scholarly journals Market Model with Positive Demand Curve Overthrows Marxist and Keynesian Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Alqi Naqellari
Keyword(s):  
Demand Curve ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Marxist Theory ◽  
Market Model ◽  
Supply Curve ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Keynesian Model ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Macroeconomic Indicators

In this paper is analyzed the demand and supply side from the perspective of Marxist theory. The supply and demand side is both analyzed with their respective characteristics in capitalism, socialism and in a mixed economy. The possibilities of a macroeconomic equilibrium by considering the following concepts such as commodity, value, price, profit are analyzed. The aim of this paper is: to develop through a non-exhaustive analysis, the common features and differences between macroeconomic models of the aggregate market in the two systems, to build the aggregate market of a macroeconomic model by taking into account these characteristics and to emphasize its importance for the economy. In conclusion, differences between concepts related to macroeconomic equilibrium were identified. A new equilibrium model for the socialist and capitalist model was built. In centralized economies, demand and supply curve lies in a parallel curve with the X-axis, were domestic product is placed. In the market economy model, the demand and supply curve has a positive slope and stretch simultaneously over the market price line. They do not intersect with each other as in the Classical and Keynesian model. This market model applies to the economy. It allows governments, central banks, research institutions, universities, various researchers, etc. to analyze macroeconomic indicators. In this paper, the model is applied to the Albanian economy. In this paper, we used the methods of analysis and synthesis, comparison and description, the method of creating virtual market models, etc.

2. Markets

2021 ◽  
pp. 13-27
Author(s):  
Ariel Ezrachi
Keyword(s):  
Price Elasticity ◽  
Demand Curve ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Product Market ◽  
Competitive Market ◽  
Supply Curve ◽  
Product Price ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Meeting Point ◽  
Cross Price Elasticity

‘Markets’ examines markets, looking at demand and supply. The demand curve provides information on how the demand for a given product changes with its price, while the supply curve illustrates the correlation between the product price and quantity available for a given period. The meeting point between the two, in a competitive market, represents the market price. The market price is affected, among other things, by the nature of the product in question, by the availability and price of substitutions (cross-price elasticity), by changing consumer needs and preferences, by innovation, and by consumers’ level of income. There are two types of markets relevant here: the product market and the geographical market.

scholarly journals A Corpus-based Study of Bubble Metaphor in the American Real Estate Market

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Guihang Guo ◽  
Zhaohui Wang
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Demand Curve ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Real Estate Market ◽  
Supply Curve ◽  
Housing Bubble ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Real Estate ◽  
The Real Estate Market

The study aims to find whether the concept of metaphorical “BUBBLE” can assist us in understanding thephenomena of US housing bubble appearing from 2001 to 2007. With the node of “housing bubble”, the researcherssearch the collocates of it and dig into the context of highly frequent collocates. The study finds: 1)the collocates of“housing bubble”, mainly categorized in “v+N”, “n/adj+N” and “N+v”, reflect the 5 stages of housing bubbledevelopment and the context explains the cause and effect of housing bubble in every stage; 2)the maincorrespondences of BUBBLE metaphor have been concluded in the real estate market; 3)the combination of bubblemetaphor and orientation metaphor can explain the demand and supply curve of real estate. As a result, it can assistbusiness English teachers in teaching the supply and demand curve of the housing bubble.

scholarly journals Mekanisme Pasar Dalam Perspektif Ekonomi Islam

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Yenni Samri Juliati Nasution
Keyword(s):  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Market Mechanism ◽  
Fair Price ◽  
Market Mechanisms ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Important Position

The market is a mechanism for the exchange of goods and services that nature. The market price is formed by a variety of factors which later formed the demand and supply of goods and services. Consumer demand is influenced by many factors, such as price, consumer income, tastes, expectations and level <em>mashlahah</em>. Quote manufacturers also influenced by many factors, such as<em> mashlahah</em>, profits, and prices. Interaction of supply and demand will establish the balance point can be changed from the demand side or the supply, either due to the deviation of structured and unstructured deviation. Perfectly competitive market can generate a fair price for the seller and the buyer. Therefore, if the market mechanism is interrupted, then the fair price will not be achieved. Islam puts the market at an important position in the economy. And very concerned about the concept of a fair price and perfect market mechanism. So, the role of government is very important to better ensure the activities of market mechanisms as perfect as taking a policy of price intervention that is based on justice.

