Market Behavior for in Shell Brazil Nuts Produced in Brazil from 2000 to 2010

ABSTRACT This paper aimed to analyze the market behavior of in shell Brazil nuts produced by Brazil during the period of 2000 to 2010. In order to do it, structural brakes in the data were identified, the existence of correlations between the variables price, quantity and value was investigated; and the shift of the supply and demand curves was described for the nuts production. The trend model was used to identify the direction of the shift, by calculating the growth rates of national prices and of produced quantities. When analyzing the whole period (2000-2010), there was a positive shift of the demand curve, but when separately analyzing the two sub periods defined by the Chow test (2000-2005 and 2006-2010), a negative shift of the supply curve was identified on the first sub period, while the second subperiod revealed a positive shift of the supply curve. The results showed that the market of Brazil nuts is ascending and that the government’s incentive policies to the activity were effective.

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EVOLUTION OF THE PRODUCTION AND PRICE OF FOREST BIOMASS FOR ENERGY

FLORESTA ◽

10.5380/rf.v49i1.51617 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 49 (1) ◽

pp. 011

Author(s):

Thiago Manoel Sozinho ◽

David Alexandre Buratto ◽

Anadalvo Juazeiro Dos Santos ◽

João Carlos Garzel Leodoro da Silva ◽

José Roberto Frega

Keyword(s):

Energy Production ◽

Demand Curve ◽

Supply And Demand ◽

Forest Biomass ◽

The State ◽

Planted Forests ◽

Native Forests ◽

Demand Curves ◽

The Right ◽

Biomass For Energy

This study aimed to analyze the evolution of the production and price of biomass from native and planted forests of the state of Paraná (Brazil), between 1998 and 2015, based on the behavior of the prices of the products, according to variations of their supply or demand. The annual rates for growth of the price and quantity produced were calculated and related to the displacements of the supply and demand curves of the products. The results indicated a decrease in the quantity and an increase in the biomass price for native forests, which caused a shift in the supply curve to the left. For the biomass of planted forests, the demand curve shifted to the right due to the demand increase of this product for energy production. The behavior of both curves indicated a substitution of the biomass from native forests to biomass from planted forests due to factors related to the increase of environmental protection regarding the native forests located in the state of Paraná

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Market Model with Positive Demand Curve Overthrows Marxist and Keynesian Model

Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies ◽

10.36941/ajis-2020-0042 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 59

Author(s):

Alqi Naqellari

Keyword(s):

Demand Curve ◽

Supply And Demand ◽

Market Price ◽

Marxist Theory ◽

Market Model ◽

Supply Curve ◽

Demand And Supply ◽

Keynesian Model ◽

Analysis And Synthesis ◽

Macroeconomic Indicators

In this paper is analyzed the demand and supply side from the perspective of Marxist theory. The supply and demand side is both analyzed with their respective characteristics in capitalism, socialism and in a mixed economy. The possibilities of a macroeconomic equilibrium by considering the following concepts such as commodity, value, price, profit are analyzed. The aim of this paper is: to develop through a non-exhaustive analysis, the common features and differences between macroeconomic models of the aggregate market in the two systems, to build the aggregate market of a macroeconomic model by taking into account these characteristics and to emphasize its importance for the economy. In conclusion, differences between concepts related to macroeconomic equilibrium were identified. A new equilibrium model for the socialist and capitalist model was built. In centralized economies, demand and supply curve lies in a parallel curve with the X-axis, were domestic product is placed. In the market economy model, the demand and supply curve has a positive slope and stretch simultaneously over the market price line. They do not intersect with each other as in the Classical and Keynesian model. This market model applies to the economy. It allows governments, central banks, research institutions, universities, various researchers, etc. to analyze macroeconomic indicators. In this paper, the model is applied to the Albanian economy. In this paper, we used the methods of analysis and synthesis, comparison and description, the method of creating virtual market models, etc.

