scholarly journals Nigeria’s cocoa exports: a gravity model approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazir Muhammad Abdullahi ◽  
Saleh Shahriar ◽  
Sokvibol Kea ◽  
Aminu Muhammad Abdullahi ◽  
Qianggiang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gravity Model ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Exchange Rate Policy ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Export Flows ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Analytical Approaches

ABSTRACT: What are the major factors affecting Nigeria’s cocoa export flows? In answering this question, the authors suggest a commodity-specific gravity model with three different analytical approaches, (the Heckman Sample Selection Model, the Generalised Least Square, and the Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood), based on a period of 24 years of panel data for Nigeria and it’s 36 importing partners to estimate the models. The results showed that GDP, exchange rate policy, WTO, EU, and colonial link are positively associated with the Nigerian cocoa export flows. Further, the negative impact of the GDP per capita, landlocked, distance, AU, and ECOWAS are observed. The need for the expansion of exports to the trading partners, especially the EU members (Netherlands, Germany, France, United Kingdom, Belgium, Spain, etc.), Canada, Malaysia, and the USA is particularly highlighted. These results are important for the formulation of future trade policy that could boost up the Nigerian cocoa exports. This would eventually contribute to the diversification of the Nigerian exports and also enhance the country’s foreign earnings.

The effect of industrial competition on employment

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 410-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfonso Mendoza-Velazquez
Keyword(s):  
Employment Growth ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Industrial Clusters ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The North ◽  
Industrial Specialization ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

Purpose This study investigates the existence of Marshall, Jacob and Porter’s type of externalities in Mexico. We measure the impact of industrial specialization, competition and diversity on employment growth for the period 2004 to 2008. Design/methodology/approach The analysis is based on data from 41 highly dynamic industrial clusters originally obtained by applying Porter’s (1998) methodology. We use a cross-section specification estimated via instrumental variables and two-stage least square estimation (2SLS) to control for endogeneity. Findings On average, we find that industrial specialization exerts a negative impact on employment growth within states and within clusters, indicating that traded industries in Mexico carry very little innovation, operate in early stages of the life cycle, face high costs of employment reassignation or exhibit low adaptability. A negative impact of specialization on employment conforms with Jacobs (1969) type of externalities and confirms what other studies have found in France (Combes, 2000), Korea (Lee et al., 2005) and the USA (Delgado et al., 2014). The authors also find that competition generates more employment. Research limitations/implications Industrial data at the sub-branch level were obtained from the Economic Census (EC) of the National Institute of Geography and Statistics (INEGI). The EC information for 2004 was still not fully compatible with the North America Industry Classification System (NAICS), with 262 of the 309 data at the fourth-digit level aligned to the USA. In addition, industrial information from the EC is recorded every four years, which prevents this study to use panel data techniques and it makes it impossible to use time series methods. Practical implications Policymakers can clearly identify competition forces having a significant impact on employment growth. This can orient policymakers to implement measures to encourage the development of some of these clusters, as well as to identify some of the sources that drive specialization, competition and diversity. Originality/value This paper contributes to the debate on the existence of Marshallian (MAR), Jacobian and Porter externalities. This is the first study using the definition of traded clusters in Mexico, which allows the authors to identify how specialization, competition and diversity forces drive the dynamics of regional employment growth.

scholarly journals Competitiveness Analysis and Factors Affecting Trade of Main Commodities between Indonesia and Turkey

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fauziyah Adzimatinur
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Flour ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Woven Fabrics ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Trade Integration ◽  
Tariff Barrier ◽  
Factors Affecting

