scholarly journals Acute effects of ropivacaine hydrochloride on corneal endothelial cell ultrastructure of horses: ex vivo study

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcele de Souza Muccillo ◽  
Alessandra Fernandez da Silva ◽  
Maiara Poersch Seibel ◽  
Renata Lima Baptista ◽  
Marcela Torikachvili ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Corneal Endothelium ◽  
Saline Solution ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Cell Ultrastructure ◽  
Corneal Endothelial Cell ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Ropivacaine Hydrochloride ◽  
Ex Vivo Study

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to evaluate the acute effects of ropivacaine hydrochloride on the corneal endothelium of horses. Forty-eight eyes were obtained from a commercial slaughterhouse and were randomly divided into three groups. In group A, the corneal endothelium was exposed to 0.75% ropivacaine hydrochloride for 60 seconds. In group B, the corneal endothelium was exposed to 0.75% ropivacaine hydrochloride for 15 minutes. In group C, the corneal endothelium was exposed to a balanced saline solution for 60 seconds. Afterwards, all samples were prepared for evaluation with scanning electron microscopy. Random electromicrographs were obtained from each sample. The images were analysed and, with the aid of software, areas with no endothelial cells were measured. The average endothelial loss, expressed as a percentage in relation to the total area, of the samples in group A was 5.28%. The average endothelial loss of samples from group B, expressed as a percentage in relation to the total area, was 20.39%. The damage to the corneal endothelium was significantly greater in group B compared to groups A and C. It was possible to conclude that 0.75% ropivacaine hydrochloride induced acute damage to corneal endothelium cells.

scholarly journals Effect of Smear Layer on the Apical Seal of Endodontically Treated Teeth: An ex vivo Study

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
KG Nischith ◽  
GPV Srikumar ◽  
Shuaib Razvi ◽  
R Vinay Chandra
Keyword(s):  
Root Canal ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Smear Layer ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Endodontically Treated Teeth ◽  
Root Canals ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Root Canal Irrigant ◽  
Ex Vivo Study

ABSTRACT Aim The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of smear layer on apical seal of endodontically treated teeth. Materials and methods Sixty freshly extracted human maxillary central incisor teeth were selected and were randomly divided into two experimental groups. Group A of 25 teeth and group B of 25 teeth and a control group of 10 teeth. Cleaning and shaping of the root canals were performed using endodontic K-files up to no. 50 size file in step-back technique. During the process, in root canals of group A, 17% EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) followed by 3% NaOCl (sodium hypochlorite) was used as root canal irrigant. In group B, MTAD (mixture tetracycline citric acid and detergent) was used as a root canal irrigant. In control group, saline was used as root canal irrigant. The root surfaces were then coated with nail polish of both experimental groups and control group. The samples were then immersed in India ink dye for 1 week at 37°C. Results The statistical analysis of the results showed that the apical leakage was significantly more in teeth, where smear layer was not removed. Conclusion The removal of smear layer improves the longterm apical seal and success of endodontically treated teeth. Clinical significance The development and maintenance of apical seal is desirable and considered to be a major prerequisite to improve the outcome of root canal treatment. How to cite this article Nischith KG, Srikumar GPV, Razvi S, Chandra RV. Effect of Smear Layer on the Apical Seal of Endodontically Treated Teeth: An ex vivo Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(1):23-26.

scholarly journals Dentine Laser Welding: A New Help for Fractured Teeth? A Preliminary Ex Vivo Study

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Fornaini ◽  
Elisabetta Merigo ◽  
Federica Poli ◽  
Jean-Paul Rocca ◽  
Stefano Selleri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Laser ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Welding Process ◽  
Average Output ◽  
Real Process ◽  
Group A ◽  
Maximum Average Output Power ◽  
Pulsed Fiber Laser ◽  
Group B ◽  
Ex Vivo Study

