scholarly journals Applied aspects of pineapple flowering

Bragantia ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Getúlio Augusto Pinto da Cunha
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Crop Management ◽  
Chemical Substances ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
General Flowering ◽  
Flowering Initiation ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Flowering Process

Flowering is an amazing, integrated and complex process of multifatorial control, which due to its great importance for agriculture has been extensively studied worldwide. Pineapple is one of the main crops on which many research works about this subject have been carried out, and it was the first one to have artificially induced flowering. However, even with all those studies, pineapple flowering is not yet characterized in many aspects. The main point for the comprehension of the physiologic aspects of flowering initiation is the identification of the factors involved in the differentiation of the apical meristem into floral primordium, as well as how these factors exert their action. This work aimed to describe the flowering process of pineapple plants, including notions about general flowering physiology, pineapple inflorescence, natural and artificial flowering. Flowering relation to several chemical substances which are involved with the vegetative growth of the plant are also discussed, in order to bring out more light on its underlying mechanisms, and also to help in crop management.

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE LOWBUSH BLUEBERRY: APICAL ABORTION

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (9) ◽  
pp. 1319-1324 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. G. Barker ◽  
W. B. Collins
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Strong Indication ◽  
Vegetative Tissue ◽  
Aerial Shoot ◽  
Lowbush Blueberry ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
High Level

The semicultivated lowbush blueberry is fire-pruned on a 3- to 4-year cycle. In spring, vegetative growth is accomplished through the development of an axillary bud on an aerial shoot. In a fire-pruned area, the growth is delayed in both its initiation and termination by as much as a month and arises either from axillary buds on the unburned below-ground portions of the aerial stems, or from rhizome seated buds. Shoot growth is terminated by the abortion of the apical meristem and the death of the proximal portions of the axis. Evidence is presented suggesting that the death of the apex is not triggered by an appropriate photoperiod. Further, although it is inherently controlled, it does not follow the production of a specified quantity (relative to clone) of leaf nor vegetative tissue and is not related to the development of a specified (per clone) leaf photosynthetic area. Finally, there is a strong indication that the death of the shoot is speeded by the presence of a high level of auxin.

Acoustic Properties of Infant-Directed Speech

2018 ◽  
pp. 92-116
Author(s):  
Yuanyuan Wang ◽  
Derek M. Houston ◽  
Amanda Seidl
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Development ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Acoustic Properties ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Learning Mechanisms ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Infant Language ◽  
Practical Implications

Language acquisition is a complex process that involves an interaction between learning mechanisms and the input to the child. An important component of infants’ input is infant-directed speech (IDS)—a unique speech register that caregivers use when talking to infants. IDS differs from adult-directed speech (ADS) in a variety of dimensions. This chapter examines empirical research on the acoustic properties of IDS and the role that IDS may play in supporting infant language learning. Taking the discussion of IDS function in language development to the next level, this chapter further discusses the underlying mechanisms of IDS to promote language learning and caregivers’ intentions to use this speech register. Theoretical and practical implications of this body of work are discussed and areas for future research are highlighted.

scholarly journals A New Insight into Flowering Regulation: Molecular Basis of Flowering Initiation in Magnolia × soulangeana ‘Changchun’

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zheng Jiang ◽  
Liyong Sun ◽  
Qiang Wei ◽  
Ye Ju ◽  
Xuan Zou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Gene Expression Patterns ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flowering Initiation ◽  
Specific Regulation ◽  
Flowering Process

Magnolia × soulangeana ‘Changchun’ are trees that bloom in spring and summer respectively after flower bud differentiation. Here, we use phenological and morphological observation and RNA-seq technology to study the molecular basis of flowering initiation in ‘Changchun’. During the process of flowering initiation in spring and summer, the growth of expanded flower buds increased significantly, and their shape was obviously enlarged, which indicated that flowering was initiated. A total of 168,120 expressed genes were identified in spring and summer dormant and expanded flower buds, of which 11,687 genes showed significantly differential expression between spring and summer dormant and expanded flower buds. These differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly involved in plant hormone signal transduction, metabolic processes, cellular components, binding, and catalytic activity. Analysis of differential gene expression patterns revealed that gibberellin signaling, and some transcription factors were closely involved in the regulation of spring and summer flowering initiation in ‘Changchun’. A qRT-PCR (quantitative Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction) analysis showed that BGISEQ-500 sequencing platform could truly reflect gene expression patterns. It also verified that GID1B (GIBBERELLIN INSENSITIVE DWARF1 B), GID1C, SPL8 (SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE 8), and GASA (GIBBERELLIC ACID-STIMULATED ARABIDOPSIS) family genes were expressed at high levels, while the expression of SPY (SPINDLY) was low during spring and summer flowering initiation. Meanwhile, the up- and down-regulated expression of, respectively, AGL6 (AGAMOUS-LIKE 6) and DREB3 (DEHYDRATION-RESPONSIVE ELEMENT-BINDING PROTEIN 3), AG15, and CDF1 (CYCLIC DOF FACTOR 1) might also be involved in the specific regulation of spring and summer flowering initiation. Obviously, flowering initiation is an important stage of the flowering process in woody plants, involving the specific regulation of relevant genes and transcription factors. This study provides a new perspective for the regulation of the flowering process in perennial woody plants.

