scholarly journals Morphology and distribution of the freshwater mussel Diplodon granosus, a rare and poorly understood species

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Christo MIYAHIRA ◽  
Maria Cristina Dreher MANSUR ◽  
Daniel Mansur PIMPÃO ◽  
Sheyla Regina Marques COUCEIRO ◽  
Sonia Barbosa dos SANTOS
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Freshwater Mussels ◽  
Freshwater Mussel ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Large Area ◽  
The North ◽  
Coastal Rivers ◽  
The Status ◽  
Long Time

ABSTRACT Diplodon granosus was one of the first freshwater mussels to be described for South America. However, the status of the species was confusing for a long time, receiving different taxonomic treatments. In this paper, we redescribe the shell, with new data on the soft parts and information on the distribution and conservation of D. granosus, a rarely recorded species. The shell is thin, not inflated; the macrosculpture is composed only by granules that cover the whole shell, not forming bars; the microsculpture comprises short spikes. In the soft parts we highlight the few, weak and irregularly distributed lamellar connections of the outer demibranch and some features of the stomach, such as the distally enlarged minor typhlosole. There are records of D. granosus over a large area of South America, from Guiana to Argentina. However, most of these records are related to other species and the distribution of D. granosus is restricted to the north of South America in the basins of the Amazonas and Orinoco rivers, and coastal rivers in between. Despite this wide distribution, the species occurs in specific habitats, mainly streams (igarapés), resulting in an extremely fragmented occurrence. Thus, any disturbance to these habitats can threat this freshwater mussel.

The Status of Economic Entomology in Peru

1929 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-231
Author(s):  
George N. Wolcott
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Ocean Current ◽  
High Mountains ◽  
The South ◽  
Humboldt Current ◽  
The North ◽  
The Status

The map of South America shows Peru as a rather long, narrow country, broadening at the north, and presumably tropical in climate judging by its position just south of the Equator, but with high mountains close to the coast. But it does not show the cold ocean current coming from the south—the Humboldt Current—or ar least we are not accustomed to noticing such presumably minor features, even though in the case of Peru, this is equal in importance with the mountains in determining the climate of the country and every factor that the climate may affect.

Filogenia Preliminar do Gênero Rhabdocaulon Epling

UNICIÊNCIAS ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Giovanni Colussi ◽  
Maria Eduarda Venassi ◽  
Gustavo Agostini ◽  
Marcelo Rossato
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Traditional Method ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Aromatic Plants ◽  
Microbial Inhibition ◽  
The Family ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Genomic Material

O gênero Rhabdocaulon é um grupo de plantas aromáticas da família Lamiaceae, conhecida por ter espécies com enorme importância econômica pelo emprego de seus óleos essenciais e atividade biológica que esses possuem. Plantas dessa família vêm sendo utilizadas há muito tempo devido às características olfativas e até mesmo capacidade de exercer inibição microbiana em determinados testes com micro-organismos. Esse gênero compreende inúmeros indivíduos no decorrer do Sul da América. O estudo populacional de espécies vegetais vem sendo cada vez mais abordado, a fim de compreender melhor as interações evolutivas que determinadas espécies desenvolveram com o passar do tempo e especiações. As extrações de DNA foram executadas com método tradicional para extração de material genônico vegetal com auxílio de CTAB. Após a extração, as regiões ITS de rDNA e plastidial trnL-F foram amplificadas e sequenciadas. O trabalho visou avaliação preliminar da separação genética de algumas espécies dentro desse gênero, já que o grupo apresenta distribuição ampla na América do Sul. Com a avaliação das sequências, pode-se observar polimorfismo específico do grupo.Palavras-chave: Filogenia Preliminar. Lamiaceae. Rhabdocaulon.AbstractThe genus Rhabdocaulon is a group of aromatic plants of the family Lamiaceae, known for having species of enormous economic importance due to use of their essential oils and biological activity that they have. Plants of this family have been used for a long time because of their olfactory characteristics and even ability to exert microbial inhibition in certain tests with microorganisms. This genus comprises countless individuals throughout the South America. The population study of plant species has been increasingly approached in order to better understand the evolutionary interactions that certain species have developed as time goes by and speciations. The DNA extractions were performed using a traditional method for extracting plant genomic material with the aid of CTAB. After extraction, the ITS rDNA and plastid trnL-F regions were amplified and sequenced. The focus of the work was the preliminary evaluation of the genetic separation of some species within this genus, since the group has a wide distribution in South America. With the evaluation of the sequences, specific polymorphism of the group can be observed.Keywords: Preliminary Philogeny. Lamiacea. Rhabdocaulon.

scholarly journals PERANAN “BANTAL SOSIAL” PADA MATA PENCAHARIAN NELAYAN SKALA KECIL DI JAWA