Integrating stated preference methods for property valuations in housing markets

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 474-486
Author(s):  
Saverio Miccoli ◽  
Fabrizio Finucci ◽  
Rocco Murro
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Stated Preference ◽  
Demand Curve ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Housing Markets ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Potential Demand ◽  
Real Market ◽  
Contingent Valuation Methods

Purpose The study aims to propose an appraisal procedure based on the preferences stated by a sample of potential consumers and producers which makes it possible to obtain the hypothetical demand and supply curves and to estimate the most likely market value and transaction quantities for housing markets with unrevealed prices. Design/methodology/approach The procedure is divided into two steps: the first is aimed at selecting the alternatives that are most likely to meet the market’s preference by applying discrete choice (DC) analysis; the second makes it possible to estimate the potential demand and supply curves for the preferable alternatives singled out through DC analysis by using contingent valuation methods. Findings The results obtained considering only the hypothetical demand or the hypothetical supply differ by an average of 10 per cent from the actual sale price. Conversely, the values detected as the intersection of the hypothetical demand curve and the hypothetical supply curve, fall into variation margins that can be considered fully acceptable in real estate appraisal Originality/value As opposed to the applications performed in international real estate operations where reference is made solely to the potential demand estimate, the described procedure estimates the transaction value as the intersection between the hypothetical demand and supply curves, for the purposes of keeping account of the conditions that generally occur in the real market. Furthermore, it is possible to detect the incidence of the characteristics in market price formation, and to identify the market share of possible alternative assets and estimate the optimal quantity to be produced.

scholarly journals Price Rigidity and Wage Rigidity: Market Failure or Market Efficiency

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 82
Author(s):  
Chao Chiung Ting
Keyword(s):  
Market Efficiency ◽  
Great Depression ◽  
Market Failure ◽  
Demand Curve ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Wage Rigidity ◽  
Supply Curve ◽  
Price Rigidity ◽  
Product Price ◽  
Ex Post

We observe that money wage and price level are not only rigid but also flexible in different business cycles. For example, there are inflationary recessions (e.g., oil crisis in U.S.) versus deflationary recessions (e.g., Great Depression between 1929 and 1933) as well as price rigidity (e.g., Great Depression between 1934 and 1939). Thus, the general price theory, including wage, should explain both price flexibility and price rigidity. When demand curve shifts during business cycle, the best strategy of the firm is to adjust capital and labor (i.e., size of the firm) so as to shift supply curve toward the same direction as demand curve shifts. If both supply curve and demand curve shift toward the same direction proportionally, there is perfect price rigidity. When product price is rigid, the firm is willing to pay previous wage. Thus, price rigidity and wage rigidity are effect (i.e., not only ex-post phenomenon that we observe but also endogenous market efficiency that arises from to the coordination of supply and demand), not exogenous market failure to disturb economy.

scholarly journals KURVA PENAWARAN DAN PERMINTAAN PRODUK PERIKANAN TANGKAP PERAIRAN UMUM DARATAN DI PROPINSI SUMATERA SELATAN

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 227
Author(s):  
Yesi Dewita Sari ◽  
Maulana Firdaus ◽  
Hakim Miftakhul Huda
Keyword(s):  
Demand Curve ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Regression Method ◽  
Supply Curve ◽  
Fish Production ◽  
Inland Fisheries ◽  
Fishery Product ◽  
Production Policy ◽  
Exploitation Rate ◽  
Economical Parameter

Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui keseimbangan kurva penawaran dan permintaan produk perikanan tangkap perairan umum daratan di Propinsi Sumatera Selatan. Penelitian dilakukan pada tahun 2007 sampai dengan 2008. Data yang digunakan adalah data primer dan sekunder. Pendugaan kurva penawaran menggunakan parameter biologi, parameter ekonomi, sedangkan pendugaan kurva permintaan menggunakan metode regresi dari beberapa variabel yang berpengaruh. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat pemanfaatan sumber daya perikanan perairan umum daratan pada kondisi MSY ditinjau dari sisi jumlah produksi adalah 85,55% dan 82,32% jika ditinjau dari jumlah effort. Kurva penawaran berbalik kebelakang pada jumlah produksi 44.004 ton dengan tingkat harga Rp. 2.350 per kg. Perpotongan kurva penawaran dan permintaan terjadi pada tingkat harga Rp. 5.200 per kg dan jumlah produksi 32.597 ton. Perpotongan atau keseimbangan ini terjadi pada kurva penawaran setelah berbalik ke belakang. Peningkatan produksi secara terus menerus akan menyebabkan sumberdaya perikanan perairan umum tidak lestari. Implikasi kebijakan yang dapat disarankan adalah diperlukannya kebijakan pengelolaan dengan meningkatkan produksi ikan dari usaha budidaya. Tittle: Supply and Demand Curve of The Inland Fishery Product in Sumatera South ProvinceThis reseach aimed to know equilibrium of supply and demand of both curve inland fisheries resource in South Sumatera. Biological and economical parameter are used to estimated a supply curve, and regression method is used to estimate demand curve. Result showed that exploitation rate of inland fisheries resource at MSY are 85.55% of harvest and 82,32% of effort. Backward bending supply curve happened at 44,004 ton of harvest and Rp. 2,350 of price per kg. Supply and demand equilibrium happened at Rp. 5,200 of price per kg and 32,597 ton of harvest. This equilibrium happened at backward bending of supply curve. A continuing increase in production will level to unsustainable fishery production. Policy implycation could be addressed is the need for the management authority to increase fish production from aquaculture.