This study aims to analyze the competitiveness, trade integration, trade complementarity, and factors affecting the export and import of main commodities between Indonesia and Turkey. Data used in this study is time series data in 1996-2018 and the methods used are Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Intra-Industry Trade (IIT), Trade Complementarity Index (TCI), and Ordinary Least Square (OLS). Results of RCA showed Indonesia's main export commodities to Turkey are woven fabrics, stearic acid, palm oil and natural rubber. While IIT showed that there is only one way trade from Indonesia. Import commodities from Turkey are carpets, borax, wheat flour, and tobacco. TCI showed low complementarity between Indonesia�s export and Turkey�s import. GDP per capita has positive impact on exports and imports. The exchange rate has positive impact on exports and negative on imports. Price and tariff rate have negative impact on both exports and imports. Dummy Non-tariff barrier has negative impact on exports while in import side, it only affects the wheat flour negatively. The Government of Indonesia should pursue a strategy in trade cooperation as efforts to reduce trade barriers such as tariffs and non-tariffs for some commodities that have competitiveness in the Turkish market.

scholarly journals Impact of Priority Sector Lending on Financial Profitability: Segment Wise Panel Data Analysis of Indian Banks

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-37
Author(s):  
Rajesh Desai ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Service Sector ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Personal Credit ◽  
Indian Banks ◽  
Financial Profitability

A sustainable and financially stable banking system is a prerequisite to achieve comprehensive growth as well as economic and social well-being of residents of any country. This research focused on analyzing profitability of Indian banks and how it is affected by lending in the priority sector. Priority sector lending (PSL) mainly includes deployment of credit to weaker and neglected segments of an economy. The study adopted a distinctive measure to represent total PSL by classifying it into four sub-segments i.e., agriculture, industrial, service, and personal credit. Applying panel least square regression with fixed and random effects model, the study concluded that agricultural lending has a significant negative impact on bank profitability whereas the service sector lending adds positive value towards financial profitability of banks. Industrial and personal credit were found to be insignificant factors affecting profitability. The study will be beneficial to banking professionals and policy makers to determine sensitive and risky sectors of lending and develop appropriate approaches to deal with them.

scholarly journals A Panel Analysis of Trade Gravity between Pakistan and South Asian Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 187-207
Author(s):  
Waheed Ullah Jan ◽  
Mahmood Shah
Keyword(s):  
Gravity Model ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Trade Patterns ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Trade Relations

This paper attempts to examine Pakistan’s trade patterns with South Asian countries by using a gravity model of trade. The main objective of the study is to quantify the long‑run impacts of gravity variables. To achieve this objective, a panel data set for the period 2003 to 2017 has been used. Based on the mixed evidence of the results of panel unit root tests, Pooled Mean Group (PMG) and Panel Dynamic Ordinary Least Square (DOLS) techniques are applied. The outcome of the PMG and Panel DOLS models justifies the theoretical background of the gravity model and suggests that all the basic gravity variables haveusual signs. The RGDPs and population of both Pakistan and the partner country have a positive impact on their bilateral trade. On the other hand, the distance between the two trading countries and the exchange rate have a negative impact on bilateral trade.The uniqueness of this study is that it measures the impacts of qualitative variables along with basic gravity variables. Language similarities and common borders have a positive impact on bilateral trade. Pakistan has borders with India and Afghanistan, but their trade relations are not worth mentioning. The military conflicts between Pakistan and India, and the political suspicions between Pakistan and Afghanistan hinder their trade relations.

The State-Based Factors Affecting Inward FDI Employment in the U.S.

2014 ◽  
pp. 85-103
Author(s):  
Lucyna Kornecki ◽  
E. M. Ekanayake
Keyword(s):  
Direct Investment ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
The United States ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
Financial Flows ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
The U.S

The descriptive part of this research focuses on the latest trends in U.S. inward Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and describes the U.S. inward FDI flows and stock as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and includes geographic and sectoral distribution of inward U.S. FDI. The important part of U.S. inward FDI profile relates to inward U.S. FDI employment and inward U.S. FDI financial flows, which include equity, reinvested earnings, and intercompany debt. The corporate players, Mergers and Acquisitions(M&A’s) and green field investment are discussed briefly. The empirical part of this research investigates state-based factors affecting the inward FDI employment among 50 states of the United States and is based on data collected by the Commerce Department’s Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). This study identifies several state-specific determinants of FDI employment. The results indicate that the major factors exerting positive impact on inward U.S. FDI employment are: real wages, infrastructure, unionization level, educational attainment, FDI stock, and manufacturing density. In addition, the results show that gross state product growth rate, real per capita taxes has negative impact on FDI employment.