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 225
Author(s):  
Budi Wardono ◽  
Akhmad Fauzi
Keyword(s):  
North Coast ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Northern Coast ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
The North ◽  
Logistic Analysis ◽  
The Status ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Quantitative Analysis Method ◽  
High Earning

Salah satu alasan yang kuat nelayan tangkap skala kecil tetap melaut meskipun mempunyai risiko tinggi karena peluang/prospek pendapatan/penerimaan yang tinggi pada satu saat. Risiko melaut tidak hanya membuat ketidakpastian tetapi juga karena risiko biaya operasional yang tinggi. Dihadapkan dengan kondisi biaya operasional yang  tinggi, nelayan menggunakan strategi yang berbeda, salah satunya melekat pada peran tengkulak. Dalam pandangan konvensional, pedagang perantara/ langgan sebagai hambatan bagi nelayan untuk menjadi kompetitif di pasar. Namun di negara berkembang seperti Indonesia, mereka memainkan peran penting sebagai "bantal sosial" dalam kehidupan nelayan skala kecil. Tujuan penelitian adalah menyelidiki tingkat kecenderungan keterikatan hubungan langgan/pedagang antara sebagai “bantal sosial” dengan nelayan di dua daerah penangkapan ikan yang menonjol di pantai utara dan pantai selatan Jawa. Analisis data dilakukan dengan metode analisis kuantitatif yaitu model analisis multinomial logistik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nelayan dari pantai utara cenderung sangat kuat hubungannya dengan perantara untuk kelangsungan hidupnya dibandingkan dengan nelayan di pantai selatan. Implikasi dari temuan tersebut bahwa peran sentral langgan/perantara/tengkulak/langgan merupakan bentuk hubungan yang bersifat ekonomi dimana kedua belah pihak bisa mengambil keuntungan. Pola hubungan bukan hanya sekedar sebagai penyangga, namun lebih dari itu yaitu berfungsi sebagai “bantal” sosial (social cushion) para nelayan. Hubungan seperti ini merupakan bentuk layanan dimana para nelayan bisa mendapatkan alternatif layanan jasa “kredit” dari para perantara/langgan/tengkulak. Bentuk layanan seperti yang diperankan oleh langgan/pedagang perantara selama ini belum bisa digantikan oleh lembaga pemerintah yang resmi, dimana pola hubungan tersebut sangat dibutuhkan oleh nelayan skala kecil. Pola hubungan tersebut selain dipengaruhi oleh lokasi, juga dipengaruhi oleh status kepemilikan kapal, lama kepemilikan kapal dan jumlah ABK.Title: The Role “Social Cushion” On The Livelihood Of Small Scale Fishers In JavaOne of the strong reason for small scale fishers to keep fishing despite high risk of fishing, is the prospect of high earning at one moment in time. Risk at fishery not only  create uncertaining but also risk high cost of fishing. Faced with such a high cost, fishers use different strategies, one of which is attached to the middlemen. Convientional views middlemen as an obstacle for fishers to be competitive in the market. Yet in developing country such us Indonesia, they play crucial role as a “social cushion” in the livelihood of small scale fishers. The purpose of research is to investigate the tendency of engagement relationships middleman as "social cushion" with fishermen in the fishing areas that stand out on the north coast and the south coast of Java. Data was analyzed using quantitative analysis method multinomial logistic analysis model. Results of this study show that fishers of the northern coast tend to strongly attach to middlemen for their survival compared with those in the southern coast.  Relationships with fishermen middlemen is a service, where fishermen can get alternative services "credit" from the middleman. Services such as that played by middleman has not been able to replace them by official government agencies, where this kind of relationship is needed by small-scale fishermen. The relationship patterns in addition affected by the location, also influenced by the status of ownership of the vessel, long time ship ownership and the number of crew.  

REGIONAL DISPUTATION BETWEEN NORTH HALMAHERA AND WEST HALMAHERA REGENCIES, 2003-2010

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liliane Mojau
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Dimension ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
The West ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Administrative Region ◽  
The North ◽  
The Status ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Government

Ideally, the proliferation of the administrative region is aimed at improving the welfare of society. In reality, the proliferation of the administrative region often triggers the regional disputation. The regional disputation between the North Halmahera and the West Halmahera regencies is one of the cases that took a long time. There are six villages that contested in this regional disputation, namely Dum-Dum, Gamsungi/Akesahu, Akelamo Kao, Tetewang, Bobane Igo, and Pasir Putih. At first, the government of the North Halmahera and the West Halmahera regencies coordinated to settle their region boundaries. But it develops to the status issue of the six villages: are the six villages part of the North Halmahera or the West Halmahera regencies. This research is aimed at explaining the regional disputation between the North Halmahera and the West Halmahera regencies, 2003-2010. The method used in this research is the historical method, which consists of four stages, namely heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The result of this research indicates there are cultural dimension that colored this regional disputation and there is a role of local political elites (DPRD Halmahera Utara).