scholarly journals Analysis of miRNA-mediated Regulation of Flowering Induction in Lilium × formolongi

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Zhang ◽  
Yu-Qian Zhao ◽  
Xue Gao ◽  
Guixia Jia
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Pentose Phosphate ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
Flowering Induction ◽  
Flowering Initiation ◽  
Pathway Analyses

Abstract Background: MicroRNAs play pivotal roles in plant vegetative phase change and flowering induction via integrating into multiple flowering pathways. Lilium × formolongi is an important ornamental lily cultivar that can flower within one year after sowing. However, it remains unresolved how miRNA-mediated regulation networks contribute to the L. × formolongi characteristics of a short vegetative growth period and rapid flowering.Results: In this study, five small RNA libraries and one degradome library were constructed for L. × formolongi during vegetative growth and flowering initiation, and 366 conserved miRNAs and 32 novel miRNAs were identified. Additionally, 84 miRNAs were significantly differentially expressed during development. A total of 396 targets of 185 miRNAs were identified and validated through degradome sequencing. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses showed that functions of the targets were top enriched in the cold and cadmium ion responses, pentose phosphate pathway and carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms pathway. Furthermore, among 23 differentially expressed miRNA-target pairs, the miR156s-LfSPL2, miR172a-LfAP2 and miR164a-LfNAC pairs as well as miR159a-LfSPL2 were found to be relevant to flowering based on the correlation analysis of expression profiles in the miRNA libraries, degradome and transcriptome. A coexpression regulatory network focused on differentially expressed pairs was also constructed by WGCNA, and 14 miRNAs were considered putative key miRNAs during vegetative development and flowering induction. miR156a/ d/ e showed particularly strong relationships with other miRNAs in the coexpression network. Conclusions: This study provides cues for the further exploration of the regulatory mechanisms of short vegetative development and flowering in L. × formolongi.

scholarly journals Towards an understanding of spiral patterning in the Sargassum muticum shoot apex

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Linardić ◽  
Siobhan A. Braybrook
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Brown Alga ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Apical Cell ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sargassum Muticum ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Lateral Organs ◽  
Division Pattern ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

AbstractIn plants and parenchymatous brown algae the body arises through the activity of an apical meristem (a niche of cells or a single cell). The meristem produces lateral organs in specific patterns, referred to as phyllotaxis. In plants, two different control mechanisms have been proposed – one is position-dependent and relies on morphogen accumulation at future organ sites whereas the other is a lineage-based system which links phyllotaxis to the apical cell division pattern. Here we examine the apical patterning of the brown alga, Sargassum muticum, which exhibits spiral phyllotaxis (137.5° angle) and an unlinked apical cell division pattern. The Sargassum apex presents characteristics of a self-organising system, similar to plant meristems. We were unable to correlate the plant morphogen auxin with bud positioning in Sargassum, nor could we predict cell wall softening at new bud sites. Our data suggests that in Sargassum muticum there is no connection between phyllotaxis and the apical cell division pattern indicating a position-dependent patterning mechanism may be in place. The underlying mechanisms behind the phyllotactic patterning appear to be distinct from those seen in plants.SummaryThe brown alga Sargassum muticum displays spiral phyllotaxis developed from a position-dependent self-organising mechanism, different from that understood in plants.

Reversion of floral development under adverse ecological conditions in Whytockia bijieensis (Gesneriaceae)

2001 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Z. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Floral Development ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Moderate Temperature ◽  
High Humidity ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Floral Organs ◽  
Ecological Conditions ◽  
Low Humidity ◽  
Flowering Process

The reversion of floral development in Whytockia bijieensis Y.Z.Wang et Z.Y.Li occurs after the normal initiation of mid-adaxial sepals, which implies that the floral organs are not determined at the initiation of the floral primordium, but progressively determined during its development. Both low humidity (less than 75%) and low night temperature (12–14˚C) contribute to the reversion of floral development. However, the low humidity or low night temperature alone do not greatly affect the normal flowering process. The combination of these two ecological factors seems to considerably disturb the normal flowering process, greatly strengthening the reversion process of flowering. High humidity and moderate temperature or at least one of the two are necessary for the normal flowering process of W. bijieensis. It is likely that low humidity and low night temperature trigger the reversal to vegetative growth during floral development. The change of a flower into a bract-like organ in the flower pairs indicates that a transition from pair-flowered to normal cymes is possible.