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Price Rigidity and Wage Rigidity: Market Failure or Market Efficiency

International Journal of Economics and Finance ◽

10.5539/ijef.v9n11p82 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 82

Author(s):

Chao Chiung Ting

Keyword(s):

Market Efficiency ◽

Great Depression ◽

Market Failure ◽

Demand Curve ◽

Supply And Demand ◽

Wage Rigidity ◽

Supply Curve ◽

Price Rigidity ◽

Product Price ◽

Ex Post

We observe that money wage and price level are not only rigid but also flexible in different business cycles. For example, there are inflationary recessions (e.g., oil crisis in U.S.) versus deflationary recessions (e.g., Great Depression between 1929 and 1933) as well as price rigidity (e.g., Great Depression between 1934 and 1939). Thus, the general price theory, including wage, should explain both price flexibility and price rigidity. When demand curve shifts during business cycle, the best strategy of the firm is to adjust capital and labor (i.e., size of the firm) so as to shift supply curve toward the same direction as demand curve shifts. If both supply curve and demand curve shift toward the same direction proportionally, there is perfect price rigidity. When product price is rigid, the firm is willing to pay previous wage. Thus, price rigidity and wage rigidity are effect (i.e., not only ex-post phenomenon that we observe but also endogenous market efficiency that arises from to the coordination of supply and demand), not exogenous market failure to disturb economy.

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The Economic History of a Young Corporation

The Journal of Economic History ◽

10.1017/s0022050700052220 ◽

1941 ◽

Vol 1 (S1) ◽

pp. 110-111 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

S. B. Clough

Keyword(s):

Economic History ◽

Demand Curve ◽

Supply And Demand ◽

The Past ◽

Demand Curves ◽

The Future ◽

History Of ◽

Economic Thinking

Economics, as it is frequently taught nowadays, consists largely of supply and demand curves. Within their graceful lines are contained the wisdom of the ages—the key to the past and the barometer of the future. If superimposed on one another, these curves have all the esthetic quality of dynamistic drawings. So completely have they dominated economic thinking that when a group of economists considered the possibility of founding an Economic History Association, their first impulse was to establish a demand curve. This was done, as Professor Heaton has intimated, by Miss Anne Bezanson, who canvassed the field. She discovered that four hundred people could be counted upon immediately to support a Journal of Economic History.

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KURVA PENAWARAN DAN PERMINTAAN PRODUK PERIKANAN TANGKAP PERAIRAN UMUM DARATAN DI PROPINSI SUMATERA SELATAN

Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Kelautan dan Perikanan ◽

10.15578/jsekp.v4i2.5832 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 227

Author(s):

Yesi Dewita Sari ◽

Maulana Firdaus ◽

Hakim Miftakhul Huda

Keyword(s):

Demand Curve ◽

Supply And Demand ◽

Regression Method ◽

Supply Curve ◽

Fish Production ◽

Inland Fisheries ◽

Fishery Product ◽

Production Policy ◽

Exploitation Rate ◽

Economical Parameter

Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui keseimbangan kurva penawaran dan permintaan produk perikanan tangkap perairan umum daratan di Propinsi Sumatera Selatan. Penelitian dilakukan pada tahun 2007 sampai dengan 2008. Data yang digunakan adalah data primer dan sekunder. Pendugaan kurva penawaran menggunakan parameter biologi, parameter ekonomi, sedangkan pendugaan kurva permintaan menggunakan metode regresi dari beberapa variabel yang berpengaruh. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat pemanfaatan sumber daya perikanan perairan umum daratan pada kondisi MSY ditinjau dari sisi jumlah produksi adalah 85,55% dan 82,32% jika ditinjau dari jumlah effort. Kurva penawaran berbalik kebelakang pada jumlah produksi 44.004 ton dengan tingkat harga Rp. 2.350 per kg. Perpotongan kurva penawaran dan permintaan terjadi pada tingkat harga Rp. 5.200 per kg dan jumlah produksi 32.597 ton. Perpotongan atau keseimbangan ini terjadi pada kurva penawaran setelah berbalik ke belakang. Peningkatan produksi secara terus menerus akan menyebabkan sumberdaya perikanan perairan umum tidak lestari. Implikasi kebijakan yang dapat disarankan adalah diperlukannya kebijakan pengelolaan dengan meningkatkan produksi ikan dari usaha budidaya. Tittle: Supply and Demand Curve of The Inland Fishery Product in Sumatera South ProvinceThis reseach aimed to know equilibrium of supply and demand of both curve inland fisheries resource in South Sumatera. Biological and economical parameter are used to estimated a supply curve, and regression method is used to estimate demand curve. Result showed that exploitation rate of inland fisheries resource at MSY are 85.55% of harvest and 82,32% of effort. Backward bending supply curve happened at 44,004 ton of harvest and Rp. 2,350 of price per kg. Supply and demand equilibrium happened at Rp. 5,200 of price per kg and 32,597 ton of harvest. This equilibrium happened at backward bending of supply curve. A continuing increase in production will level to unsustainable fishery production. Policy implycation could be addressed is the need for the management authority to increase fish production from aquaculture.