scholarly journals On the Older Parian Formation in Trinidad

The Geologist ◽  
1863 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 204-207
Author(s):  
R. Lechmere Guppy
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Short Distance ◽  
East Coast ◽  
The South ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Main Band ◽  
The North ◽  
North Side ◽  
Line Parallel ◽  
The Government

In the Report on the Geology of Trinidad the Government geologists described a series of sandstones and shales extending across the island from east to west, and occupying an extent of about 97 square miles. The distribution of the formation, which has been named the “Older Parian,” is in the manner of an irregular band of from 1 to 4 miles in breadth, traversing the island in an easterly direction from the Gulf of Paria at Pointe à Pierre. This band terminates rather abruptly before reaching the east coast, but the formation reappears here and there near the south coast along a line parallel to the main band. The formation is only exposed for a short distance on the shores of the Gulf of Paria; but it has been found to cover a large area, and to be extensively developed on the continent of South America. The fossils found by the geologists in Trinidad seem to have been few, and for the most part indeterminable. They however obtained fossils from the same formation at Cumana, in Venezuela; and these remains led to the belief that the Older Parian was probably of Neocomian age. During a short visit to Pointe à Pierre I obtained several fossils, which have enabled me to make the observations detailed in the present paper.The section given by the Government geologists of the Older Parian deposits at Pointe à Pierre is taken on the south side of the point, which I have not had an opportunity of examining carefully. The geologists do not seem to be able to give much attention to that portion of the deposits which is exposed on the north side of the point, and I hope that the present paper, in so far at least as it relates to the fossils, may in some measure supply the deficiency.

scholarly journals Беларускія паўночна-заходнія занальныя моўныя адрозненні як вынік рэгіянальных этна-культурных кантактаў і сувязяў

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 311-322
Author(s):  
Вера [Vera] Астрэйка [Astrėĭka]
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Joint Effect ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Regional Features ◽  
The Status ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Polish Language

Features of north-west belorussian dialects as a result of regional ethno-cultural contacts and relationsFor a long time, north-west Belorussian dialects (and their predecessors) have been the area of different Slavic-Baltic contacts and relations. Interactions between Slavs and Balts took place here always on adstratum and substratum levels. These processes have led to the formation of  the north-west dialect zone (= regiolect) of Belorussian. The corresponding linguistic phenomena form a basis of the north-west dialectal complex and can be discovered on every level of the language. As a rule, there are not many significant structural changes. However, some of them reflect certain tendencies and possibilities of the linguistic development in the region. These can achieve the status of structural innovations in the language.Belorussian-Polish language interaction is the second important moment in the formation of the north-west dialectal zone of Belorussian. The influence of Polish (both the dialectal and the standard varieties) on the Belorussian dialects can predominantly be discerned in the vocabulary and word-building mechanisms.The Baltic and especially Polish influences are also important for keeping some early linguistic phenomena alive and reinforcing their status as regional features of Belorussian dialects.Frequently, both factors have a joint effect. On the whole, the tendency to form a common repository of linguistic features is present in north-west Belorussian and neighbouring Baltic and Slavic dialects at any time. Therefore, we may say that the language is gradually forming a new independent variety with specific structure and a complex of distinctive features. Белорусские северо-западные зональные языковые отличия как результат региональных этнокультурных контактов и связейСеверо-запад Беларуси издавна известен как регион разного рода славяно-балтских (resp. балто-славянских) контактов и связей. Взаимодействие между славянами и балтами всегда протекало тут как на субстратном, так и на адстратном уровнях. Эти процессы привели к образованию северо-западной диалектной зоны (= региолекта) беларуского языка. Соответствующие особенности составляют основу северо-западного зонального языкового комплекса и так или иначе выявляются на всех ярусах системы данных говоров. Как правило, это явления неконституционного характера. Однако некоторые из них отражают определенные тенденции и потенции регионального языкового развития и в благоприятных исторических условиях могут приобрести статус языковой закономерности. Для определения специфики отмеченного зонального единения белорусских говоров другим важным моментом является взаимодействие с польским языком (как в диалектной, так и в литературной его разновидностях). Польское языковое влияние прежде всего выявляется в области словаря и в сфере деривации. Поскольку и в первом, и, особенно, во втором случаях речь идет о взаимодействии генетически (близко)родственных систем, важным для данной региональной общности говоров следует считать и факт существования языковой поддержки. Оба названных языковых фактора часто выступают совместно. В целом для белорусских северо-западных и соседних с ними балтских и инославянских говоров всегда актуальным было стремление к созданию общего фонда языковых средств. И это, несомненно, можно квалифицировать как движение в сторону формирования самостоятельного идиома со своей специфической структурой и особым набором языковых отличий.