An important surgical goal is to provide a first intention wound healing without trauma produced by sutures and for this aim in the past several methods have been tested. The aim of this preliminary ex vivo study is to demonstrate the capacity of a 1070 nm pulsed fiber laser to treat the dental fractures by dentine melting with the apposition of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles as filler. Only the specimens of the group b showed a real process of welding of the two parts, while specimens of groups a and c did not reach a complete welding process. Out of thirty freshly-extracted human third molars, decay-free, twenty-four cylinders of 5 mm thickness were obtained to perform the test. The device used was a 1070 nm Yb-doped pulsed fiber laser: this source has a maximum average output power of 20 W and a fixed pulse duration of 100 ns, while the repetition rate ranges from 20 kHz to 100 kHz. The samples were divided in three groups (a, b, c) of eight teeth and each specimen, with the two portions strictly placed side by side, was put inside the box and irradiated three times, the first and the second at 30 kW and the last at 10 kW power. The frequency was maintained at 20 kHz for all the tests as well as the speed of the beam at 10 mm/sec. The samples of the group a were irradiated without apposition, in the group b nanoparticles (<200 nm) of hydroxyapatite were put in the gap between the two portions while in the group c, a powder of hydroxyapatite was employed. Only the specimens of the group b showed a real process of welding of the two parts, while specimens of groups a and c did not reach a complete welding process.

Pharmacokinetics and Safety Assessment of Anti-HIV Dapivirine Vaginal Microbicide Rings with Multiple Dosing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lungwani Muungo
Keyword(s):  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Oral Treatment ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Vaginal Ring ◽  
Vaginal Fluid ◽  
Cervical Tissue ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Anti Hiv

Objectives: Self-administered vaginal rings are a promising method for delivery of topical anti-HIV microbicidesand might offer an adherence advantage over daily or coitally-dependent dosage forms such as gels. This trialassessed the safety and pharmacokinetic aspects of the Dapivirine Vaginal Ring-004 when worn as multiple rings oversequential periods of ring use by healthy, sexually-active, HIV-negative women.Methods: This double-blind trial was conducted among 48 women (18-40 years). Participants were randomlyassigned to two groups (A or B) and received (3:1) either the dapivirine or a placebo vaginal ring. Group A used tworings over a 56-day period and Group B used three rings over a 57-day period. Safety evaluations were conductedthroughout the trial. Dapivirine concentrations were measured in plasma, vaginal fluid and cervical tissue samplescollected during and after the 56 days (Group A) or 57 days (Group B) of vaginal ring use.Results: Ring-004 was safe and well tolerated in all participants. The pharmacokinetic profile demonstrated arapid increase in plasma and vaginal fluid concentrations and achieved concentrations in vaginal fluids and cervicaltissue well above the in vitro IC99 in cervical tissue (3.3 ng/mL) that were sustained for a 28 to 35-day ring use period(approximately 3000 times higher in vaginal fluids and 14 -1000 times higher in cervical tissue). Drug levels wereassociated with significant inhibitory activity of genital secretions against HIV ex vivo, a biomarker of pharmacodynamics.Individual plasma dapivirine concentrations did not exceed 553 pg/mL and were well below plasma concentrations atthe maximum tolerated dose for oral treatment (mean Cmax 2286 ng/mL).Conclusions: The consecutive use of several rings over a period of up to 57 days was safe and well tolerated, andPK data indicate that a single Ring-004 is likely to be protective for at least 35 days.

