scholarly journals Profile of endoparasites in dairy cattle in the microregion of São João del-Rei, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-33
Author(s):  
R.F. Henriques ◽  
F.B. Pereira ◽  
J.T. Paiva ◽  
M.A. Silva ◽  
R.M.P.S. Melo
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Parasite Control ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Immediate Analysis

ABSTRACT The present study provides the first evaluation of the endoparasite profile in dairy cattle from the microregion of São João del-Rei, Minas Gerais, Brazil, including seasonal variations in parasitic infections. Fecal samples were collected directly from rectum of 123 dairy cows and 160 calves on 15 farms. These were kept in insulated boxes and sent for immediate analysis. Using eggs per gram of feces (EPG) we found the following prevalences: Strongyloidea 43.5%, Moniezia sp. 7.6% and both Strongyloides sp. and Trichuris spp. 2.2%, in dairy cows. In calves, the prevalence was Strongyloidea 50.9%, Moniezia sp. 5.6% and Strongyloides sp. 1.9%. The third-stage larvae recovered from coprocultures from cows and calves consisted mainly of Cooperia spp., Haemonchus spp. and Ostertagia spp. EPG counts were significantly higher in calves. Regarding seasonality, the EPG counts and prevalence of Moniezia sp. tended to be higher in the dry period, whereas those of Strongyloidea were higher in the rainy season. Evidence suggests that parasite control and prophylaxis were inadequately managed on the farms studied here. The present parasitological profile correlates with those found by other similar studies, indicating that the main problem is still the inadequate management of parasite control and prophylaxis by farmers.

COMPARATIVE DESCRIPTION OF MILK PRODUCTIVITY OF COWS UKRAINIAN RED-AND-WHITE DAIRY CATTLE AND UKRAINIAN BLACK-AND-WHITE DAIRY CATTLE AND HOLSTEIN BREEDS IN SERF «OLEKSANDRIVSKE»

2016 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 6-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. V. Gladiy ◽  
G. S. Kovalenko ◽  
S. V. Priyma ◽  
G. A. Holyosa ◽  
A. V. Tuchyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Milk Productivity ◽  
Black And White ◽  
The Third ◽  
Fat Yield ◽  
Selection Of

The main goal of dairy breeds selection should be improving breeding and productive qualities of animals under modern conditions. The majority of farms, using native breeds to produce milk, has created optimal conditions for keeping and feeding, selection and matching, growing of replacements etc. Further improvement of created native dairy breeds for economically useful traits occurs at total use of purebred Holstein bulls (semen) of foreign selection. In order to realistically assess milk productivity (milk yield, fat content in milk and fat yield) of Ukrainian Black-and-White and Red-and-White Dairy cows should be conducted a comparative analysis of Holstein cows under the same conditions of feeding and keeping. It was established that Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy cows were characterized by the highest milk yields for 305 days of all lactations, taken into account, the among three investigated breeds. Their milk yield during the first lactation was 5933 kg of milk, during the second – 6393 kg, the third – 6391 kg and during higher lactation – 6650 kg. Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy cows were second by milk yield (except for the second lactation), during the first lactation – 5932 kg of milk, the third – 6462 kg and higher – 6541 kg, and Holstein cows were third, during the first lactation – 5794 kg of milk, the second – 6381 kg, the third – 6335 kg and higher – 6469 kg. The fat content was almost the same and varied within 3.49-3.58% in milk of Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy cattle, 3.50-3.60% in milk of Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy cattle and 3.50-3.56% in Holsteins’ milk. The difference between the breeds was within 0.01-0.04%. All the investigated breeds had predominance in fat yield for three lactations over standards of these breeds: Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy cows from 75.1 to 93.4 kg, Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy cows – 75.1-89.0 kg respectively and Holstein cows – 41.9-60.2 kg. It was found different level of positive correlation between milk yield and fat yield in all the cases and high correlation (r = 0.604-0.921, P < 0.001) in five cases (41.7%) Negative correlation coefficients indicate that selection of animals to higher milk yield in the herd will decrease the second trait – fat content in milk. Positive and highly significant correlation between milk yield and fat yield indicates that selection of cows in the herd to higher milk yields will increase fat yield. It was revealed that bulls were among the factors impacted the milk productivity (milk yield, fat content, fat yield) of three investigated breeds. So, the force (η²x) of father’s impact on milk yield was15.4-47.9%, fat content – 22.0-43.4% and fat yield – 14.9-47.7% taking into account a lactation and a breed. The force of lines impact (η²x) was second; it was on milk yield 6.1-24.5%, fat content – 4.1-17.1 and fat yield – 5.8-23.5%. The force of breeds impact (η²x) was last; it was on milk yield 0.3-2.9%, fat content – 0.2-0.3% and fat yield – 0.6-2.7%. So, the comparative studies of milk productivity of Ukrainian Red-and-White and Black-and-White Dairy cattle with Holsteins indicate that under similar conditions of feeding and keeping, these native breeds can compete with Holstein cattle. The milk yield for 305 days of higher lactation was 6650 kg of milk in Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy cows, 6541 kg in Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy cows and 6469 kg in Holsteins. It was found the inverse correlation r = -0.025-0.316 between milk yield and fat content in milk in most cases. Selection and matching of animals in the herd should be carried out simultaneously on these traits. It was found positive repeatability of milk yields between the first and second, the third and higher lactations (rs = 0.036-0.741), indicating the reliability of forecasting increase in milk productivity during the next lactations in all herd. Bulls have the greatest impact (η²x) on milk productivity among the factors taken into account: milk yield – 15.4-47.9%, fat content in milk – 22.0-43.4% and fat yield – 14.9-47.7%.

