Maternal obesity and offspring body composition by indirect methods: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract This study reviewed the evidence that assessed the association between maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and/or gestational weight gain and offspring body composition in childhood. A systematic review was conducted. Cohort studies, case-control studies and randomized controlled trials measuring offspring body composition by indirect methods were included. Meta-analyses of the effect of pre-pregnancy BMI on offspring fat-free mass, body fat percent, and fat mass were conducted through random-effects models. 20 studies were included, most of which reported a positive association of pre-pregnancy BMI with offspring body fat. Standardized mean differences in body fat percent, fat mass and fat-free mass between infants of women with normal pre-pregnancy BMI and those of overweight/obese women were 0.31 percent points (95%CI: 0.19; 0.42), 0.38kg (95%CI: 0.26; 0.50), and 0.18kg (95%CI: -0.07; 0.42), respectively. Evidence so far suggests that pre-pregnancy maternal overweight is associated with higher offspring adiposity.

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Human Milk Exosomal MicroRNA: Associations with Maternal Overweight/Obesity and Infant Body Composition at 1 Month of Life

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13041091 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 1091

Author(s):

Kruti B. Shah ◽

Steven D. Chernausek ◽

Lori D. Garman ◽

Nathan P. Pezant ◽

Jasmine F. Plows ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Human Milk ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Maternal Obesity ◽

Normal Weight ◽

The Body ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Negatively Associated ◽

Maternal Overweight ◽

The Impact

Among all the body fluids, breast milk is one of the richest sources of microRNAs (miRNAs). MiRNAs packaged within the milk exosomes are bioavailable to breastfeeding infants. The role of miRNAs in determining infant growth and the impact of maternal overweight/obesity on human milk (HM) miRNAs is poorly understood. The objectives of this study were to examine the impact of maternal overweight/obesity on select miRNAs (miR-148a, miR-30b, miR-29a, miR-29b, miR-let-7a and miR-32) involved in adipogenesis and glucose metabolism and to examine the relationship of these miRNAs with measures of infant body composition in the first 6 months of life. Milk samples were collected from a cohort of 60 mothers (30 normal-weight [NW] and 30 overweight [OW]/obese [OB]) at 1-month and a subset of 48 of these at 3 months of lactation. Relative abundance of miRNA was determined using real-time PCR. The associations between the miRNAs of interest and infant weight and body composition at one, three, and six months were examined after adjusting for infant gestational age, birth weight, and sex. The abundance of miR-148a and miR-30b was lower by 30% and 42%, respectively, in the OW/OB group than in the NW group at 1 month. miR-148a was negatively associated with infant weight, fat mass, and fat free mass, while miR-30b was positively associated with infant weight, percent body fat, and fat mass at 1 month. Maternal obesity is negatively associated with the content of select miRNAs in human milk. An association of specific miRNAs with infant body composition was observed during the first month of life, suggesting a potential role in the infant’s adaptation to enteral nutrition.

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Seasonal and Longitudinal Changes in Body Composition by Sport-Position in NCAA Division I Basketball Athletes

Sports ◽

10.3390/sports6030085 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 85 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Jennifer Fields ◽

Justin Merrigan ◽

Jason White ◽

Margaret Jones

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Body Mass ◽

Body Fat ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Ncaa Division I ◽

The Body ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Strength And Conditioning ◽

Air Displacement Plethysmography ◽

Within Subjects

The purpose of this study was to assess the body composition of male and female basketball athletes (n = 323) across season, year, and sport-position using air displacement plethysmography. An independent sample t-test assessed sport-position differences. An analysis of variance was used to assess within-subjects across season (pre-season, in-season, and off-season), and academic year (freshman, sophomore, and junior). For both men and women basketball (MBB, WBB) athletes, guards had the lowest body fat, fat mass, fat free mass, and body mass. No seasonal differences were observed in MBB, but following in-season play for WBB, a reduction of (p = 0.03) in fat free mass (FFM) was observed. Across years, MBB showed an increase in FFM from freshman to sophomore year, yet remained unchanged through junior year. For WBB across years, no differences occurred for body mass (BM), body fat (BF%), and fat mass (FM), yet FFM increased from sophomore to junior year (p = 0.009). Sport-position differences exist in MBB and WBB: Guards were found to be smaller and leaner than forwards. Due to the importance of body composition (BC) on athletic performance, along with seasonal and longitudinal shifts in BC, strength and conditioning practitioners should periodically assess athletes BC to ensure preservation of FFM. Training and nutrition programming can then be adjusted in response to changes in BC.

