scholarly journals Actin filaments altered distribution in wheat (Triticum aestivum) “Bending Root” to respond to enhanced Ultraviolet-B radiation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. Du ◽  
G. L. Zhu ◽  
H. Z. Chen ◽  
R. Han
Keyword(s):  
Actin Filaments ◽  
Wheat Root ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Ultraviolet B ◽  
H2o2 Production ◽  
Wheat Roots ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Subcellular Target ◽  
D Cell ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid

Abstract Plants adjust their shoot growth to acclimate to changing environmental factors, such as to enhanced Ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation. However, people have ignored that plant roots can also respond to UV-B light. Here, we find the morphology curled wheat roots under UV-B radiation, that we call, “bending roots.” The curly region is the transition zone of the root after observed at the cellular level. After exposed to enhanced UV-B radiation for 2 d (10.08 KJ/m2/d), cell size decreased and actin filaments gathered in wheat roots. We also find that H2O2 production increased and that content of the indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) increased remarkably. The pharmacological experiment revealed that actin filaments gathered and polymerized into bundles in the wheat root cells after irrigated H2O2 and IAA. These results indicated that actin filaments changed their distribution and formed the “bending root,” which was related to H2O2 production and increase in IAA. Overall, actin filaments in wheat root cells could be a subcellular target of UV-B radiation, and its disruption determines root morphology.

scholarly journals THE STRUCTURE OF SOME CYTOPLASMIC COMPONENTS OF PLANT CELLS IN RELATION TO THE BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ISOLATED PARTICLES

1957 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Hodge ◽  
E. M. Martin ◽  
R. K. Morton
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Wheat Root ◽  
Dense Material ◽  
Animal Cells ◽  
Wheat Roots ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Intact Cells ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Isolated Mitochondria ◽  
Silver Beet

1. Electron micrographs of thin sections of material fixed with buffered osmium tetroxide have been used for comparison of the fine structure of isolated cytoplasmic particles from silver beet petioles and roots of germinating wheat with that of the cytoplasm of the intact cells. 2. Mitochondria of wheat roots have an external double membrane and poorly oriented internal double membranes. As compared with the structures seen in situ, the isolated mitochondria showed evidence of some disorganisation of the fine internal structure, probably due to osmotic effects. The possible influence of such changes on the enzymic properties of the isolated mitochondria is discussed. 3. The isolated plant microsomes are mainly spherical vesicular structures consisting of (a) an outer membrane enclosing (b) either an homogeneous slightly dense material (wheat root microsomes) or some granular dense material (silver beet microsomes) and (c) small dense particles, mostly associated with the vesicle membranes. 4. The cytoplasm of the wheat root cells does not contain any structures similar to the isolated microsomes but has a very dense reticular network, consisting of membranes with associated small dense particles, here called the endoplasmic reticulum. The observations indicate that the isolated microsomes arise mainly by rupture and transformation of the membranes of this structure. The effects of such extensive changes in the lipoprotein membranes on the enzymic activities of the endoplasmic reticulum, as studied in isolated microsomes, is discussed. 5. Meristematic wheat root cells contain structures which consist of smooth membranes with associated vacuoles and are similar to the Golgi zones of animal cells. The membranes of these zones probably contribute to the microsomal fraction under the conditions of preparation used for the enzymic and chemical studies previously reported.

Effectiveness of complex inoculation of spring wheat with N[2] -fi xing bacteria Azospirillum brasilense and mold-antagonist Chaetomium cochliodes

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 57-61
Author(s):  
E. Kopylov
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Wheat Root ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Atmospheric Nitrogen ◽  
Rhizospheric Soil ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Wheat Roots ◽  
Chlorophyll A And B ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Aim. To study the specifi cities of complex inoculation of spring wheat roots with the bacteria of Azospirillum genus and Chaetomium cochliodes Palliser 3250, and the isolation of bacteria of Azospirillum genus, capable of fi xing atmospheric nitrogen, from the rhizospheric soil, washed-off roots and histoshere. Materials and meth- ods. The phenotypic features of the selected bacteria were identifi ed according to Bergi key. The molecular the polymerase chain reaction and genetic analysis was used for the identifi cation the bacteria. Results. It has been demonstrated that during the introduction into the root system of spring wheat the strain of A. brasilensе 102 actively colonizes rhizospheric soil, root surface and is capable of penetrating into the inner plant tissues. Conclusions. The soil ascomucete of C. cochliodes 3250 promotes better settling down of Azospirillum cells in spring wheat root zone, especially in plant histosphere which induces the increase in the content of chlorophyll a and b in the leaves and yield of the crop.