scholarly journals The impact of the balanced feeding of cows in the dry period on the content of macro- and microelements in colostrum and milk

2019 ◽  
pp. 65-69
Author(s):  
Evgeniy Olegovich Krupin ◽  
Shamil Kasimovich Shakirov ◽  
Mirzabek Gashimovich Zuhrabov
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Copper Content ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Zinc Content ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
The Third ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Calcium And Phosphorus ◽  
The Impact

The article presents the results of the evaluation of the dynamics of microelements in the colostrum and milk, as well as microelements in milk of dairy cows when used in the composition of the rations they are feeding regulators of metabolism (vitamin-mineral premixes P60-3/2 and P60-3/P, propylene glycol, calcium salts of fatty acids) in accordance with the developed scheme of combined use. Less pronounced decrease of calcium and phosphorus content in milk of animals of the second and third groups is established. On day 30 lactation revealed a significant increase in the content of copper and selenium in individuals of the second (respectively 66.2% (P<0.01) and 65.2% (P<0.05)) and third (respectively 67.2% (P<0.001) and 73.0% (P<0.01)) groups. On the 60th day of lactation in animals of the first group the increase of zinc content in milk was significant and amounted to 6.9% (P<0.05). In cows of the second and third groups, the copper content was significantly higher than in animals of the first group by 60.3% (P<0.01) and 62.6% (P<0.01), respectively. In individuals of the third group the content of selenium was significantly higher than in animals of the control group by 94.2% (P<0.01).

scholarly journals Milk production of dairy cows as affected by the length of the preceding dry period

2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 21-24
Author(s):  
BA Useni ◽  
CJC Muller ◽  
CW Cruywagen
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Generalized Linear Model ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
The Third ◽  
Milk Performance

The objective of the study was to determine the effect of the duration of the dry period (DP) on the milk yield and milk composition during the following lactation. Milk performance records of 561 Holstein cows, with a previous DP from the Elsenburg Research Farm obtained from the National Milk Recording Scheme, were used in the study. Four groups of dairy cows were identified, based on the duration of their dry period, i.e. cows with a DP of less than 60 days, DP of 61 to 90 days, DP of 91 to 120 days and DP of more than 121 days. The number of records for each group was 76, 162, 83 and 240 lactations, respectively. An ANOVA was conducted using the Generalized Linear Model of SAS to compare milk yield and milk composition according to the DP length. Almost 43% of cows had a DP longer than 121 days, while less than 14% of cows had a DP of less than 60 days. The milk yield was positively affected by DP length. Cows with a DP of less than 60 days produced less milk than cows with longer (more than 61 days) dry periods, e.g. 6462 ± 321 vs. 7393 ± 99 kg. Results were similar for cows in their second and fourth parity. In addition, the milk composition of cows was also affected by DP length, i.e. higher fat and protein levels in the milk from cows with a short DP. Cows in the third lactation with a DP above 121 days produced more milk than the other DP groups. However, the milk composition of cows in the third lactation was not affected by DP length. A DP of less than 60 days reduced milk yield, while an extended DP of more than 121 days would be costly for the dairy farmer even though milk yield was higher. A long dry period may also result due to an excess body condition and calving complications during the subsequent lactation.Keywords: Dry period, milk yield, milk composition, dairy cows

scholarly journals Distal Bone Lesions Diagnosed by Radiographic Examination in Dairy Cows without Claudication

