Modeling Risk-Taking from Different Measurement Instruments

Abstract Risk-taking researches have presented different forms of construction measurements. First, we aimed at evaluating the evidence of validity of the instruments/methods based on external criteria by contrasting the groups on their gender under the three different risk-taking measures: a domain-specific scale and two decision-making tasks in risky situations (Driving a Car game and card games). After that, we aimed at constructing a risk-taking model from the analysis of the relationship between the instruments/methods. The 211 participants (121 women; M = 21.60 years old; SD = 2.19; and 91 men; M = 21.46 years old; SD = 2.0) answered the research in a single experimental session with an average duration of 30 min. Individually, the instruments presented criterion validity for contrasting groups. There was no correlation between the scores obtained for the different instruments in the risk-taking model. In conclusion, the data was designed in a three-factor structure indicating the multidimensionality of the risk-taking construct.

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Metacognitive Awareness Scale, Domain Specific (MCAS-DS): Assessing Metacognitive Awareness During Raven’s Progressive Matrices

Frontiers in Psychology ◽

10.3389/fpsyg.2020.607577 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

John H. H. Song ◽

Sasha Loyal ◽

Benjamin Lond

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽

Confidence Level ◽

Test Performance ◽

Metacognitive Awareness ◽

Domain Specific ◽

Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices ◽

Raven's Progressive Matrices ◽

The Relationship ◽

Specific Scale

Metacognition, the cognition about cognition, is closely linked to intelligence and therefore understanding the metacognitive processes underlying intelligence test performance, specifically on Raven’s Progressive Matrices, could help advance the knowledge about intelligence. The measurement of metacognition, is often done using domain-general offline questionnaires or domain-specific online think-aloud protocols. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between metacognitive awareness and intelligence via the design and use of a novel Meta-Cognitive Awareness Scale – Domain Specific (MCAS-DS) that encourages reflection of task strategy processes. This domain-specific scale was first constructed to measure participants’ awareness of their own metacognition linked to Raven’s Progressive Matrices (SPM). Following discriminatory index and Exploratory Factor Analysis, a 15-item scale was derived. Exploratory Factor Analysis showed five factors: Awareness of Engagement in Self-Monitoring, Awareness of Own Ability, Awareness of Responding Speed/Time, Awareness of Alternative Solutions and Awareness of Requisite Problem-Solving Resources. The intelligence level of ninety-eight adults was then estimated using Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices. Participants also completed the MCAS-DS, and further items that examined their test-taking behavior and Confidence level. Metacognitive awareness was positively correlated to standardized IQ scores derived from the SPM whilst Over-Confidence derived using the Confidence level measure was negatively correlated to SPM. Despite some limitations, this study shows promise for elucidating the relationship between metacognitive awareness and intelligence using the task-specific scale.

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Zuckerman’s Alternative Five Factor Model and Risk Taking Behavior

International Journal of Indian Psychology ◽

10.25215/0301.104 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Pradeep Kumar ◽

Umed Singh

Keyword(s):

Risk Taking ◽

Sensation Seeking ◽

Factor Model ◽

Five Factor Model ◽

Financial Health ◽

Health Safety ◽

Domain Specific ◽

Five Factors ◽

Risk Taking Behavior ◽

The Relationship

This study was designed to investigate the relationship between risk taking behavior/perception and five factors of personality (AFFM). To realize the main objective of the study Domain-Specific Risk-Taking Scale and Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire were administered on a group of 57 subjects ranging in age from 18 to 24 years. Obtained data was analyzed by using descriptive statistics and Pearson’s correlations. Correlational analysis revealed Activity and Sociability to be positively correlated with all the five domains of risk taking behavior/perception i.e. Ethical, Financial, Health/Safety, Recreational and Social. Neuroticism-Anxiety has correlated negatively with Financial, Health/Safety, and Recreational domains of risk taking. Aggression-Hostility has correlated negatively with Health/Safety. Impulsive-Sensation Seeking has corresponded positively with domains of risk taking viz Financial, Health/Safety and Social.

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Risk-Taking Behavior and the Consumption of Alcohol Mixed with Energy Drink among Australian, Dutch and UK Students

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18105315 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (10) ◽

pp. 5315

Author(s):

Sean J. Johnson ◽

Sarah Benson ◽

Andrew Scholey ◽

Chris Alford ◽

Joris C. Verster

Keyword(s):

Alcohol Consumption ◽

The Netherlands ◽

Risk Taking ◽

Positive Relationship ◽

Energy Drinks ◽

Energy Drink ◽

Energy Drink Consumption ◽

Risk Taking Behavior ◽

The Relationship ◽

Level Of Risk

The relationship between risk-taking behavior, alcohol consumption and negative alcohol-related consequences is well known. The current analyses were conducted to investigate whether alcohol mixed with energy drink (AMED) is related to risk-taking behavior and if there is a relationship between the amount of energy drink mixed with alcohol consumed, risk-taking behavior and negative alcohol-related consequences. Data from N = 1276 AMED consuming students from the Netherlands, UK and Australia who completed the same survey were evaluated. The analysis revealed that, compared to AMED occasions, on alcohol only (AO) occasions significantly more alcohol was consumed and significantly more negative alcohol-related consequences were reported. On both AO and AMED occasions, there was a strong and positive relationship between amount of alcohol consumed, level of risk-taking behavior and number of reported negative alcohol-related consequences. In contrast, the level of risk-taking behavior was not clearly related to energy drink consumption. Across risk-taking levels, differences in the amount of energy drink consumed on AMED occasions did not exceed one 250 mL serving of energy drink. When correcting for the amount of alcohol consumed, there were no statistically significant differences in the number of energy drinks consumed on AMED occasions between the risk-taking groups. In conclusion, alcohol consumption is clearly related to risk-taking behavior and experiencing negative alcohol-related consequences. In contrast, energy drink intake was not related to level of risk-taking behavior and only weakly related to the number of experienced negative alcohol-related consequences.