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Percent of body fat, fat-mass, fat-free mass and assessment of body composition among rural school-going children of Eastern-India

Anthropological Review ◽

10.2478/anre-2018-0011 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 81 (2) ◽

pp. 158-173

Author(s):

Sampriti Debnath ◽

Nitish Mondal ◽

Jaydip Sen

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Body Fat ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Sampling Method ◽

West Bengal ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Eastern India ◽

Mean Values ◽

Standard Procedures ◽

Mean Differences

Abstract Percent of body fat (PBF), fat mass (FM) and fat free mass (FFM) are useful indicators for the assessment of body composition. The present study was conducted among 1351 children (boys: 660; girls: 691) aged 5-12 years residing in West Bengal, Eastern-India. The children were selected using a stratified random sampling method. Anthropometric measurements of height, weight, triceps skinfold (TSF) and sub-scapular skinfold (SSF) were recorded using standard procedures. The PBF, PBF-for-age z-score (PBFZ) and body mass index (BMI) were subsequently calculated. Body composition was assessed using FM, FFM, fat mass index (FMI) and fat free mass index (FFMI). Age-specific mean values of FM ranged from 2.12-4.00 kg (boys) and 2.16-4.40 kg (girls). Age-specific mean values of FFM ranged from 14.45-23.93 kg (boys) and 14.01-23.03 kg (girls). Sex-specific mean differences between sexes were statistically significant in weight, height, TSF, SSF, PBF, PBFAZ, FM, FFM, FMI and FFMI (p<0.05), except in BMI (p>0.05). These results are important for future investigations in clinical and epidemiological settings so as to accurately identify the risk of lower or higher adiposity and body composition using PBF, FM and FFM.

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Longitudinal changes in body composition associated with healthy ageing: men, aged 20–96 years

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114511003886 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 107 (7) ◽

pp. 1085-1091 ◽

Cited By ~ 67

Author(s):

Andrew S. Jackson ◽

Ian Janssen ◽

Xuemei Sui ◽

Timothy S. Church ◽

Steven N. Blair

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Body Fat ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Positive Influence ◽

Healthy Ageing ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Longitudinal Changes ◽

Percentage Of Body Fat ◽

Age Related ◽

Negative Effect

Obesity and sarcopenia are health problems associated with ageing. The present study modelled the longitudinal changes in body composition of healthy men, aged from 20 to 96 years, and evaluated the fidelity of BMI to identify age-dependent changes in fat mass and fat-free mass. The data from 7265 men with multiple body composition determinations (total observations 38 328) were used to model the age-related changes in body mass, fat mass, fat-free mass, BMI and percentage of body fat. Changes in fat mass and fat-free mass were used to evaluate the fidelity of BMI and to detect body composition changes with ageing. Linear mixed regression models showed that all trajectories of body composition with healthy ageing were quadratic. Fat mass, BMI and percentage of body fat increased from age 20 years and levelled off at approximately 80 years. Fat-free mass increased slightly from age 20 to 47 years and then declined at a non-linear rate with ageing. Levels of aerobic exercise had a positive influence on fat mass and a slight negative effect on fat-free mass. BMI and percentage of body fat were sensitive in detecting the increase in fat mass that occurred with healthy ageing, but failed to identify the loss of fat-free mass that started at age 47 years.

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Comparison of Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA) versus a Multi-frequency Bioelectrical Impedance (InBody 770) Device for Body Composition Assessment after a 4-Week Hypoenergetic Diet

Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology ◽

10.3390/jfmk4020023 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 23 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Antonio ◽

Kenyon ◽

Ellerbroek ◽

Carson ◽

Burgess ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Body Fat ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Bioelectrical Impedance ◽

Dual Energy ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Percent Body Fat ◽

Men And Women ◽

X Ray

The purpose of this investigation was to compare two different methods of assessing body composition (i.e., a multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (MF-BIA) and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)) over a four-week treatment period in exercise-trained men and women. Subjects were instructed to reduce their energy intake while maintaining the same exercise regimen for a period of four weeks. Pre and post assessments for body composition (i.e., fat-free mass, fat mass, percent body fat) were determined via the MF-BIA and DXA. On average, subjects reduced their energy intake by ~18 percent. The MF-BIA underestimated fat mass and percentage body fat and overestimated fat-free mass in comparison to the DXA. However, when assessing the change in fat mass, fat-free mass or percent body fat, there were no statistically significant differences between the MF-BIA vs. DXA. Overall, the change in percent body fat using the DXA vs. the MF-BIA was −1.3 ± 0.9 and −1.4 ± 1.8, respectively. Our data suggest that when tracking body composition over a period of four weeks, the MF-BIA may be a viable alternative to the DXA in exercise-trained men and women.