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Antônio Amaral Barbosa ◽  
Gabriela Bueno Luz ◽  
Aníbal Janczak Torres ◽  
Viviane Rabassa ◽  
Rafael Ulguim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Clinical Record ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Radiographic Examination ◽  
Joint Involvement ◽  
Bone Lesions ◽  
White Line ◽  
The Third ◽  
Distal Interphalangeal

Background: During decades, dairy cows have been selected for its productive character, with the main focus on the breeding production, being submitted to constant conditions of metabolic disorders, likewise submitted to permanent or intermittent episodes of systemic and / or mechanical aggression, anatomofunctional of its orthopedic system, appearing locomotion injuries. The present approach brings up the variable aspect of lesions in the extensor process of the third phalanx bone, diagnosed by digital radiography, in 17 Holstein cows, with or without joint involvement, the study was conducted in a commercial farm located in the South of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.Case: This case report describes the identification and the appearance of lesions on the extensor process of the third phalanx bone in dairy cattle from a commercial herd. 17 Holstein cows with three lactations, with average production in two milking of 30.67 ± 5.39 L of milk submitted to semi-extensive system, with daily walk of 2.2 km between pasture, food and milking parlor. Weekly, the cows were submitted to clinical diagnosis and radiological exploration, on two periods (pre- and postpartum), from 14 days prepartum to 50 days postpartum. All animals despite the zero score of locomotion, demonstrated no abnormalities of posture or walking, however expressed at least one radiographic change in at least one member. Thereafter, radiographic lesions were evaluated for their variety and severity, indeed animals that had only injury extensor process, with fracture and / or joint involvement were detected. In the animals evaluated in this study there was antecedent clinical record of macroscopic lesions to the digit, without lameness. Clinically, the cows manifested macroscopic signs and according to the foot condition frequency was observed: white line extension (23.72%), scissor claw (22.03%), horizontal lines (18.64%), dual sole (13.6%), wall bleeding (8.47%), crack in the wall (6.77%), corkscrew claw (5.08%) and a lower frequency of clef white line (1.69%), and the presence of lameness was not observed. Among the radiographic lesions in thoracic digits, it was found the following array, according with the frequency distribution: proliferative bone reaction in the region of the extensor process in 73.5% (nnails=34) of forelimbs from the animals, distal interphalangeal osteoarthritis (13.7%) and extensor process fracture was observed only in 2% of the digits.Discussion: In the animals evaluated in this report, there was clinical record of macroscopic lesions antecedent of aggression to the digit, without lameness, even with these bone lesions detected by digital radiographic examination, in other words, chronic lesions in the extensor process, with or without joint involvement, did not promote nociceptive signals in the locomotion of the cows, further emphasizing the importance of digital imaging in the detection of relevant subtle lesions that may subsequently lead to serious failings by the involvement of the distal interphalangeal joint. The technology of digital radiology provides a higher accuracy of diagnosis of lesions on the locomotor system, nevertheless, in dairy cattle, its use is still limited when compared to horses. Up to now, there are few studies that report the occurrence of lesions in the extensor process of the third phalanx in cattle. Extensor process lesions may be more common in dairy herds, given the absence of complementary diagnostics.

Effects of Retinoic Acid and 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 on IFN-gamma Secretion by Mononuclear Leukocytes from Nulliparous and Postparturient Dairy Cattle

2000 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 92-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Burim Ametaj ◽  
Brian Nonnecke ◽  
Ronald Horst ◽  
Donald Beitz
Keyword(s):  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Pokeweed Mitogen ◽  
Mononuclear Leukocytes ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Ifn Gamma ◽  
Dihydroxyvitamin D ◽  
1,25 Dihydroxyvitamin D