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A Corpus-based Study of Bubble Metaphor in the American Real Estate Market

International Journal of English Language Teaching ◽

10.5430/ijelt.v5n2p34 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 34

Author(s):

Guihang Guo ◽

Zhaohui Wang

Keyword(s):

Real Estate ◽

Demand Curve ◽

Supply And Demand ◽

Real Estate Market ◽

Supply Curve ◽

Housing Bubble ◽

Demand And Supply ◽

The Real ◽

The Real Estate ◽

The Real Estate Market

The study aims to find whether the concept of metaphorical “BUBBLE” can assist us in understanding thephenomena of US housing bubble appearing from 2001 to 2007. With the node of “housing bubble”, the researcherssearch the collocates of it and dig into the context of highly frequent collocates. The study finds: 1)the collocates of“housing bubble”, mainly categorized in “v+N”, “n/adj+N” and “N+v”, reflect the 5 stages of housing bubbledevelopment and the context explains the cause and effect of housing bubble in every stage; 2)the maincorrespondences of BUBBLE metaphor have been concluded in the real estate market; 3)the combination of bubblemetaphor and orientation metaphor can explain the demand and supply curve of real estate. As a result, it can assistbusiness English teachers in teaching the supply and demand curve of the housing bubble.

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GIFFEN EFFECT MODEL

Scientific Review: Theory and Practice ◽

10.35679/2226-0226-2020-10-7-1228-1245 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 1228-1245

Author(s):

V.I. Tsurikov ◽

Keyword(s):

Consumer Choice ◽

Demand Curve ◽

Aggregate Demand ◽

Negative Slope ◽

Individual Values ◽

Effect Model ◽

Demand Curves ◽

Income Individual ◽

The Mathematical Model

The mathematical model of the Giffen effect proposed in the article clearly demonstrates both the effect itself and the reasons for its manifestation. The main advantages of the model include its extreme simplicity, which opens up access to the widest circle of readers, the use of standard methods for solving the consumer choice problem, and the most important fundamental agreement with the results of the field experiment of Jensen and Miller. The model shows that any good for which there is a more expensive substitute can be of little value. This or that good is endowed with the appropriate property by a particular consumer due to his or her own preferences, income level and prevailing prices. Any good of little value, including those that can only be consumed by a high-income individual, may turn out to be Giffen’s goods. Therefore, the consumption of Giffen’s product cannot be considered as evidence of the low standard of living of the consumer. According to the model, an increase in demand for an increasingly expensive low-value good, which is the essence of the Giffen paradox, is the result of optimizing a set of goods, i.e. the result of rational consumer behavior. It is shown that for the manifestation of the Giffen effect, it is necessary that the amount of funds allocated by the consumer for the purchase of a low-value good and its more expensive substitute falls into a certain rather narrow range of values. The failures of numerous and long-term studies aimed at detecting empirical manifestations of Giffen behavior in various historical events are explained by the fact that the corresponding analysis was carried out on the basis of averaged rather than individual values of demand for all categories of consumers. As a result, the negative slope of the aggregate demand curve turned out to be dominant over the positive sections of certain individual demand curves.