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Identification of and Associations among Low, Middle, and High Body Composition Trajectories from Age 5- to 17-Years

Children ◽

10.3390/children7100192 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (10) ◽

pp. 192

Author(s):

Teresa A. Marshall ◽

Alexandra M. Curtis ◽

Joseph E. Cavanaugh ◽

John J. Warren ◽

Steven M. Levy

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Body Fat ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Dual Energy ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Clinical Settings ◽

Fat Mass Index ◽

X Ray ◽

Body Composition Measure ◽

Dxa Scans

Our objective was to identify sex-specific age 5- to 17-year body composition (body mass index (BMI), % body fat, fat mass index, fat-free mass index) trajectories, compare trajectories assigned using age 5 (AGE5) data to those assigned using all available (ALL) data, and compare BMI assignments to other body composition assignments. Cluster analysis was used to identify low, medium, and high trajectories from body composition measures obtained from dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans at 5, 9, 11, 13, 15, and 17 years in a birth cohort followed longitudinally (n = 469). Moderate agreement was observed for comparisons between AGE5 data and ALL data cluster assignments for each body composition measure. Agreement between cluster assignments for BMI and other body composition measures was stronger using ALL data than using AGE5 data. Our results suggest that BMI, % body fat, fat mass index, and fat free mass index trajectories are established during early childhood, and that BMI is a reasonable predictor of body composition appropriate to track obesity in public health and clinical settings.

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Eating-Disordered Behavior in Adolescents: Associations with Body Image, Body Composition and Physical Activity

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17186665 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (18) ◽

pp. 6665

Author(s):

Eliška Štefanová ◽

Peter Bakalár ◽

Tibor Baška

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Body Image ◽

Body Composition ◽

Body Fat ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Mental Health Problems ◽

Pearson Correlation ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Body Fat Mass ◽

Eating Disordered

Eating disorders (EDs) represent a disparate group of mental health problems that significantly impair physical health or psychosocial functioning. The aim of this study was to present some evidence about the prevalence of eating-disordered behavior (EDB) in adolescents, and explore its associations with body image (BI), body composition (BC) and physical activity (PA) in this age group. Data from 780 adolescents participating in a health behavior in school-aged children (HBSC) study conducted in Slovakia in 2018 were used (mean age 13.5 ± 1.3; 56% boys). Differences in mean values of numerical indicators were evaluated using the independent samples t-test. Differences between nominal variables were assessed by the chi-square test. Pearson correlation was used to describe the associations between all the selected variables. EDB was positively screened in 26.7% (208/780) of adolescents, with a higher prevalence in girls (128/344, 37.2%) than in boys (80/436, 18.3%). Significantly higher means of BI, body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), body fat mass (BFM), body fat percentage (BFP), body fat mass index (BFMI), fat free mass index (FFMI), and SCOFF questionnaire score (SCOFF QS) were found in those positively screened for EDB. Pearson correlation analysis revealed positive associations between EDB and BI, BW, BMI, BFM, BFP and BFMI. The prevalence of EDB is high in Slovak adolescents. Positive associations between EDB, BI, BMI and fat-related body composition parameters support the idea of a more integrated approach in EDs and obesity prevention and treatment. At the same time, gender differences suggest the need for considering gender-specific strategies aimed at girls and boys separately.

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Effects of Growth Hormone (GH) on Ghrelin, Leptin, and Adiponectin in GH-Deficient Patients

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jc.2003-030713 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 88 (11) ◽

pp. 5193-5198 ◽

Cited By ~ 88

Author(s):

Britt Edén Engström ◽

Pia Burman ◽

Camilla Holdstock ◽

F. Anders Karlsson

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Body Fat ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Glucose Production ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Metabolic Effects ◽

Controlled Study ◽

Gh Treatment ◽

Igf I

Abstract Ghrelin is a recently discovered gastric peptide that increases appetite, glucose oxidation, and lipogenesis and stimulates the secretion of GH. In contrast to ghrelin, GH promotes lipolysis, glucose production, and insulin secretion. Both ghrelin and GH are suppressed by intake of nutrients, especially glucose. The role of GH in the regulation of ghrelin has not yet been established. We investigated the effect of GH on circulating levels of ghrelin in relation to its effects on glucose, insulin, body composition, and the adipocyte-derived peptides leptin and adiponectin. Thirty-six patients with adult-onset GH deficiency received recombinant human GH for 9 months in a placebo-controlled study. Body composition and fasting serum analytes were assessed at baseline and at the end of the study. The GH treatment was accompanied by increased serum levels of IGF-I, reduced body weight (−2%) and body fat (−27%), and increased serum concentrations of glucose (+10%) and insulin (+48%). Ghrelin levels decreased in 30 of 36 subjects by a mean of −29%, and leptin decreased by a mean of −24%. Adiponectin increased in the women only. The decreases in ghrelin and leptin correlated with changes in fat mass, fat-free mass, and IGF-I. The reductions in ghrelin were predicted independently of the changes in IGF-I and fat mass. It is likely that the reductions in ghrelin and leptin reflect the metabolic effects of GH on lipid mobilization and glucose production. Possibly, a suppression of ghrelin promotes loss of body fat in GH-deficient patients receiving treatment. The observed correlation between the changes in ghrelin and IGF-I may suggest that the GH/IGF-I axis has a negative feedback on ghrelin secretion.