scholarly journals Identifying the determinants of South Africa’s extensive and intensive trade margins: A gravity model approach

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne Matthee ◽  
Maria Santana-Gallego
Keyword(s):  
Gravity Model ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Export Growth ◽  
Extensive Margin ◽  
Intensive Margin ◽  
Product Mix ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Export Product

Background: The significance of the paper is twofold. Firstly, it adds to the small but growing body of literature focusing on the decomposition of South Africa’s export growth. Secondly, it identifies the determinants of the intensive and extensive margins of South Africa’s exports – a topic that (as far as the authors are concerned) has not been explored before.Aim: This paper aims to investigate a wide range of market access determinants that affect South Africa’s export growth along the intensive and extensive margins.Setting: Export diversification has been identified as one of the critical pillars of South Africa’s much-hoped-for economic revival. Although recent years have seen the country’s export product mix evolving, there is still insufficient diversification into new markets with high value-added products. This is putting a damper on export performance as a whole and, in turn, hindering South Africa’s economic growth.Methods: A Heckman selection gravity model is applied using highly disaggregated data. The first stage of the process revealed the factors affecting the probability of South Africa exporting to a particular destination (extensive margin). The second stage, which modelled trade flows, revealed the variables that affect export volumes (intensive margin).Results: The results showed that South Africa’s export product mix is relatively varied, but the number of export markets is limited. In terms of the extensive margin (or the probability of exporting), economic variables such as the importing country’s GDP and population have a positive impact on firms’ decision to export. Other factors affecting the extensive margin are distance to the market (negative impact), cultural or language fit (positive impact), presence of a South African embassy abroad (positive impact), existing free trade agreement with Southern African Development Community (positive impact) and trade regulations and costs (negative impact). In terms of the intensive margin (or the factors influencing the volume of exports), there are strong parallels with the extensive margin, with the exception being that the time involved in exporting has more of an impact than documentary requirements.Conclusion: Among the factors contributing to South Africa’s exports having largely developed in the intensive margin are a general lack of market-related information, infrastructural weaknesses (both of a physical and technological nature) and a difficult regulatory environment – all of which add to the cost and time involved in exporting. Policymakers have long spoken about the need for the country to diversify its export basket, but now talk about needs to give way to action. The government and its economic partners need to arrive at a common vision of an export sector that will be able to expand into new products and markets, be an active participant in global value chains and deliver sustainable jobs.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting Farmers’ Perception toward Agricultural Land Sustainability in Peri-Urban Areas of Pekalongan City

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 203
Author(s):  
Imade Yoga Prasada ◽  
Masyhuri Masyhuri
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Price Risks ◽  
Ordinary Least Square Regression

Over the past few decades, agricultural land sustainability on the peri-urban areas face a threat to the agricultural land conversion, especially on the peri-urban areas of Pekalongan City. The sustainability of agricultural land is determined by the level of farmers’ perception. Therefore, this research was conducted to determine the factors that influence farmers’ perceptions toward agricultural land sustainability in peri-urban areas of Pekalongan City. The peri-urban areas of Pekalongan City were selected by purposive sampling method with a total sample of 90 farm owners and cultivators. Data were analyzed using OLS (Ordinary Least Square) regression model. The results have shown that the factors influencing farmers’ perceptions toward agricultural land sustainability in the peri-urban area of Pekalongan City were farmers’ knowledge, farmers’ land tenure and access to information. Based on the results of the study, the variables of farmers’ knowledge and land tenure had a negative impact, while the access to agricultural information had a positive impact on farmers’ perceptions. These results have the implication for farmers, that their perceptions can be improved by making advances to the quality of agricultural land in the suburbs, reducing both production and price risks and increasing the intensity of counseling or training related to agricultural activities in the suburbs of Pekalongan City.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting the Perceptions of Small-Scale Organic Farmers in South Africa: An OLS Approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Gabriel Adewunmi Eyinade ◽  
Celestine Ohi Akharume
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Organic Farming ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Income Generation ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Ordinary Least Square ◽  
Organic Farmers ◽  
Ordinary Least Square Regression ◽  
Major Factors