Histopathological analysis of incompetent great saphenous veins after mechanochemical ablation treatment – An ex-vivo experiment

Vascular ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 170853812110076
Author(s):  
Bo Yang ◽  
Qiang-Qiang Nie ◽  
Xue-Qiang Fan ◽  
Jian-Bin Zhang ◽  
Peng Liu
Keyword(s):  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Endothelial Damage ◽  
Statistical Result ◽  
Histopathological Analysis ◽  
Saphenous Veins ◽  
Mechanochemical Ablation ◽  
Group A ◽  
Endothelium Damage ◽  
Group B ◽  
Group D

Background The endovascular technique of mechanochemical ablation (MOCA) has become popular in treating patients with saphenous reflux. We reported the histopathological findings in human ex-vivo incompetent great saphenous veins following treatment with saline, polidocanol, mechanical ablation and MOCA using ClariVein device. Methods Twenty-four vein GSV specimens were obtained via traditional surgery and treated with four methods: Group A: 0.9% normal saline (NS); Group B: 3% polidocanol; Group C: mechanical ablation + 0.9% NS; Group D: mechanical ablation + 3% polidocanol (MOCA). Hematoxylin and eosin (HE), Masson’s trichrome and immunohistochemical staining were performed on each specimen and integrated optical densities were measured with vWF and a-SMA stains and statistically evaluated. vWF staining was used to assess endothelial damage and a a-SMA staining was used to assess media injury. Results HE and Masson’s trichrome staining of Groups C and D revealed severe damage to the endothelium and media compared to Groups A and B. The statistical result of vWF staining showed the damage of endothelium was significantly increased by Group D compared to Groups A, B and C. The statistical result of a-SMA staining showed the damage of media was significantly increased by Groups C and D compared to Groups A and B. Conclusions The mechanism of MOCA was caused by both endothelium damage and media tearing. The damage of endothelium was significantly increased by MOCA when compared with mechanical ablation alone.

Maintaining Effective Microsurgery Training with Reduced Utilisation of Live Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (02) ◽  
pp. 206-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amitabha Lahiri ◽  
Sandeep Sebastin Muttath ◽  
Siti Khadijah Yusoff ◽  
Alphonsus KS. Chong
Keyword(s):  
Skill Acquisition ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
High Fidelity ◽  
Training Time ◽  
Training Models ◽  
Ethical Concerns ◽  
Utilisation Rate ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

Background: Microvascular surgery is now an integral part of many surgical disciplines, and the success of these procedures relies on the technical skills of the surgeon. Although numerous training models and simulations have been developed, the living rat model is favoured for its high fidelity to clinical microsurgery. However, there are serious ethical concerns over the use of live models for training. The aim of this study was to demonstrate if effective skill acquisition was possible with a reduction in the number of live rats. Methods: Two course structures were designed, that were implemented. Total training hours remained the same in both the courses, but the number of rats used was reduced from conventional five rats per participant to four in group A and to three in group B while increasing the training time spent on synthetic and ex-vivo models. We assessed the effectiveness of the courses by comparing the patency rates, the time taken per anastomosis and efficiency of the utilisation rate of rats. Results: There were 30 participants in Group A and 28 participants in group B. We observed that group B was able to perform anastomosis in a significantly shorter time and with patency rates similar to group A in spite of a lesser number of rats used in the training. Conclusions: we were able to conclusively demonstrate that it was possible to reduce live rat usage in microsurgical training without compromising on the quality of training.

A Comparison of Clinical Outcomes of Non-T-Cell-Depleted (Non-TCD) Unrelated Donor Heamatopietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) and Non-TCD Haploidentical Related Donor HSCT.

Blood ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 108 (11) ◽  
pp. 5140-5140
Author(s):  
Feng Chen ◽  
De Pei Wu ◽  
Aining Sun ◽  
Xiao Ma ◽  
Xiaowen Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Acute Gvhd ◽  
Peripheral Blood Stem Cell ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Unrelated Donor ◽  
Group A ◽  
Related Donor ◽  
Group B

