scholarly journals Changes in body fluid and energy compartments during prolonged hunger strike

2000 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Faintuch ◽  
Francisco Garcia Soriano ◽  
José Paulo Ladeira ◽  
Mariano Janiszewski ◽  
Irineu Tadeu Velasco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Simultaneous Increase ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Prognostic Impact ◽  
Starvation Period ◽  
Total Resistance ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
The Impact

Prolonged total food deprivation in non-obese adults is rare, and few studies have documented body composition changes in this setting. In a group of eight hunger strikers who refused alimentation for 43 days, water and energy compartments were estimated, aiming to assess the impact of progressive starvation. Measurements included body mass index (BMI), triceps skinfold (TSF), arm muscle circumference (AMC), and bioimpedance (BIA) determinations of water, fat, lean body mass (LBM), and total resistance. Indirect calorimetry was also performed in one occasion. The age of the group was 43.3±6.2 years (seven males, one female). Only water, intermittent vitamins and electrolytes were ingested, and average weight loss reached 17.9%. On the last two days of the fast (43rd-44th day) rapid intravenous fluid, electrolyte, and vitamin replenishment were provided before proceeding with realimentation. Body fat decreased approximately 60% (BIA and TSF), whereas BMI reduced only 18%. Initial fat was estimated by BIA as 52.2±5.4% of body weight, and even on the 43rd day it was still measured as 19.7±3.8% of weight. TSF findings were much lower and commensurate with other anthropometric results. Water was comparatively low with high total resistance, and these findings rapidly reversed upon the intravenous rapid hydration. At the end of the starvation period, BMI (21.5±2.6 kg/m²) and most anthropometric determinations were still acceptable, suggesting efficient energy and muscle conservation. Conclusions: 1) All compartments diminished during fasting, but body fat was by far the most affected; 2) Total water was low and total body resistance comparatively elevated, but these findings rapidly reversed upon rehydration; 3) Exaggerated fat percentage estimates from BIA tests and simultaneous increase in lean body mass estimates suggested that this method was inappropriate for assessing energy compartments in the studied population; 4) Patients were not morphologically malnourished after 43 days of fasting; however, the prognostic impact of other impairments was not considered in this analysis.

Comparison of the Effect of Soy protein and Whey protein on Body Composition: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Masoome Piri Damaghi ◽  
Atieh Mirzababaei ◽  
Sajjad Moradi ◽  
Elnaz Daneshzad ◽  
Atefeh Tavakoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Whey Protein ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Soy Protein ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Body Fat Percentage ◽  
Fat Percentage

Abstract Background: Essential amino acids (EAAs) promote the process of regulating muscle synthesis. Thus, whey protein that contains higher amounts of EAA can have a considerable effect on modifying muscle synthesis. However, there is insufficient evidence regarding the effect of soy and whey protein supplementation on body composition. Thus, we sought to perform a meta-analysis of published Randomized Clinical Trials that examined the effect of whey protein supplementation and soy protein supplementation on body composition (lean body mass, fat mass, body mass and body fat percentage) in adults. Methods: We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, up to August 2020, for all relevant published articles assessing soy protein supplementation and whey protein supplementation on body composition parameters. We included all Randomized Clinical Trials that investigated the effect of whey protein supplementation and soy protein supplementation on body composition in adults. Pooled means and standard deviations (SD) were calculated using random-effects models. Subgroup analysis was applied to discern possible sources of heterogeneity. Results: After excluding non-relevant articles, 10 studies, with 596 participants, remained in this study. We found a significant increase in lean body mass after whey protein supplementation weighted mean difference (WMD: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.15, 1.67. P= 0.019). Subgroup analysis, for whey protein, indicated that there was a significant increase in lean body mass in individuals concomitant to exercise (WMD: 1.24; 95% CI: 0.47, 2.00; P= 0.001). There was a significant increase in lean body mass in individuals who received 12 or less weeks of whey protein (WMD: 1.91; 95% CI: 1.18, 2.63; P<0.0001). We observed no significant change between whey protein supplementation and body mass, fat mass, and body fat percentage. We found no significant change between soy protein supplementation and lean body mass, body mass, fat mass, and body fat percentage. Subgroup analysis for soy protein indicated there was a significant increase in lean body mass in individuals who supplemented for 12 or less weeks with soy protein (WMD: 1.48; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.89; P< 0.0001). Conclusion: Whey protein supplementation significantly improved body composition via increases in lean body mass, without influencing fat mass, body mass, and body fat percentage.