scholarly journals Effective Macroeconomic Model for GDP Analysis, Albanian Case

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Alqi Naqellari ◽  
Vladimir Mici
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Demand Curve ◽  
Aggregate Demand ◽  
Market Model ◽  
First Year ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
Macroeconomic Indicators ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Price Deflator

The study aims to create a macroeconomic market model, through which to analyze nominal and real GDP, to analyze the impact of prices on GDP, create a model of aggregate demand curve, using price deflator, etc. It aims to calculate the Price Deflator and real GDP starting from 1990, as the first year of calculating the macroeconomic indicators of the Albanian economy. More detailed analysis is focused on the years 2000-2017. It has been proven that the deflator calculated by INSTAT is almost equal to the nominal GDP average of the price increase. This data was used to construct the market model with Albanian economy data, with Aggregate Price and real GDP. The new model of the aggregate market differs from the existing one. It expresses the nominal GDP curve as a listing of real GDP at and has a positive slope. This model enables a detailed analysis of nominal and real GDP can be used by anyone, and for any economy. It is recommended for the government and the Albanian institutions to apply this model, as it is effective. Statistical, econometric, analysis, synthesis, comparison, etc. methods were used in the analysis.

scholarly journals Market Behavior for in Shell Brazil Nuts Produced in Brazil from 2000 to 2010

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisangela Lobo Schirigatti ◽  
Giovanna Paiva Aguiar ◽  
Joao Carlos Garzel Leodoro da Silva ◽  
José Roberto Frega ◽  
Alexandre Nascimento de Almeida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Demand Curve ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Supply Curve ◽  
Market Behavior ◽  
Positive Shift ◽  
Brazil Nuts ◽  
Trend Model ◽  
Demand Curves ◽  
Incentive Policies

ABSTRACT This paper aimed to analyze the market behavior of in shell Brazil nuts produced by Brazil during the period of 2000 to 2010. In order to do it, structural brakes in the data were identified, the existence of correlations between the variables price, quantity and value was investigated; and the shift of the supply and demand curves was described for the nuts production. The trend model was used to identify the direction of the shift, by calculating the growth rates of national prices and of produced quantities. When analyzing the whole period (2000-2010), there was a positive shift of the demand curve, but when separately analyzing the two sub periods defined by the Chow test (2000-2005 and 2006-2010), a negative shift of the supply curve was identified on the first sub period, while the second subperiod revealed a positive shift of the supply curve. The results showed that the market of Brazil nuts is ascending and that the government’s incentive policies to the activity were effective.

Should before or after tax equilibria point elasticities be calculated when the Laffer effect is considered in a micro market?

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 754-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmet Özçam
Keyword(s):  
Demand Curve ◽  
Supply Curve ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Tax Revenues ◽  
Turkish Government ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Laffer Effect

Purpose – Traditionally, the Laffer effect has been discussed in the context of endogenous growth models or in the case of the labor market with respect to willingness to supply more labor given a tax incentive on wages. The paper adopts an inductive approach to discuss it in the context of a product's market, say automobile industry in Turkey. Design/methodology/approach – The author revisits the ad valorem tax model on a product and investigates how the elasticities of demand and supply and the tax rate are related to the Laffer effect. The author considers a special case where demand curve is non-linear and the supply curve is completely elastic. This specific model fits the practical case where the Turkish government expected the auto sellers to pass fully the temporary partial tax concession onto the consumers during the global crisis in 2009. Findings – The author showed that the demand elasticitiy must be calculated neither at the intersection of the initial equilibrium nor that of the final equilibrium points, but somewhere else. The author defined a pass-through coefficient which was different from the classical burden of tax concept, calculating the degree of pass-through of a tax decrease from firms to consumers. Moreover, the author found a one-way relationship between the overall tax revenues of the government and a single sector. Research limitations/implications – The case of tax revenues where both the demand and supply curves are non-linear and non-extreme must be solved. Practical implications – The author showed that the government's dual expectation of both boosting the economy, increasing employment and raising its tax revenues can sometimes be consistent given a usual upward sloping supply curve. In the case of a perfectly elastic supply curve, the tax revenues can even be higher with a higher level of equilibrium quantity. Social implications – The Turkish government aiming to support the production and employment in this leading export industry, may have expected this temporary tax decrease to be passed completely onto the consumers by the producers. However, this did not happen as producers’ prices to the consumers did not decrease as much as the amount of tax. This paper shows that the after tax elasticities and the current level of tax rate must have been compared. Originality/value – The author pointed out to the importance of being clear in explicitly indicating at which points the elasticities derived from some function (tax revenue function) of equilibria variables (price and quantity) must be interpreted. In this paper, doing many numerical calculations allowed us to notice the proper point of calculation of the demand elasticity, which is the after-tax price along the “no tax demand curve”. Moreover, a pass-through coefficient is defined which is different from the classical burden of tax concept.

