=1.06, 95% CI: 1.02-1.10) and media (RRR=1.12, 95% CI: 1.05-1.20) were associated with higher relative risk of nondaily smoking. The relationship between acculturation and smoking level did not differ by sex.Conclusion: This study found that among both male and female, English-speaking Latino smokers, nondaily smoking was associated with lower acculturation, while daily smoking was linked with higher acculturation.Ethn Dis. 2018.28(2):105-114; doi:10.18865/ed.28.2.105.

Investing the Time: Group Differences in Cultural Capital Development Among U.S. Adolescents

Social Currents ◽

10.1177/2329496520925499 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (5) ◽

pp. 465-486

Author(s):

Karam Hwang

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Cultural Capital ◽

Asian American ◽

Time Use ◽

The United States ◽

Group Differences ◽

Time Investment ◽

Capital Development ◽

Technical Capacity

This study examines the extent of class and racial inequalities in cultural capital development among recent adolescent cohorts in the United States. Informed by several decades of cultural capital research, I compare participation in four dimensions of cultural capital proposed by prior scholarship—highbrow consumption, omnivorous consumption, technical capacity, and social competence—by using nationally representative time-diary data to test for group differences in time-use patterns. Time investment has been long theorized but seldom tested as the means through which individuals develop cultural capital. Activities associated with technical capacity appear to have the greatest potential as the bases for both class and racial exclusions, as group differences are evident in both the prevalence and duration of participation. Smaller race and class differences are evident for omnivorous consumption, and low participation in highbrow activities is evident across all groups. Distinct patterns of time-use among Asian American adolescents suggest they are simultaneously advantaged and disadvantaged in their cultural capital acquisition, speaking to debates regarding their relative status in the United States.

Exposure to Famine During Early Life and Abdominal Obesity in Adulthood: Findings from the Great Chinese Famine During 1959–1961

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11040903 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 903 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Dan Liu ◽

Dong-mei Yu ◽

Li-yun Zhao ◽

Hong-yun Fang ◽

Jian Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Abdominal Obesity ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Early Life ◽

Healthy Lifestyle ◽

Positive Association ◽

Fetal Life ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Famine Exposure ◽

Undernutrition during early life may lead to obesity in adulthood. This study was conducted to examine the relationship between famine exposure during early life and the risk of abdominal obesity in adulthood. A total of 18,984 and 16,594 adults were surveyed in 2002 and 2010–2012 in two nationally representative cross-sectional surveys, namely China Nutrition and Health Survey, respectively. The risk of abdominal obesity was evaluated for participants born during 1956–1961 and compared with that of participants born during 1962–1964. The overall prevalence of abdominal obesity in adulthood showed a positive association with famine exposure during early life. The odds ratios of famine exposure were 1.31 (1.19–1.44) and 1.28 (1.17–1.40) in 2002 during fetal life and infancy and 1.09 (1.00–1.19) in 2012 during fetal life, respectively. The relationships between famine exposure and abdominal obesity across the famine exposure groups were distinct among females and those who lived in urban areas and were physical inactive (p < 0.05). Exposure to famine during early life was associated with increased risks of abdominal obesity in adulthood, which was partially alleviated by healthy lifestyle factors (e.g., physical activity).

Using complementary methods to test whether marriage limits men's antisocial behavior

Development and Psychopathology ◽

10.1017/s0954579412000909 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 65-77 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Sara R. Jaffee ◽