scholarly journals New record and distribution of Loxosceles amazonica Gertsch, 1967 (Araneae: Sicariidae) in the state of Ceará, Brazil

Check List ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raul Azevedo ◽  
Paulo Marcelo De Souza Texeira ◽  
Rômmulo Celly Lima Siqueira ◽  
Antonio D. Brescovit
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
New Record ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
The State ◽  
Check List ◽  
Municipal District ◽  
The North

The spiders of the genus Loxosceles Heineken & Lowe, 1832 have a wide distribution in tropical and temperate regions and 30 species have been recorded for South America. The amazonica group is represented only by Loxosceles amazonica, and there are records from the north, midwest and northeast of Brazil. The aim of this note is to present a new record of L. amazonica for the municipal district of Sobral, in the state of Ceará, Brazil and produce a check-list of this species in this state.

A Synopsis of Dicliptera (Acanthaceae) in Brazil, with the Description of Two New Species

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 340-348
Author(s):  
James Lucas da Costa-Lima ◽  
Earl Celestino de Oliveira Chagas
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
South America ◽  
The State ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
The North ◽  
New Synonyms ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
Mato Grosso Do Sul ◽  
A New Species

Abstract—A synopsis of Dicliptera (Acanthaceae) for Brazil is presented. Six species are recognized: Dicliptera ciliaris, D. sexangularis, and D. squarrosa, widely distributed in South America; D. purpurascens, which ranges from the North Region of Brazil (in the state of Acre) to eastern Bolivia; D. gracilirama, a new species from the Atlantic Forest of northeastern Brazil; and D. granchaquenha, a new species recorded in dry and semideciduous forests in Bolivia and western Brazil, in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. Furthermore, we propose new synonyms and designate lectotypes for eleven names. An identification key to the six accepted Dicliptera species in Brazil is provided.

Euratom and Brexit: Could the United Kingdom Maintain One Foot in the European Union? Current Scenarios and Future Prospects of British withdrawal from the EAEC

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-151
Author(s):  
Andrea Circolo ◽  
Ondrej Hamuľák
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Independent Solution ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Status ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Energy Community ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The paper focuses on the very topical issue of conclusion of the membership of the State, namely the United Kingdom, in European integration structures. The ques­tion of termination of membership in European Communities and European Union has not been tackled for a long time in the sources of European law. With the adop­tion of the Treaty of Lisbon (2009), the institute of 'unilateral' withdrawal was intro­duced. It´s worth to say that exit clause was intended as symbolic in its nature, in fact underlining the status of Member States as sovereign entities. That is why this institute is very general and the legal regulation of the exercise of withdrawal contains many gaps. One of them is a question of absolute or relative nature of exiting from integration structures. Today’s “exit clause” (Art. 50 of Treaty on European Union) regulates only the termination of membership in the European Union and is silent on the impact of such a step on membership in the European Atomic Energy Community. The presented paper offers an analysis of different variations of the interpretation and solution of the problem. It´s based on the independent solution thesis and therefore rejects an automa­tism approach. The paper and topic is important and original especially because in the multitude of scholarly writings devoted to Brexit questions, vast majority of them deals with institutional questions, the interpretation of Art. 50 of Treaty on European Union; the constitutional matters at national UK level; future relation between EU and UK and political bargaining behind such as all that. The question of impact on withdrawal on Euratom membership is somehow underrepresented. Present paper attempts to fill this gap and accelerate the scholarly debate on this matter globally, because all consequences of Brexit already have and will definitely give rise to more world-wide effects.

Value Addition Through Higher Education: With Special Reference To Skill Development In North East India

GIS Business ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 341-348
Author(s):  
Dr. Mini Jain ◽  
Dr. Mini Jain
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Skill Development ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Value Addition ◽  
Quality Initiatives ◽  
North East India ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Skilled Manpower ◽  
The Status

In India, higher education is a need of hour. The excellence of Higher Edification decides the production of skilled manpower to the nation. Indian education system significantly teaching has not been tested too economical to form youths of our country employable in line with the requirement of job market. Despite the rise in range of establishments at primary, secondary and tertiary level our young educated folks don't seem to be capable of being used and recovering job opportunities. Reason being they need not non-heritable such skills essential for demand of the duty market. The present study is aimed at analyzing the status of higher education institutions in terms of Infrastructure, various courses of the institute, quality Initiatives and skill development program offered by the Institutes, in the North-East India region, so as to see whether the Higher Educational Institutes of this region are in the process of gradually developing the skills of the students in attaining excellence. The paper also laid emphasis on the measures adopted by these institutes for quality improvement, and to find out their role in combating the adversity acclaimed in the region, since this region’s development is impeded by certain inherent difficulties However, this paper focuses attention on high quality education with special emphasis on higher education for forward linkages through value addition.

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