scholarly journals The Observatory of Justice for Afrodescendants in Latin America (OJALA) as an initiative of engaged anthropology for the promotion and defense of human rights

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Muteba Rahier
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Legal Anthropology ◽  
The Public ◽  
Founding Director ◽  
Justice Systems ◽  
Florida International University ◽  
Engaged Anthropology ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
State Functions

Abstract In this essay, I write about the initiative of engaged legal anthropology that led to the formation of the Observatory of Justice for Afrodescendants in Latin America (OJALA), housed in the Kimberly Green Latin American and Caribbean Center (KG-LACC) at Florida International University (FIU). I have been delighted to serve as OJALA’s main coordinator and founding director since February 2018. This piece’s intent is to explain the foundation of OJALA, out of an interest for understanding how the Latin American multiculturalist state “functions” in the concrete relations it threads with its Afrodescendant citizens, and particularly and most importantly, what the state’s justice system does, or doesn’t do, in the courts of law, with the legal instruments the “new Latin American constitutionalism” brought, when the time comes to defend Afrodescendants’ rights. This led us to engage in careful comparative ethnographic work on specific litigations filed by Afrodescendants in the justice systems of various Latin American countries. Ultimately, the ethnographic knowledge of Latin American justice systems “at work” will be useful for the enhancement of the public acknowledgement, protection, and defense of Afrodescendants’ rights.

Public policies of connectivity in Latin America in the context of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-136
Author(s):  
Bernadette Califano ◽  
Martín Becerra
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Status ◽  
Telecommunications Policies ◽  
Latin American Countries

This article analyses the digital policies introduced in different Latin American countries during the first three months after the outbreak of COVID-19 reached the region (March–June 2020). This analysis has a three-fold objective: (a) to give an overview of the status of connectivity in five big Latin American countries – Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Mexico; (b) to study comparatively the actions and regulations implemented on connectivity matters by the governments of each country to face the pandemic; and (c) to provide insights in relation with telecommunications policies in the context of pandemic emergence at a regional level. To that end, this study will consider legal regulations and specific public policies in this field, official documents from the public and private sectors, and statistics on ICT access and usage in the region.

PHARMACOECONOMIC COMPONENT OF A CLINICAL TRIAL CONDUCTED IN LATIN AMERICA

2001 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 571-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Reinharz ◽  
Victor Raúl Zurita Saldaña ◽  
Wilson Follador ◽  
Carl Asche
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Public Funding ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Funding Agency ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
Scarce Resources ◽  
The Public ◽  
Latin American Countries

Background: Although pharmacoeconomic studies constitute a valuable tool for better managing drug consumption, the conditions under which such studies would be performed in Latin American countries have not been explored.Objectives: The aim of this paper is to evaluate the potential advantages of and pitfalls in doing pharmacoeconomic research in Latin America and to propose avenues to facilitate the development of this field in the region.Methods: The Canadian guidelines for the economic evaluation of pharmaceuticals served as a structured framework to assess, both prospectively and retrospectively, the conditions under which the pharmacoeconomic component of a clinical trial held in Mexico and Brazil would be and actually was conducted.Results: The conditions under which pharmacoeconomic evaluations are conducted must be improved if studies are to contribute to the better management of scarce resources across the entire health care system.Conclusions: The creation of a public funding agency, the reappraisal of administrative data as a management tool in both the public and the private sectors, and the establishment of national guidelines should be considered within the framework of reforms aimed at allowing healthcare systems to meet their objectives of efficiency and equity.

scholarly journals La desigualdad de la distribución de la renta en América Latina: situación, evolución y factores explicativos

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Branko Milanovic ◽  
Rafael Muñoz De Bustillo
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Access To Education ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
The Public ◽  
Colonization Model ◽  
Unequal Access ◽  
America Latina ◽  
Latin American Countries

RESUMEN: El presente trabajo analiza el nivel de desigualdad en la distribución de la renta existente en América Latina a comienzos del siglo XXI así como su evolución en las últimas décadas, todo ello desde una perspectiva comparada tanto intracontinental (entre los distintos países de América Latina), como entre ésta y otras regiones del mundo. En segundo lugar se estudia cuál ha sido el comportamiento de la desigualdad en las últimas décadas. En tercer lugar se revisan los factores que están detrás de esa mayor desigualdad que hace de América Latina la región más desigual del mundo, prestando especial atención al modelo colonizador y al desigual acceso a la propiedad de la tierra consagrado por el mismo; a la desigualdad de acceso a la educación; al escaso papel redistribuidor del sector público y a factores demográficos. Por último se apuntan los potenciales efectos negativos que se derivan de este estado de cosas.ABSTRACT: This article analyzes the level of inequality in the rent distribution in Latin America at the beginning of the 21st century, as well as its evolution through the last decades, from a comparative intra-continental perspective (analyzing the different Latin American countries), and also comparing the region with others. In second place it studies the behavior of inequalitythrough the last decades. In third place, it revises the factors behind that inequality, since those factors make Latin America the most unequal region in the world, paying special attention to the colonization model and to the unequal access to land ownership, as well as to the unequal access to education, to the poor redistributing role of the public sector and to demographic factors. Lastly, it describes the potentially negative effects produced by this state of things.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Mortality Rate and Its Incidence in Latin America: Dependence on Demographic and Economic Variables

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 6900
Author(s):  
Javier Cifuentes-Faura
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Quality Infrastructure