Root growth of lupins is more sensitive to waterlogging than wheat

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (11) ◽  
pp. 910 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Bramley ◽  
Stephen D. Tyerman ◽  
David W. Turner ◽  
Neil C. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Oxygen Deficiency ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Wheat Root ◽  
Lupinus Luteus ◽  
Apical Region ◽  
Basal Region ◽  
Yellow Lupin ◽  
Wheat Roots ◽  
Root Death

In south-west Australia, winter grown crops such as wheat and lupin often experience transient waterlogging during periods of high rainfall. Wheat is believed to be more tolerant to waterlogging than lupins, but until now no direct comparisons have been made. The effects of waterlogging on root growth and anatomy were compared in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) and yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L.) using 1 m deep root observation chambers. Seven days of waterlogging stopped root growth in all species, except some nodal root development in wheat. Roots of both lupin species died back progressively from the tips while waterlogged. After draining the chambers, wheat root growth resumed in the apical region at a faster rate than well-drained plants, so that total root length was similar in waterlogged and well-drained plants at the end of the experiment. Root growth in yellow lupin resumed in the basal region, but was insufficient to compensate for root death during waterlogging. Narrow-leafed lupin roots did not recover; they continued to deteriorate. The survival and recovery of roots in response to waterlogging was related to anatomical features that influence internal oxygen deficiency and root hydraulic properties.

scholarly journals The Effect of Different Fertilization Treatments on Wheat Root Depth and Length Density Distribution in a Long-Term Experiment

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1355
Author(s):  
Pavel Svoboda ◽  
Gabriela Kurešová ◽  
Ivana Raimanová ◽  
Eva Kunzová ◽  
Jan Haberle
Keyword(s):  
Density Distribution ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Root Length Density ◽  
Resource Depletion ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Wheat Root ◽  
Root Depth ◽  
Wheat Roots ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Long Term Experiment

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of sixty years of contrasting fertilization treatments on the roots of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at sites with different soil and climate conditions. The depth and length density distribution of the wheat roots were determined between 2014 and 2016 in a crop rotation experiment established in 1955 at three sites: Lukavec, Čáslav, and Ivanovice (Czech Republic). Three fertilization treatments were examined: Zero fertilization (N0), organic (ORG) fertilization, and mineral (MIN) fertilization. The fertilization, site, and year all had a significant effect on the total root length (TRL). The average TRL per square meter reached 30.2, 37.0, and 46.1 km with the N0, ORG, and MIN treatments at Lukavec, respectively, which was the site with the lightest soil and the coldest climate. At Čáslav and Ivanovice (warmer sites with silt and loamy soils), the average TRL per square meter reached 41.2, 42.4, and 47.7 km at Čáslav and 49.2, 55.3, and 62.9 km at Ivanovice with the N0, MIN, and ORG treatments, respectively. The effect of fertilization on the effective root depth (EfRD), the depth at which the root length density dropped below 2.0 cm cm−3, was significant, while the maximum root depth (RMD) was only marginally affected. With the sites and years averaged, the MIN-treated plants showed a greater EfRD (102.2 cm) in comparison to the N0 (81.8 cm) and ORG (93.5 cm) treatments. The N0 treatment showed no signs of an adaptive reaction to the root system, with potential improvement for nutrient acquisition, while optimal fertilization contributed to the potential for resource depletion from the soil profile.