DOTFL1 affects the floral transition in orchid Dendrobium Chao Praya Smile

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Li ◽  
Bin Zhang ◽  
Yanwen Wang ◽  
Ximing Gong ◽  
Hao Yu
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Floral Transition ◽  
Inflorescence Meristem ◽  
Terminal Flower ◽  
Vegetative Traits ◽  
Carg Box

Abstract A major obstacle for orchid (Orchidaceae)breeding and production is a long juvenile phase before orchid reproductive development. The molecular basis for prolonged vegetative growth in orchids remains largely unclear despite many efforts to clarify the relevant mechanisms. In this study, we report functional characterization of Dendrobium Orchid TERMINAL FLOWER1 (DOTFL1), an ortholog of TFL1 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), from the orchid Dendrobium Chao Praya Smile. DOTFL1 is highly expressed in pseudobulbs and the shoot apical meristem (SAM) before and during the floral transition, but is downregulated in inflorescence apices and open flowers. Ectopic expression of DOTFL1 rescues the early-flowering and terminal-flower phenotypes of tfl1-20 in Arabidopsis. Overexpression of DOTFL1 in Dendrobium orchids delays flowering and produces defective inflorescence meristems and flowers with vegetative traits, whereas knockdown of DOTFL1 accelerates flowering and perturbs the maintenance of the inflorescence meristem. Notably, DOTFL1 suppresses orchid flowering and associated pseudobulb formation during the floral transition. We further reveal that two orchid MADS-box transcription factors, Dendrobium Orchid SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1 (DOSOC1) and AGAMOUS-LIKE 24 (DOAGL24), could interact with each other and bind to the CArG-box motif at DOTFL1, implying a regulatory hierarchy similar to their counterparts in Arabidopsis. Taken together, our findings suggest that DOTFL1 promotes vegetative growth, modulates successive developmental events required for reproductive success in Dendrobium orchids, and may have evolved with a previously unknown role in controlling pseudobulb formation in the Orchidaceae family.

scholarly journals Predictive modelling of arsenate (As(V)) adsorption onto surface-engineered magnetite nanoparticles

F1000Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 1264
Author(s):  
Nisha Kumari Devaraj ◽  
Ameer Al Mubarak Hamzah
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Modelling ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Single Data Point ◽  
Modelling Techniques ◽  
Linear Regression Technique ◽  
Single Data ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Experimental Values

Background: Since adsorption is a complex process, numerous models and theories have been devised to gain general understanding of its underlying mechanisms. The interaction between the adsorbates and adsorbents can be identified via modelling of the adsorption data with different adsorption isotherms as well as kinetic models. Many studies are also focused on developing predictive modelling techniques to facilitate accurate prediction of future adsorption trends. Methods: In this study, a predictive model was developed based on a multiple linear regression technique using existing data of As(V) adsorption onto several coated and uncoated magnetite samples. To understand the mechanisms and interactions involved, the data was first modelled using either Temkin or Freundlich linear isotherms.  The predicted value is a single data point extension from the training data set. Subsequently, the predicted outcome and the experimental values were compared using multiple error functions to assess the predictive model’s performance. Results: In addition, certain values were compared to that obtained from the literature, and the results were found to have low error margins. Conclusion: To further gauge the effectiveness of the proposed model in accurately predicting future adsorption trends, it should be further tested on different adsorbent and adsorbate combinations.

scholarly journals Synchrony of Inflorescence Initiation and Shoot Growth in Selected Protea Cultivars

2001 ◽  
Vol 126 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audrey I. Gerber ◽  
Karen I. Theron ◽  
Gerard Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Apical Bud ◽  
Meristematic Activity ◽  
Floral Primordia ◽  
Appendage Formation ◽  
Floral Bracts ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Flowering Process

Protea L. sp. can be assigned to groups according to similar times of flower initiation and harvest. The stages occurring during flower initiation and their synchrony relative to shoot growth were investigated for three cultivars when flower initiation occurred on the spring growth flush. For all three cultivars, the spring flush was preformed and enclosed in the apical bud before spring budbreak. During elongation of the spring flush, the apical meristem produced floral primordia which differentiated into involucral bracts. After completion of the spring flush, meristematic activity continued and produced floral bracts with florets in their axils. The different cultivars were characterized by differences or similarities in the time of budbreak, and the rates of shoot growth, appendage formation, and flower development. Insight into the time of flower initiation relative to vegetative growth could be useful in making management decisions, as well as forming a basis for manipulation of the flowering process.

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