The pandemic caused by COVID-19 has left millions infected and dead around the world, with Latin America being one of the most affected areas. In this work, we have sought to determine, by means of a multiple regression analysis and a study of correlations, the influence of population density, life expectancy, and proportion of the population in vulnerable employment, together with GDP per capita, on the mortality rate due to COVID-19 in Latin American countries. The results indicated that countries with higher population density had lower numbers of deaths. Population in vulnerable employment and GDP showed a positive influence, while life expectancy did not appear to significantly affect the number of COVID-19 deaths. In addition, the influence of these variables on the number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 was analyzed. It can be concluded that the lack of resources can be a major burden for the vulnerable population in combating COVID-19 and that population density can ensure better designed institutions and quality infrastructure to achieve social distancing and, together with effective measures, lower death rates.

scholarly journals When Does the Public Get It Right? The Information Environment and the Accuracy of Economic Sentiment

2021 ◽  
pp. 001041402198975
Author(s):  
Ryan E. Carlin ◽  
Timothy Hellwig ◽  
Gregory J. Love ◽  
Cecilia Martínez-Gallardo ◽  
Matthew M. Singer
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Government Performance ◽  
Access To Information ◽  
Government Accountability ◽  
The Public ◽  
High Quality Information ◽  
The Media ◽  
Latin American Countries

Public evaluations of the economy are key for understanding how citizens develop policy opinions and monitor government performance. But what drives economic evaluations? In this article, we argue the context in which information about the economy is distributed shapes economic perceptions. In high-quality information environments—where policies are transparent, the media is free, and political opposition is robust—mass perceptions closely track economic conditions. In contrast, compromised information environments provide openings for political manipulation, leading perceptions to deviate from business cycle fluctuations. We test our argument with unique data from eight Latin American countries. Results show restrictions on access to information distort the public’s view of economic performance. The ability of voters to sanction governments is stronger when democratic institutions and the media protect citizens’ access to independent, unbiased information. Our findings highlight the importance of accurate evaluations of the economy for government accountability and democratic responsiveness.

scholarly journals COVID-19 in Latin America: a first glance to the mortality

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nubia Muñoz
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Death Toll ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
The Us ◽  
Latin American Countries

It is too early to know which will be the final death toll from the Covid-19 or SARS-CoV-2 virus epidemy in Latin America since the epidemy is still active and we will not know when it will end. The curve for new infections and deaths has not reached yet a peak (Figure 1). In addition, we know little about the epidemiology of this new virus. The daily litany of the number of people infected with the number of admissions to hospitals and intensive care units and the number of deaths guides health authorities to plan health services and politicians to gauge the degree of confinement necessary to control the transmission of the virus, but it says little about the magnitude of the problem if we do not relate it to the population at risk. At the end of the pandemic, we will be able to estimate age-standardized death rates for the different countries, but until then the crude death rates will provide a first glance or snapshot of the death toll and impact of the pandemic from March to May 2020. These rates are well below those estimated in other countries in Europe and North America: Belgium (82.6), Spain (58.0), the United Kingdom (57.5), Italy (55.0), France (42.9), Sweden (41.4), and the US (30.7). (Johns Hopkins CSSE, May 30, 2020). However, in the European countries and the US the number of deaths has reached a peak, while this is not the case in Latin American countries. (Figure 1). It should be taken into account that the above rates are crude and therefore, some of the differences could be due to the fact that European countries have a larger proportion of the population over 70 years of age in whom higher mortality rates have been reported.

Latin America and the Socio-Economic Impact of the Cuban Revolution

1962 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro C. M. Teichert
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Cuban Revolution ◽  
Good Neighbor Policy ◽  
Socio Economic Impact ◽  
Imminent Threat ◽  
Good Neighbor ◽  
The Military ◽  
Latin American Countries

The Cuban revolution has profoundly shaken the economic and political foundation traditional in most of the 20 Latin American republics. The demand by the rest of Latin America for Cuban type reforms has also required a reappraisal of U. S.-Latin American relations, which with the breaking off of diplomatic intercourse between Cuba and the U. S., January 4, 1961, have reached their lowest point since the initiation in the mid 1930's of the Good Neighbor Policy by President Roosevelt. Furthermore, the spread of the Cuban revolution, with its ideals and aspirations for the fulfilment of the age-old political, social, and economic aspirations of the downtrodden masses, is now an imminent threat for the remaining undemocratic Latin American governments. There is no denying the fact that most Latin American countries are still run by an oligarchy of landlords and the military.

Leadership Training in Latin America

1993 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-17
Author(s):  
Alice B. Lentz
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Leadership Training ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Business Leaders ◽  
Private Higher Education ◽  
Enterprise Growth ◽  
The University ◽  
Latin American Countries

Alice Lentz offers a brief view of the role of the Americas Fund for Independent Universities (AFIU) in relation to significant initiatives in various Latin American countries. In a region where the function and development of private higher education institutions is especially important, the focus of the AFIU's activities is on private universities' ability to provide trained business leaders with the skills necessary to meet the challenges of enterprise growth in these developing economies. She mentions in particular the strengthening of financing capabilities within the university, and the evolution of three-way partnerships among business corporations, AFIU, and universities in Latin America.

scholarly journals Democratic Values, Religiosity, and Support for Same-Sex Marriage in Latin America

2017 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 75-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle L. Dion ◽  
Jordi Díez
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Religious Values ◽  
Democratic Values ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Same Sex Marriage ◽  
Same Sex Couples ◽  
Latin American Countries

AbstractLatin America has been at the forefront of the expansion of rights for same-sex couples. Proponents of same-sex marriage frame the issue as related to human rights and democratic deepening; opponents emphasize morality tied to religious values. Elite framing shapes public opinion when frames resonate with individuals’ values and the frame source is deemed credible. Using surveys in 18 Latin American countries in 2010 and 2012, this article demonstrates that democratic values are associated with support for same-sex marriage while religiosity reduces support, particularly among strong democrats. The tension between democratic and religious values is particularly salient for women, people who live outside the capital city, and people who came of age during or before democratization.

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