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Capital Budgeting and business cycles

REVISTA PROCESOS DE MERCADO ◽

10.52195/pm.v8i1.269 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 315-335

Author(s):

Edward W. Fuller

Keyword(s):

Interest Rate ◽

Demand Curve ◽

Supply And Demand ◽

Investment Project ◽

The Other ◽

Investment Projects ◽

Scarce Resources ◽

Other Hand ◽

The Future ◽

The Interest Rate

Every investment project is aimed at achieving some future goal. This goal can only be attained by employing scarce resources, like time. Every investment project entails foregoing other investment projects. It is impossible to undertake all investment projects simultaneously because resources are scarce. This means each investment project is subject to cost. The investment project may be unsuccessful in achieving the future goal and the entrepreneur may suffer a loss. On the other hand, investment projects are only undertaken because they are perceived as more valuable than their costs. Every investment project undertaken implies the possibility of earning a profit. Investment projects take time. An investment project can be represented by a time line. Time A represents the beginning of the production process. Time B is the end of the production pro-cess. Line AB is called the period of production. Present goods are scarce resources that can be consumed im-mediately. On the other hand, future goods cannot be consumed immediately. Future goods are only expected to be consumer goods at some point in the future. An investment project entails making an investment at time A and receiving a present good at time B. All else equal, present goods are more valuable than future goods.1 Any good at time A is more valuable than the same good at time B. This is called time preference. Money is the present good par excellence. Therefore, future goods can be called future cash flows. All else equal, present money is more valuable than future money. This is called the time value of money. The interest rate is the price of present goods in terms of future goods. The interest rate is the price which equates the amount of present goods provided by savers with the amount of present goods demanded by investors. Like all prices, the interest rate is determined by supply and demand. Savers are suppliers of present goods. The supply curve (S) is the quantity of present goods supplied at each interest rate. Factor owners (investors) are the demanders, or buyers, of present goods. The demand curve (D) is the quantity of present goods demanded at each interest rate. The intersection of the supply and demand curve determines the interest rate. The interest rate is determined by the supply and demand for present goods:2

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Literature Review on the Incentive Policies to Promote the Development of Green Building

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.357-360.2785 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 357-360 ◽

pp. 2785-2792

Author(s):

Ge Liu ◽

Xue Li

Keyword(s):

Literature Review ◽

Incentive Mechanism ◽

Supply And Demand ◽

Green Building ◽

Government Function ◽

Incentive Policy ◽

Foreign Policies ◽

Incentive Policies ◽

External Economy

This paper examined green building incentive policies in both China and the overseas from research and implementation. Based on analyzing overseas green building incentive policies, we can conclude that incentive policy for green building is advanced. Domestic researchers have conducted research from the perspectives of government function, external economy, comparison with foreign policies, supply and demand. This paper reviewed the implementation of green building incentive policies in China. We conclude that the policies and regulations in promoting green building development in China need to be developed. Finally, according to the development of green building in China, further research is needed on developing a system of incentive mechanism and evaluating the effect of incentive.

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Giffen goods, backward bending supply curves, price controls and praxeology; or, who’s afraid of the big bad boogie man of giffen goods and backward bending supply curves? Not us

REVISTA PROCESOS DE MERCADO ◽

10.52195/pm.v9i1.238 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 353-373

Author(s):

Walter Block ◽

William Barnett

Keyword(s):

Key Words ◽

Supply And Demand ◽

Jel Classification ◽

Logical Positivism ◽

Price Controls ◽

Resource Misallocation ◽

Palabras Clave ◽

Usual Manner ◽

Demand Curves ◽

The Status

What is the status of claims about the effects of minimum wage laws? Empirical or praxeological? We claim the latter. How can the effect of such legislation be best analyzed under the assumption of mis-behaving supply (backward bending) and demand (positively sloped, based on positing Giffen goods) curves? In the usual manner: resource misallocation still occurs. But this is only arguendo. More radically, such curves are themselves problematic. Even more radically, this, too, applies to «well behaved» supply and demand curves as well. Key words: Backward Bending Supply Curves, Price Controls, Praxeology, Giffen Goods, Logical Positivism. JEL Classification: D0. Resumen: ¿Cuál es el status del análisis sobre los efectos de las leyes de salario mínimo? ¿Empírico o praxeológico? Nosotros defendemos lo se gundo. ¿Pueden analizarse mejor los efectos de dichas leyes suponiendo curvas de oferta y demanda anómalas (como las de los bienes Giffen)? Como en el nálisis tradicional se produce una mala asignación de recursos. En todo caso, tanto tales curvas, como las tradicionales son muy problemáticas. Palabras clave: Control de precios, praxeología, bienes de Giffen, positivismo lógico. Clasificación JEL: D0.

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