Individual and combined effects of several isomers of retinoic acid (RA) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) on interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) secretion by blood mononuclear leukocytes (MNL) from nulliparous and postparturient Holstein cattle were evaluated in vitro. In the first experiment, effects on incubation period (24 to 72 hours) and time of supplementation (0 to 32 hours) with all-trans, 9-cis, 13-cis-, and 9,13-dicis-RAs (0 to 100 nM) on IFN-gamma secretion by pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-stimulated (0 and 10 mug/ml) MNL from nulliparous cattle were evaluated. In the second experiment, MNL from postparturient cows (bled at 0, 2, 4, and 16 days postpartum) were stimulated with PWM (0 and 10 mug/ml) in the presence of RA isomers (9-cis- or 9,13-dicis-RA; 0 to 100 nM), 1,25-(OH)2D3 (0 to 100 nM), or with combinations of these metabolites. The results show that individual isomers of RA had no effect on IFN-gamma secretion by PWM-stimulated MNL from nulliparous or postparturient cows. Furthermore 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibited IFN-gamma secretion by MNL from nulliparous and postparturient dairy cows; however, the degree of inhibition was greater when 9-cis- and 9,13-dicis-RA were also present in the cultures. Finally mononuclear leukocytes from postparturient dairy cows produced substantially less IFN-gamma than did MNL from nulliparous cattle. It is concluded that retinoic acids individually did not affect the capacity of leukocytes from dairy cattle to secrete IFN-gamma. This result is in marked contrast to studies in monogastric species indicating that RAs inhibit IFN-gamma secretion by peripheral blood T cells. Inhibition of IFN-gamma secretion by 1,25-(OH)2D3 was potentiated by 9-cis- and 9,13-di-cis-retinoics acids, suggesting that an excess of dietary vitamins A and D may compromise further the naturally immunosuppressed postparturient dairy cow. Additional research is necessary to determine if the combined effects of these metabolites on IFN-gamma secretion represent an increased susceptibility of the dairy cow to infectious diseases during the periparturient period. Lower secretion of IFN-gamma by MNL from postpartutient dairy cows, relative to nulliparous cattle, suggests that recently-calved cows are naturally immunosuppressed.

LIME AND DAIRY PRODUCTION

1982 ◽  
pp. 93-103
Author(s):  
N.A. Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Dairy Production ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
The Third ◽  
One Year ◽  
Plasma Magnesium

In a four year grazing trial with dairy cows the application of 5000 kg lime/ ha (applied in two applications of 2500 kg/ha in winter of the first two years) significantly increased annual pasture production in two of the four years and dairy production in one year. In three of the four years lime significantly increased pasture growth over summer/autumn with concurrent increases in milk production. In the last year of the trial lime had little effect on pasture growth but a relatively large increase in milkfat production resulted. A higher incidence of grass staggers was recorded on the limed farmlets in spring for each of the four years. In the second spring immediately following the second application of lime significant depressions in both pasture and plasma magnesium levels were recorded. By the third spring differences in plasma magnesium levels were negligible but small depressions in herbage magnesium resulting from lime continued to the end of the trial. Lime significantly raised soil pH, Ca and Mg levels but had no effect on either soil K or P. As pH levels of the unlimed paddocks were low (5.2-5.4) in each autumn and soil moisture levels were increased by liming, these factors may suggest possible causes for the seasonality of the pasture response to lime

The Coherence of Mary Barton: Romance, Realism, and Utopia

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 185-200
Author(s):  
Robert Z. Birdwell
Keyword(s):  
Thomas Carlyle ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Mode Of Production

Critics have argued that Elizabeth Gaskell's first novel, Mary Barton (1848), is split by a conflict between the modes of realism and romance. But the conflict does not render the novel incoherent, because Gaskell surpasses both modes through a utopian narrative that breaks with the conflict of form and gives coherence to the whole novel. Gaskell not only depicts what Thomas Carlyle called the ‘Condition of England’ in her work but also develops, through three stages, the utopia that will redeem this condition. The first stage is romantic nostalgia, a backward glance at Eden from the countryside surrounding Manchester. The second stage occurs in Manchester, as Gaskell mixes romance with a realistic mode, tracing a utopian drive toward death. The third stage is the utopian break with romantic and realistic accounts of the Condition of England and with the inadequate preceding conceptions of utopia. This third stage transforms narrative modes and figures a new mode of production.

Bankruptcy Model Construction and its Limitation in Input Data Quality

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-125
Author(s):  
Dana Kubíčková ◽  
◽  
Vladimír Nulíček ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Data Quality ◽  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Input Data ◽  
Model Construction ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Discriminant Analyses ◽  
One Year ◽  
The University ◽  
Multivariate Discriminant

The aim of the research project solved at the University of Finance and administration is to construct a new bankruptcy model. The intention is to use data of the firms that have to cease their activities due to bankruptcy. The most common method for bankruptcy model construction is multivariate discriminant analyses (MDA). It allows to derive the indicators most sensitive to the future companies’ failure as a parts of the bankruptcy model. One of the assumptions for using the MDA method and reassuring the reliable results is the normal distribution and independence of the input data. The results of verification of this assumption as the third stage of the project are presented in this article. We have revealed that this assumption is met only in a few selected indicators. Better results were achieved in the indicators in the set of prosperous companies and one year prior the failure. The selected indicators intended for the bankruptcy model construction thus cannot be considered as suitable for using the MDA method.

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