Abstract Unrelated donor HSCT and haploidentical related donor HSCT have been evaluated as alternative transplant options for the approximately 70% of patients without an HLA-identical sibling donor. To compare the clinical outcomes between Non-TCD unrelated donor HSCT and Non-TCD haploidentical HSCT, we studied 55 patients with high-risk or advanced leukemia who underwent Non-TCD HSCT from unrelated or haploidentical related donors from June 2001 to May 2006. Group A including 25 patients received HLA-matched unrelated donor HSCT, group B, including the other 30 patients, received HLA-haploidentical family donor HSCT. 20 recipient/donor pairs were allele matched and 5 pairs were 1–2 alleles disparity mismatched in the group A, HLA-haploidentical family donors in the group B included mother (22 cases), sibling(5 cases) and offspring (3 cases). Patients with myeloid leukemia were conditioned with the regimen consisting of Simustine (MeCCNU) 250mg/m2×1day, Ara-c 4g/ m2×2days, busulfan (Bu) 4mg/kg×3days, and cyclophosphamide (Cy)1.8g/m2×2days, patients with lymphoblastic leukemia were conditioned with the regimen consisting of MeCCNU 250mg/m2×1day, total-body irradition(TBI) 8Gy×1day, Ara-c 4g/ m2×2days, and Cy 1.8g/m2×2days. 15 patients received Non-TCD bone marrow transplantation (BMT), and 10 patients received Non-TCD peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) in the group A. 17 patients received G-CSF-primed bone marrow grafts that had not been depleted ex vivo of T cells, and 13 patients received G-CSF-primed bone marrow grafts plus G-CSF-mobilized peripheral blood stem cell without ex vivo T cell depletion in the group B. Prophylaxis against GVHD was performed with cyclosporine (CSP), short-term methotrexate (MTX), and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), some patients received the combination of CSP, MTX and MMF plus antithymocyte globulin (ATG). When GVHD developed, methylprednisolone(MP) was given at first, if the response was poor, anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody was given to the patients as quickiy as possible and CSP was replaced with tacrolimus. All patients of the group A and 29 patients of the group B were engrafted successfully. Acute GVHD grades III-IVoccurred in 10 and 11 patients in the group A and B, respectively(the cumulaitive incidence 40% vs 37.9%, P>0.05). 2 patients relapsed in each group (the actuarial probilities of relapse 8% vs 6%, P>0.05). The 2-year probabilities of event-free survival(EFS) for the group A and B were (58.7±5.9)% and (42.2±2.0)%, respectively (P>0.05). 10 patients of the group A and 17 of the group B died of transplantation- related disease. The primary causes of death included severe acute GVHD and pulmonary infection. These results suggested that both Non-TCD unrelated donor HSCT and Non-TCD haploidentical related donor HSCT are effective treatments for patients with refractory or high-risk hematologic malignancies, the high transplantation related mortality due to GVHD and infection is still a major challenge.

Comparison of 3% saline and 0.9% normal saline nebulization as diluent in children with bronchiolitis

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Shobha Sapkota ◽  
Ammara Kaleem ◽  
Suffura Huma ◽  
Muhammad Aleem Ud-Din ◽  
Shabbir Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Prospective Study ◽  
Hospital Stay ◽  
Normal Saline ◽  
Saline Solution ◽  
Length Of Hospital Stay ◽  
Group A ◽  
Key Words 3 ◽  
Group B ◽  
Mean Time

Abstract Objective: To compare the outcome in terms of mean time to disappearance of cough, wheezing, crackles and length of hospital stay in patients treated with sodium chloride 3% with sodium chloride 0.9% as nebulisation diluent in children for suffering from bronchiolitis. Methods: The prospective study was conducted at the Department of Paediatric Medicine Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan, from November 2014 to April 2015, and comprised children aged between 6 weeks and 24 months having bronchiolitis. Group A received 3% sodium chloride and Group B received 0.9% of the same solution. Duration of cough, wheezing, crackles and duration of stay at hospital were compared between the groups. Data was analysed using SPSS 17. Results: Of the 100 patients, there were 50(50%) in Group A with a mean age of 7.17±4.46, and as many in Group B with a mean age of 6.6±3.74. Overall, there were 55(55%) boys and 45(45%) girls. Mean cough and wheezing remission time as well as length of hospital stay was significantly different between the groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: In children having bronchiolitis, 3% saline as nebuliser solution was found to be more effective than 0.9% saline solution. Key Words: 3% saline solution, Bronchiolitis, Wheezing, Crepitations, Hospital stay.