Caitlin McPherran Lombardi ◽

Rebekah Levine Coley

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Antisocial Behavior ◽

Representative Sample ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

Negative Binomial ◽

The United States ◽

Complementary Methods ◽

Married Men ◽

AbstractMarried men engage in significantly less antisocial behavior than unmarried men, but it is not clear whether this reflects a causal relationship. Instead, the relationship could reflect selection into marriage whereby the men who are most likely to marry (men in steady employment with high levels of education) are the least likely to engage in antisocial behavior. The relationship could also be the result of reverse causation, whereby high levels of antisocial behavior are a deterrent to marriage rather than the reverse. Both of these alternative processes are consistent with the possibility that some men have a genetically based proclivity to become married, known as an active genotype–environment correlation. Using four complementary methods, we tested the hypothesis that marriage limits men's antisocial behavior. These approaches have different strengths and weaknesses and collectively help to rule out alternative explanations, including active genotype–environment correlations, for a causal association between marriage and men's antisocial behavior. Data were drawn from the in-home interview sample of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, a large, longitudinal survey study of a nationally representative sample of adolescents in the United States. Lagged negative binomial and logistic regression and propensity score matching models (n = 2,250), fixed-effects models of within-individual change (n = 3,061), and random-effects models of sibling differences (n = 618) all showed that married men engaged in significantly less antisocial behavior than unmarried men. Our findings replicate results from other quasiexperimental studies of marriage and men's antisocial behavior and extend the results to a nationally representative sample of young adults in the United States.

Sexual behaviour and contraceptive use among socioeconomic groups of young women in the United States

Journal of Biosocial Science ◽

10.1017/s0021932000013171 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 31-45 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Kathleen Ford ◽

Melvin Zelnik ◽

John F. Kantner

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Sexual Activity ◽

Young Women ◽

Contraceptive Use ◽

The United States ◽

Group Differences ◽

Socioeconomic Groups ◽

First Intercourse ◽

Lower Socioeconomic ◽

SummaryAlthough much research has been devoted to understanding differences in contraceptive behaviour among socieconomic groups of married women, little is known about group differences among young unmarried women. In this paper, data from a national survey of women 15–19 years of age are used to study the relationship between socioeconomic status, sexual activity, and contraceptive use. The socioeconomic status of the young women is related to age at first intercourse, contraceptive use at first intercourse, regularity of use, and use of medical methods. The results indicate that both an earlier initiation of sexual activity and less regular use of contraceptives in all probability lead to a concentration of pregnancies in the lower socioeconomic groups.

Does caring for your spouse harm one's health? Evidence from a United States nationally-representative sample of older adults

Ageing and Society ◽

10.1017/s0144686x08007824 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

pp. 277-293 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

KRISTI RAHRIG JENKINS ◽

MOHAMMED U. KABETO ◽

KENNETH M. LANGA

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Older Adult ◽

The United States ◽

Independent Effect ◽

Adult Care ◽

Self Rated Health ◽

Care Givers ◽

Care Giving ◽

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this article is to investigate the relationship between spousal care-giving and declines in functioning and self-rated health among older care-givers. The authors used data from the 2000 and 2002 waves of the United States Health and Retirement Study, a biennial longitudinal survey of a nationally representative cohort of adults aged 50 or more years. Two outcomes were examined, declines in functioning and declines in self-rated health. Care-givers were classified into three groups: no care-giving, less than 14 hours of care-giving per week, and 14 or more hours care-giving per week. To assess declines in functioning, two summary scores were created of limitations in basic and instrumental Activities of Daily Living. To assess declines in self-rated health, we compared responses from 2000 and 2002. In the fully adjusted models, care-giving hours did not have an independent effect on declines in functioning or self-rated health. The relationship between care-giving hours and declines in functioning and self-rated health is probably attributable to socio-demographic characteristics, mainly age. The findings suggest that spousal care-giving does not of itself harm functional health or perceived health among older adult care-givers. Understanding the differential effects of these socio-economic characteristics with care-giving hours on health will be useful in promoting the health of older adult care-givers and treating their disorders.