scholarly journals RANCANGAN KEBIJAKAN HARGA DI PASAR: TELAAH ATAS PEMIKIRAN IBNU KHALDUN DAN IBNU TAIMIYYAH

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 1755
Author(s):  
Faisal Rusdi ◽  
Tika Widiastuti
Keyword(s):  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Price Policy ◽  
Market Mechanism ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Ibn Khaldun ◽  
The Government ◽  
Role Of The Government

ABSTRAKIbnu Khaldun dan Ibnu Taimiyyah merupakan dua tokoh ekonomi islam dengan pemikiran yang sangat luar biasa. Ibnu Taimiyyah yang hidup sebelum Ibnu Khaldun tenah menyatakan pemikirannya mengenai mekanisme pasar tentang harga yang adil, bagaimana permintaan dan penawaran merupakan kealamian dari mekanisme pasar namun tetap memperhatikan peran pemerintah dalam ekonomi terutama lembaga hisbah sebagai pengawas pasar untuk menghindari kedzaliman di pasar dan harus melakukan intervensi. Ibnu Khaldun yang hidup setelah masa Ibnu Taimiyyah yaitu pada tahun 732 H/1332 M, telah mengemukakan dan mengembangkan pemikirannya mengenai mekanisme pasar lalu pengaruh permintaan dan penawaran pada harga di pasar dan peran pemerintah dalam berekonomi. Dalam penelitian ini akan melihat bagaimana pemikiran Ibnu Khaldun dan Ibnu Taimiyyah dalam menyikapi harga dalam jual beli di pasar, karena jauh sebelum pemikir ekonomi barat lahir, Ibnu Khaldun dan Ibnu Taimiyyah telah menganalisis. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui serta mengomparasi pemikiran dari Ibnu Khaldun dan Ibnu Taimiyyah mengenai kebijakan harga dalam jual beli di pasar dan melihat mana yang lebih relevan dilakukan pada masa sekarang ini. Dan hasil dari penelitian ini adalah, dalam pemikiran Ibnu Khaldun lebih banyak melihat fenomena interaksi pasar berupa terjadinya permintaan dan penawaran dan dari Ibnu Taimiyyah memiliki pemikiran lebih kompleks baik dari mekanisme pasar dan peran pemerintah dalam kegiatan jual beli di pasar, serta lebih relevan dilakukan pada masa sekarang ini.Kata Kunci: Ibnu Khaldun, Ibnu Taimiyyah, Harga, Mekanisme Pasar, Permintaan, Penawaran, Pemerintah ABSTRACTIbn Khaldun and Ibn Taimiyah were two Islamic economic figures with remarkable thought. Ibn Taimiyyah who lived before Ibn Khaldun expressed his thoughts on the market mechanism of fair prices, how demand and supply are natural from the market mechanism but still pay attention to the role of the government in the economy, especially the Hisbah institution as a market supervisor to avoid in the market and must intervene. Ibn Khaldun who lived after the time of Ibn Taimiyyah, in 732 H/1332 AD, has raised and developed his thoughts on the mechanism of the market and then the influence of demand and supply on the market price and the role of the government in economics. In this study will see how the thought of Ibn Khaldun and Ibn Taimiyyah in addressing the price in buying and selling in the market, because long before Western economic thinkers were born, Ibn Khaldun and Ibn Taimiyyah had analyzed. The purpose of this study is to find out and to compare the thoughts of Ibn Khaldun and Ibn Taimiyyah regarding the price policy in buying and selling in the market and see which is more relevant to do in the present time. And the results of this study is, in the thought of Ibn Khaldun more to see the phenomenon of market interaction in the form of demand and supply and from Ibn Taimiyyah have more complex thinking both of market mechanisms and the role of government in buying and selling activities in the market, as well as more relevant in the present time.Keywords: Ibnu Khaldun, Ibnu Taimiyyah, Price, Market Mechanism, Supply and Demand, Government

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