scholarly journals Effects of the povidone-iodine (PVPI) in treatment of bacterial peritonitis induced in rats

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 322-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivana Duval de Araujo ◽  
Giovanni Cezar Xavier Grossi ◽  
Simone Odília Fernandes Diniz ◽  
Tarcizo Afonso Nunes ◽  
Eduardo Ângelo Braga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Saline Solution ◽  
Povidone Iodine ◽  
Absorption Index ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Phagocytic Cells ◽  
Bacterial Peritonitis ◽  
Viable Bacteria ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness of the use of the povidone-iodine (PVI) added to the liquid of wash of the peritoneal cavity in the reduction of bacterial absorption and in the remainder non-phagocyted bacteria in the circulating blood of rat. METHODS: Thirty four Wistar females rats were used, distributed in the following groups: A (n=10), non-treated; B (n=9), wash of the peritoneal cavity with solution of PVI to 1% in saline solution; C (n=15), wash of the cavity with saline solution. After anesthesia, it was made intraperitoneal infusion of solution of Escherichia coli labeled with 99mTc containing 10(8) CFU/ml. After 40 minutes, it was made the treatment, in the group A, manipulation of the viscera; in the group B, irrigation of the peritoneal cavity with warm solution of 1% PVPI to 37,5ºC, and in the group C irrigation with warm saline (37,5ºC). After 15 minutes of the treatment, blood samples and fragments of liver, spleen and lung was obtained for count of the radioactivity, and animals killed by abdominal aorta section. There were determined the bacterial absorption index and the remainder index in the bloodstream. RESULTS: Of the total of bacteria infused in the peritoneum, there was absorption of 0,92% (0,14% to 2,13%) in the animals of the group A (controls), 0,49% (0,18% to 0,71%) after use of topical PVPI (group B) and 0,80% (0,04% to 3,8%) after wash with saline solution (group C). There was significant reduction of the absorption when compared the treated animals with PVPI and the controls (p=0,003). Of the total of bacteria absorbed for the circulatory current, the percentile amount of bacteria non-phagocyted in the outlying blood was of 2,9% (1,1% to 17,7%) in the control group, 15,2% (8,3% to 21,4%) in those treated with PVPI (group B) and 6,9% (0,8% to 29,7%) after wash with saline solution (group C), with difference among controls and treated with PVPI (p=0,01). CONCLUSION: The wash of the cavity peritoneal of mice with solution containing PVPI showed to be capable to reduce the absorption of bacteria by peritoneum of rat; however it seems to interfere with the function of the phagocytic cells for the observation of the increase of viable bacteria in the outlying blood of those animals.

scholarly journals Application of XP-Endo finisher files in the reduction of microbial load in oval-shaped root canals - An ex vivo study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanna Dornelas Mantovani ◽  
Brenda Paula Figueiredo de Almeida Gomes ◽  
Lidiane Mendes Louzada ◽  
Rodrigo Arruda Vasconcelos ◽  
Maria Cristina Carvalho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saline Solution ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Microbial Reduction ◽  
Bacterial Reduction ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Root Canals ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Cleaning Efficacy ◽  
Ex Vivo Study