An Examination of Device Types and Features Used by Adult Electronic Nicotine Delivery System (ENDS) Users in the PATH Study, 2015–2016

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16132329 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (13) ◽

pp. 2329 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Blair Coleman ◽

Joanne T. Chang ◽

Brian L. Rostron ◽

Sarah E. Johnson ◽

Babita Das ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Open Systems ◽

Demographic Characteristics ◽

Group Differences ◽

Use Patterns ◽

Closed Systems ◽

Never Smokers ◽

The Relationship ◽

Hispanic White

To date no study has reported U.S. nationally representative estimates of current ENDS users by device category (“open” vs. “closed” systems) nor their detailed use behaviors. We examined the proportion of current adult ENDS users (unweighted n = 2671) using either “closed” or “open” systems during Wave 3 (2015–2016) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study. Demographic characteristics, use patterns, and device characteristics were examined overall and by device type. Among the 5.0% of current users at Wave 3, 43.9% used closed systems and 53.7% used open systems. Compared to closed system users, open system users were more likely to be male (60.7% vs. 48.4%), aged 18–24 (30.4% vs. 21.4%), and non-Hispanic White (76.2% vs. 65.4%), recent former (9.9% vs. 5.6%) or long-term former (20.2% vs. 10.9%) smokers, and use ENDS daily (44.1% vs. 22.5%); they were less likely to be to be current daily smokers (31.7% vs. 48.0%) or never smokers (15.2% vs. 19.5%). Adult ENDS users were nearly evenly split on their use of closed versus open systems; however, several group differences were observed. Disentangling the relationship between device selection and subsequent use patterns remains a public health priority.

E-Cigarette Flavors and Frequency of E-Cigarette Use among Adult Dual Users Who Attempt to Quit Cigarette Smoking in the United States: Longitudinal Findings from the PATH Study 2015/16–2016/17

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18084373 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (8) ◽

pp. 4373

Author(s):

Karin A. Kasza ◽

Maciej L. Goniewicz ◽

Kathryn C. Edwards ◽

Michael D. Sawdey ◽

Marushka L. Silveira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Smoking Cessation ◽

Cigarette Smoking ◽

Longitudinal Research ◽

The United States ◽

Study Data ◽

Cigarette Use ◽

Quit Smoking ◽

Potential mechanisms by which e-cigarette use may relate to combustible cigarette smoking cessation are not well-understood. We used U.S. nationally representative data to prospectively evaluate the relationship between e-cigarette flavor use and frequency of e-cigarette use among adult cigarette/e-cigarette dual users who attempted to quit smoking cigarettes. Analyses used Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study data from adult dual users (2015/16) who attempted to quit smoking between 2015/16 and 2016/17 (Wave 3-Wave 4, n = 685, including those who did/did not quit by 2016/17). E-cigarette flavor use (usual/last flavor, past 30-day flavor; assessed in 2015/16) was categorized into Only tobacco; Only menthol/mint; Only non-tobacco, non-menthol/mint; and Any combination of tobacco, menthol/mint, other flavor(s). The key outcome, evaluated at follow-up in 2016/17, was frequent e-cigarette use, which was defined as use on 20+ of past 30 days. Logistic regression was used to evaluate associations between e-cigarette flavor use in 2015/16 and frequent e-cigarette use at follow-up in 2016/17. Dual users who attempted to quit smoking had greater odds of frequent e-cigarette use at follow-up when they used only non-tobacco, non-menthol/mint flavor than when they used only tobacco flavor as their regular/last e-cigarette flavor (OR = 1.9, 95% CI: 1.1–3.4); findings were no longer significant when adjusted for factors including e-cigarette device type (AOR = 1.4, 95% CI: 0.7–2.8). Past 30-day e-cigarette flavor use results were generally similar, although frequent e-cigarette use at follow-up was highest among those who used any combination of tobacco, menthol/mint, or other flavors. Findings indicate that e-cigarette flavor use among dual users who attempt to quit smoking may be related to e-cigarette use frequency overall, which may indicate a mechanism underlying findings for e-cigarette use and smoking cessation. Further longitudinal research may help to disentangle how e-cigarette characteristics uniquely impact e-cigarette use frequency and smoking cessation/sustained use.