Distribution of Autofluorescence and Esterase and Peroxidase Activities in the Epidermis of Wheat Roots

1979 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 201 ◽  
Author(s):  
MM Smith ◽  
TP O'brien
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Outer Wall ◽  
Wheat Root ◽  
Root Cell ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Wheat Roots ◽  
Pig Liver Esterase ◽  
Auto Fluorescence ◽  
Root Cell Walls

In the wheat root, peroxidases and esterases specific for a-naphthyl esters of acetate, propionate and butyrate are concentrated in cell walls, particularly the outer wall of epidermal cells undergoing extension. In contrast esterases specific for β-naphthyl esters of propionate and butyrate were intra- cellular and concentrated in epidermal and outer root-cap cells of the wheat root. Both α-naphthyl and β-naphthyl esters of longer-chain fatty acids proved to be poor substrates. The esterases and peroxidases associated with the outer epidermal wall may well be involved in turnover of phenolic acids cross-linked to polysaccharides. In this regard, ferulic acid and diferulate were shown to be constituents of wheat-root cell walls. The distribution of these substances can also be inferred from autofluorescence. Treatment with a commercial pig-liver esterase was without effect on the auto- fluorescence of the root cell-walls. Culture filtrates from Gaeumannomyces graminis did remove significant amounts of autofluorescent wall material. These preparations contained α-naphthyl acetate esterase as well as many polysaccharide hydrolase activities.

scholarly journals Straw competition and wheat root endophytism of Trichoderma gamsii T6085 as useful traits in the biocontrol of Fusarium head blight

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Sarrocco ◽  
Pilar Esteban ◽  
Isabel Vicente ◽  
Rodolfo Bernardi ◽  
Tracy Plainchamp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Wheat Plant ◽  
Wheat Root ◽  
Limited Attention ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Wheat Roots ◽  
Cortex Area

Trichoderma gamsii T6085 has been investigated for many years as a beneficial isolate for use in the biocontrol of Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat caused primarily by Fusarium graminearum. Previous work focused on application of T6085 to wheat spikes at anthesis, whereas application to soil before and/or at sowing has received limited attention. In the present study, the competitive ability of T6085 on plant residues against F. graminearum was investigated. Results showed a significant reduction of wheat straw colonization by the pathogen and of the development of perithecia, not only when T6085 was applied alone but also in the presence of a Fusarium oxysporum isolate (7121), well known as a natural competitor on wheat plant residues. T6085 was able to endophytically colonize wheat roots, resulting in internal colonization of the radical cortex area, without reaching the vascular system, as confirmed by confocal microscopy. This intimate interaction with the plant resulted in a significant increase of the expression of the plant defense-related genes PAL1 and PR1. Taken together, competitive ability, endophytic behavior, and host resistance induction represent three important traits that can be of great use in the application of T6085 against FHB, not only on spikes at anthesis but potentially also in soil before and/or at sowing.

scholarly journals An automatic segmentation method for scanned images of wheat root systems with dark discolourations

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 679-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarosław Gocławski ◽  
Joanna Sekulska-Nalewajko ◽  
Ewa Gajewska ◽  
Marzena Wielanek
Keyword(s):  
Plant Root ◽  
Automatic Segmentation ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Wheat Root ◽  
Health State ◽  
Segmentation Method ◽  
Wheat Roots ◽  
Fuzzy C Means Clustering ◽  
Scanned Images ◽  
Plant Root System

An automatic segmentation method for scanned images of wheat root systems with dark discolourationsThe analysis of plant root system images plays an important role in the diagnosis of plant health state, the detection of possible diseases and growth distortions. This paper describes an initial stage of automatic analysis—the segmentation method for scanned images of Ni-treated wheat roots from hydroponic culture. The main roots of a wheat fibrous system are placed separately in the scanner view area on a high chroma background (blue or red). The first stage of the method includes the transformation of a scanned RGB image into the HCI (Hue-Chroma-Intensity) colour space and then local thresholding of the chroma component to extract a binary root image. Possible chromatic discolourations, different from background colour, are added to the roots from blue or red chroma subcomponent images after thresholding. At the second stage, dark discolourations are extracted by local fuzzy c-means clustering of an HCI intensity image within the binary root mask. Fuzzy clustering is applied in local windows around the series of sample points on roots medial axes (skeleton). The performance of the proposed method is compared with hand-labelled segmentation for a series of several root systems.

scholarly journals Inhibition of Water Channels by HgCl2 in Intact Wheat Root Cells

1999 ◽  
Vol 120 (3) ◽  
pp. 849-858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Hao Zhang ◽  
Stephen D. Tyerman
Keyword(s):  
Water Channels ◽  
Wheat Root ◽  
Root Cells
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