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The Influence of Sport Nutrition Knowledge on Body Composition and Perceptions of Dietary Requirements in Collegiate Athletes

10.20944/preprints202105.0505.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Andrew Jagim ◽

Jennifer B. Fields ◽

Meghan Magee ◽

Chad Kerksick ◽

Joel Luedke ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Body Weight ◽

Body Mass ◽

Body Fat ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Collegiate Athletes ◽

Nutrition Knowledge ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Sport Nutrition ◽

Division Iii

Sport nutrition knowledge has been shown to influence dietary habits of athletes. The purpose of the current study was to examine relationships between sport nutrition knowledge and body composition and examine potential predictors of body weight goal in collegiate athletes. Participants included National Collegiate Athletic Association Division III women (n=42, height: 169.9 ± 6.9 cm; body mass: 67.1 ± 8.6 kg; fat-free mass: 51.3 ± 6.6 kg; body fat %: 24.2 ± 5.3%) and men (n=25, height: 180.8 ± 7.2 cm; body mass: 89.2 ± 20.5 kg; fat-free mass: 75.9 ± 12.2 kg; body fat %: 13.5 ± 8.9%) athletes. Body composition was assessed via air displacement plethysmography. Athletes completed a validated questionnaire designed to assess sport nutrition knowledge and were asked questions about their perceived dietary energy and macronutrient requirements, as well as their body weight goal (i.e. lose, maintain, gain weight). Athletes answered 47.98 ± 11.29 % of questions correctly on the nutrition questionnaire with no differences observed between sexes (men: 49.52 ± 11.76% vs. women: 47.03 ± 11.04%; p=0.40). An inverse relationship between sport nutrition knowledge scores and body fat percentage (r = -0.330; p=0.008), and fat mass (r = -.268; p=0.032) was observed for all athletes. Fat mass (β = 0.224), BF % (β = 0.217), and BMI (β = 0.421) were all significant (p&lt;0.05) predictors of body weight goal in women. All athletes significantly (p&lt;0.001) underestimated daily energy (-1,360 ± 610.2 kcal/d), carbohydrate (-301.6 ± 149.2 g/d), and fat (-41.4 ± 34.5 g/d) requirements. Division III collegiate athletes have a low level of sport nutrition knowledge, which was associated with a higher BF %. Women athletes with a higher body weight, BF % and BMI were more likely to select weight loss as a body weight goal. Athletes also significantly underestimated their energy and carbohydrate requirements based upon the demands of their sport, independent of sex.

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EFFECTS OF PROGRAMMED FITNESS EXERCISE ON BODY COMPOSITION AMONG PRE-SCHOOL CHILDREN

Facta Universitatis Series Physical Education and Sport ◽

10.22190/fupes180411005b ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 047

Author(s):

Predrag Bićanin ◽

Saša Milenković ◽

Dragan Radovanović ◽

Aco Gajević ◽

Jelena Ivanović

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Body Fat ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Control Group ◽

Body Fat Mass ◽

Mass Percentage ◽

Fitness Clubs ◽

Experimental Group

This research included a sample of 79 pre-school boys aged 6 and 7 with 40 of them in the experimental group and 39 in the control group. Their current state of body composition was studied, as well as their relations after a 6-month fitness treatment that the experimental group of participants was involved in, in order to analyze its effects. The experimental group had two classes per week, in addition to regular programmed activities as part of the children’s sport school (three times per week), and as part of 48 of additional, six-month training lessons of exercising in sport (fitness) clubs. The following variables have been used to evaluate body composition with the application of bio-electric impedance In Body 230 such as: muscle mass, percentage of muscle mass, body fat mass, percentage of body fat mass, fat free mass, percentage of fat free mass. Although small to moderate effects were obtained by the double mixed ANOVA, the results show the experimental group’s achievements as significantly higher than those of the control group. Furthermore, with individual eta coefficient findings in comparison with each group measurements, it is clear that the value of the obtained effects is different between groups to the benefit of the experimental group. Permanent implementation of the proposed programme could contribute to an improvement on the studied body composition variables which can result in the better health status of children in future.

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