The present study evaluated the effectiveness of XP-Endo Finisher (XPF) associated with XP-Endo Shaper (XPS) or Reciproc Blue (RB) files in the reduction of Enterococcus faecalis in oval-shaped root canals. Eighty mandibular incisors with single oval-shaped root canals were contaminated with E. faecalis for 10 days at 37°C with centrifugation on alternate days. The teeth were randomly assigned to eight experimental groups (n=10) as follows: G1 – XP-Endo Shaper, G2 – XP-Endo Shaper + XP-Endo Finisher, G3 – Reciproc Blue, and G4 – Reciproc Blue + XP-Endo Finisher. Chemomechanical preparation was performed with saline solution (NaCl) or 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). Microbial reduction was assessed by colony forming units (CFU/mL) count before (S1) and after (S2) CMP by using sterile paper points. ANOVA, Tukey’s test and Bonferroni’s post-hoc tests were used at 5% significance level. Bacteria were present in all initial samples (P>.05). All instrumentation techniques reduced bacteria, irrespective of the irrigating solution (P<.05). With the use of NaCl, Reciproc Blue was more effective than XP-Endo Shaper (P=.035). The association of XP-Endo Finisher improved the cleaning efficacy of both systems (P=.239). With the use of NaOCl, XP-Endo Shaper and Reciproc Blue presented similar effectiveness (P=.779). XP-Endo Finisher enhanced the bacterial reduction of both systems tested (P<.05). The use of NaOCl improved the CMP, irrespective of the instrumentation technique used (P<.05).

scholarly journals Comparisons of Monopolar Lesion Volumes with Hypertonic Saline Solution in Radiofrequency Ablation: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Ex Vivo Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 2;23 (4;2) ◽  
pp. 159-164
Author(s):  
Christopher Paul
Keyword(s):  
Radiofrequency Ablation ◽  
Hypertonic Saline ◽  
Normal Saline ◽  
Saline Solution ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Lesion Volume ◽  
Rf Ablation ◽  
Hypertonic Saline Solution ◽  
Ex Vivo Study

Background: Chronic degeneration of the zygapophyseal joints in the cervical or lumbar spine are common causes of axial back pain. Radiofrequency (RF) ablation is a treatment modality in the denervation of facet joint–related pain. Although multiple factors have been theorized to contribute to the size of the optimal RF lesion, the addition of hypertonic saline solution has been posited to create larger RF lesion sizes. Objectives: This study compares lesion of 20-gauge RF monopolar probe using 2% lidocaine, 0.9% normal saline solution, and 3% saline solution administered through the RF needle prior to ablation, with subsequent lesion sizes recorded. Study Design: Randomized, double-blinded, ex vivo study using clinically relevant conditions. Setting: Procedural laboratory in an academic institution. Methods: RF ablation lesions were reproduced in room temperature (21°C ± 2°C) chicken breast specimens with 20-gauge monopolar RF probes inserted. RF was applied for 90 seconds at 80°C after injection of 1 mL of either 2% lidocaine, 2% lidocaine and 0.9% normal saline solution in a 1:1 ratio, or 2% lidocaine and 3% saline solution in a 1:1 ratio. Tissues were dissected, measured, and ellipsoid volumes of burn calculated. Homogeneity of variances was assessed via the Bartlett’s test, and heteroskedasticity with the studentized Breusch-Pagan test. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (α of 0.05) was used to evaluate statistical significance between volume means across groups. When the null hypothesis of no difference in burn volume between samples could not be rejected, a predefined equivalence volume of ± 0.05 cm3 was used with Welch’s 2 one-sided t-tests (TOST) with a Bonferroni adjusted α of 0.0167 to evaluate for null acceptance. Results: The mean lesion volume for monopolar RF with 1 mL 2% lidocaine was 0.16 cm3 . Monopolar RF with 1 mL 2% lidocaine + 0.9% normal saline solution had a mean lesion volume of 0.15 cm3 , and treatment with 1 mL 2% lidocaine + 3% saline solution measured 0.17 cm3 . ANOVA failed to reject the null, and TOST accepted as equivalent all 3 comparisons. Limitations: In vivo anatomy and physiology of a human organism was not used for this study. Samples were not warmed to physiologic temperature. Randomization resulted in slightly unequal sample sizes, although all groups were of sufficient size that the central limit theorem should apply. Conclusions: Three commonly used solutions were found to have equivalent lesion sizes from monopolar probe RF ablation. Key words: Radiofrequency, ablation, lesion shape, lesion size, monopolar RF, hypertonic saline solution

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