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Sustainable Competitive Advantage through Entrepreneurship, Market-Oriented Culture, and Trust

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13073986 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 3986

Author(s):

Jun-Chul Ha ◽

Jun-Woo Lee ◽

Jee Young Seong

Keyword(s):

Work Engagement ◽

Risk Taking ◽

Choice Theory ◽

Business Environment ◽

Positive Influence ◽

Mediating Effect ◽

Sustainable Competitive Advantage ◽

The Relationship ◽

Positive Effect ◽

Significant Positive Influence

In a rapidly changing business environment, the entrepreneurship of top management is essential for the survival and sustainable development of the enterprise. Building on the view of the strategic choice theory, this study identifies the relationship between entrepreneurship, market-oriented culture, and work engagement. Data were collected from 493 employees regularly working in small and medium-sized firms in South Korea. The results of this study indicate: (1) entrepreneurship (consisting of innovation, proactiveness, and risk-taking) has a significant positive influence on market-oriented culture, (2) entrepreneurship positively affects work engagement, (3) market-oriented culture has a significant positive effect on work engagement, (4) the effects of innovation and proactiveness on work engagement are significant, controlling for market-oriented culture, showing the partial mediating effect of market-oriented culture on work engagement, and (5) CEO trust moderates the relationship between risk-taking and work engagement. Theoretical and practical implications are suggested.

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Moderating effect of personality traits on the relationship between risk-taking behaviour and self-injury among first-year university students

Advances in Mental Health ◽

10.1080/18387357.2021.1913065 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

Choja Oduaran ◽

Samson F. Agberotimi

Keyword(s):

University Students ◽

Personality Traits ◽

Risk Taking ◽

Moderating Effect ◽

First Year ◽

Self Injury ◽

First Year University ◽

The Relationship

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Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Sports Entrepreneurship

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12208493 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (20) ◽

pp. 8493

Author(s):

Paloma Escamilla-Fajardo ◽

Juan M. Núñez-Pomar ◽

Ferran Calabuig-Moreno ◽

Ana M. Gómez-Tafalla

Keyword(s):

Service Quality ◽

Risk Taking ◽

Non Profit ◽

Paired Sample ◽

Sports Clubs ◽

Before And After ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship ◽

Linear Regressions ◽

Crisis Situations

Sports entrepreneurship has been considered an important part of sports organisations when overcoming crisis situations. The aim of this study is to determine the impact of the crisis derived from COVID-19 on sports entrepreneurship and whether there are differences in the prediction of entrepreneurship on service quality in non-profit sports clubs. To this end, 145 sports clubs were analysed before and after the outbreak of the virus in society. Paired sample-t tests were carried out to determine the differences in variables studied before (Time I) and after (Time II) the COVID-19 outbreak, and correlations and hierarchical linear regressions were used to analyse the relationship between the variables studied in the two different stages. The results obtained show that risk-taking and innovation are significantly higher after the appearance of COVID-19, while proactivity has not undergone significant changes. Finally, the relationship between sports entrepreneurship and service quality is positive and significant in both stages but stronger before the crisis.

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Acute hypoxia impairs dynamic cerebral autoregulation: results from two independent techniques

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.00498.2009 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 107 (4) ◽

pp. 1165-1171 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Andrew W. Subudhi ◽

Ronney B. Panerai ◽

Robert C. Roach

Keyword(s):

Cerebral Autoregulation ◽

Acute Hypoxia ◽

Latin Squares ◽

Differential Sensitivity ◽

Experimental Session ◽

Assessment Techniques ◽

Frequency Components ◽

Autoregulation Index ◽

Single Experimental Session ◽

Dynamic Cerebral Autoregulation

We investigated the effect of acute hypoxia (AH) on dynamic cerebral autoregulation (CA) using two independent assessment techniques to clarify previous, conflicting reports. Twelve healthy volunteers (6 men, 6 women) performed six classic leg cuff tests, three breathing normoxic (FiO2 = 0.21) and three breathing hypoxic (FiO2 = 0.12) gas, using a single blinded, Latin squares design with 5-min washout between trials. Continuous measurements of middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity (CBFv; DWL MultiDop X2) and radial artery blood pressure (ABP; Colin 7000) were recorded in the supine position during a single experimental session. Autoregulation index (ARI) scores were calculated using the model of Tiecks et al. (Tiecks FP, Lam AM, Aaslid R, Newell DW. Stroke 26: 1014–1019, 1995) from ABP and CBFv changes following rapid cuff deflation (cuff ARI) and from ABP to CBFv transfer function, impulse, and step responses (TFA ARI) obtained during a 4-min period prior to cuff inflation. A new measure of %CBFv recovery 4 s after peak impulse was also derived from TFA. AH reduced cuff ARI (5.65 ± 0.70 to 5.01 ± 0.96, P = 0.04), TFA ARI (4.37 ± 0.76 to 3.73 ± 0.71, P = 0.04), and %Recovery (62.2 ± 10.9% to 50.8 ± 9.9%, P = 0.03). Slight differences between TFA and cuff ARI values may be attributed to heightened sympathetic activity during cuff tests as well as differential sensitivity to low- and high-frequency components of CA. Together, results provide consistent evidence that CA is impaired with AH. In addition, these findings demonstrate the potential utility of TFA ARI and %Recovery scores for future CA investigations.

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