Much investments have been tailored towards organic farming by several stakeholders in recent years. Reasons for these are poverty mitigation, income generation as well as food security and good dietary diets. Unfortunately, there are no significant improvements in those areas where organic farming has been funded and encouraged. The study aims at identifying factors affecting the perceptions of small-scale organic farmers using ordinary least square regression model (OLS). One hundred and sixty structure questionnaires were administered on 160 small-scale organic farmers in Amathole District Municipality to gather data for the study. The results revealed that gender and educational level are the major factors affecting the perceptions of small-scale organic farmers in South Africa. Nevertheless, to open the prospective of smallscale organic farmers, the study suggested that these farmers should have greater access to extension services and support. This will go a long way in assisting the farmers to diversify and improve their production, thus enhancing livelihoods and creating markets for organic foods.  

scholarly journals Factors Affecting the Perceptions of Small-Scale Organic Farmers in South Africa: An OLS Approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2(J)) ◽  
pp. 14-19
Author(s):  
Gabriel Adewunmi Eyinade ◽  
Celestine Ohi Akharume
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Organic Farming ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Income Generation ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Ordinary Least Square ◽  
Organic Farmers ◽  
Ordinary Least Square Regression ◽  
Major Factors

Much investments have been tailored towards organic farming by several stakeholders in recent years. Reasons for these are poverty mitigation, income generation as well as food security and good dietary diets. Unfortunately, there are no significant improvements in those areas where organic farming has been funded and encouraged. The study aims at identifying factors affecting the perceptions of small-scale organic farmers using ordinary least square regression model (OLS). One hundred and sixty structure questionnaires were administered on 160 small-scale organic farmers in Amathole District Municipality to gather data for the study. The results revealed that gender and educational level are the major factors affecting the perceptions of small-scale organic farmers in South Africa. Nevertheless, to open the prospective of smallscale organic farmers, the study suggested that these farmers should have greater access to extension services and support. This will go a long way in assisting the farmers to diversify and improve their production, thus enhancing livelihoods and creating markets for organic foods.  

Factors affecting housing prices in Izmir, Turkey: a quantile regression approach

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Onur Özsoy ◽  
Hasan Şahin
Keyword(s):  
Quantile Regression ◽  
House Prices ◽  
Housing Prices ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Ordinary Least Square ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Quantile Regression Method

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate empirically the main factors that affect the house prices in Izmir, Turkey using the quantile regression and ordinary least square approaches. Design/methodology/approach Sample data about the housing market for Izmir collected from the web pages of various real estate agencies during June 2018. Following this, the quantile regression method is used to estimate all possible effects of variables on each interested quantile to determine the factors that affect house prices to guide the potential consumers, house developers, city planners and the policymakers in Izmir, Turkey. Findings Results show that the age of the house, central heating and parking have no significant effect on prices. The size of the house, the existence of an elevator, fire and security have a positive and significant effect on prices. The number of rooms has lower values for high-priced houses, while the floor, the number of balconies, air conditioning, proximity to schools have a higher value for high-priced houses. The number of toilets, the number of bathrooms and the distance to the hospital have a lower value on the high-priced housing. The value of the distance from the city center and the shopping center is almost uniform in all quantiles and lowers the value of the higher-priced houses. With the exception of the value of the houses in the 10th percentile in Balcova district, the value of the houses in Konak, Balcova and Narlidere is lower prices in Karsiyaka. Originality/value This is the first comprehensive research to determine the major factors that affect house prices in Izmir. The second contribution of this paper is that it includes all possible variables and accordingly derives adequate policy implications, which could be used both by the public housing authority and private housing constructing companies in designing and implementing effective housing policies.

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