Biathlon Performance: Heart Rate, Hit Rate, Speed and Physiological Variables

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 3245-3249
Author(s):  
Gökhan Atasever ◽  
Fatih Kiyici ◽  
Deniz Bedir ◽  
Fatih Ağduman
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Cross Country Skiing ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Short Time

Aim: Biathlon is a sport that combines cross-country skiing and rifle shooting. The athlete is fast in the cross-country skiing section, in the gun shooting section, the heart rate should be low. This study aims to determine the hitting rate of the shots made with different training loads on low altitude in elite biathletes in terms of maximum speed and physiological variables. Methods: To evaluate shooting performances first with the resting pulse and then after 2.5 km skiing respectively with 50%, 70% and 100% pulse rate which is separately calculated for each athlete according to karvonen formula. Results: Our findings show that while there was negative relation between maximum speed and body fat there was a positive relation with lean body mass. It has been determined that low body fat percentage and high lean body mass are effective at the athletes’ maximum speed and the pulse level with the highest target shooting accuracy rate was at rest and 70% in the second level. Conclusion: Since the pulse of the athlete who comes to the shooting area cannot be reduced to a resting level in a short time, focusing the 70% pulse zone may be beneficial in terms of shooting accuracy and acceleration after the shot. The lowest results in target shooting accuracy were seen at 50% and 100% loads. Keywords: Athletes, performance, heart, rate, lean body mass.

scholarly journals Effects of KidQuest on body mass index, lean body mass and body fat percentage among children ages 11 to 14 years in Nebraska (808.14)

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiwen Chai ◽  
Jean Ann Fischer ◽  
Shinya Takahashi ◽  
Melissa Wallinga ◽  
Mindy Anderson‐Knott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Body Fat Percentage ◽  
Fat Percentage

scholarly journals Effect of a Short HIIT Program with Specific Techniques on Physical Condition and Activity during Simulated Combat in National-Level Boxers

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 8746
Author(s):  
Tomás Herrera-Valenzuela ◽  
Johan Carter ◽  
Elvis Leiva ◽  
Pablo Valdés-Badilla ◽  
Alex Ojeda-Aravena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Muscle Power ◽  
National Level ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Aerobic Performance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Body Fat Percentage ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
The Impact

The present study investigated the effect of an additional short-duration HIIT program using boxing-specific techniques on activity during a simulated competition. Additionally, we investigated the impact on physical fitness, specifically aerobic performance and lower-body muscle power. Sixteen boxers were randomized into a control (n = 8) or experimental groups (n = 8). The experimental protocol consisted of 3 blocks of 5 repetitions of 30s all-out effort, with 6s recovery between repetitions and 1 min rest interval between blocks, conducted 3 days per week for 4 weeks. A two-way (group, two levels; moment, two levels) analysis of variance with repeated measurements in the second factor was used. For the experimental group, there was a change in body mass (ES = −0.13 (trivial)), body fat percentage (ES = −0.12 (trivial)), VO2max (ES = +0.42 (small)), CMJ (ES = +0.12 (trivial)), CMJ-left (ES = −0.11 (trivial)), CMJ-right (ES = +0.22 (trivial)), actions (ES = +0.68 (moderate)), time (ES = −0.29 (small)) and punches (ES = +0.56 (moderate)). For the control group, there was a change in body mass (ES = +0.04 (trivial)), body fat percentage (ES = −0.12 (trivial)), VO2max (ES = +0.11 (trivial)), CMJ (ES = −0.27 (small)), CMJ-left (ES = −0.39 (small)), CMJ-right (ES = +0.08 (trivial)), actions (ES = +0.08 (trivial)), time (ES = −0.65 (moderate)) and punches (ES = −0.57 (moderate)). The punches variable was significant concerning group-by-time interaction (F1,14 = 11.630; p = 0.004; n2 = 0.454). The present study indicated that the addition of a boxing-specific HIIT program is effective to increase the number of punches during a simulated match.

scholarly journals Dynamics of indicators of physical development of women 25-35 years under the influence of aquafitness training

2021 ◽  
pp. 72-76
Author(s):  
V.M. Miroshnichenko ◽  
O.P. Shvets ◽  
T.V. Samolenko ◽  
O.I. Salnykov
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Physical Development ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Development Indicators ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Adaptive Reactions ◽  
Visceral Fat Content

The aim of the study was to identify the features of the impact of aquafitness training on the indicators of physical development of women 25-35 years of different somatotypes. The study involved 41 women 25-35 years old. The somatotype was determined by the Heath-Carter method. Physical development indicators were determined by the indicators of the device OMRON BF-511, which works on the principle of bioelectric impedance. Under the influence of aquafitness training in a group of women that brought together representatives of different somatotypes, not found statistically confirmed changes of indicators physical development. At all control stages of the study, body mass, BMI, fat percentage, visceral fat content tended to decrease. Among women distributed by somatotype, a statistically significant decrease in body mass and BMI was found only in representatives of the endomorphic somatotype. The decrease in body mass and BMI was due to a decrease in body fat and visceral fat. In the representatives ectomorphic somatotype, body mass, BMI, and muscle component percentage tended to increase, and fat percentage tended to decrease. Representatives of the balanced and endomorphic-mesomorphic somatotype demonstrated only a tendency to decrease body mass, BMI, fat content and visceral fat content. The percentage of muscle component tended to increase. Different adaptive reactions were revealed to aquafitness training in women 25-35 years of different somatotypes. Statistically significant decreased body mass and BMI occurred only in representatives of the endomorphic somatotype. Body mass and BMI decreased due to a decrease in body fat (including visceral fat).

scholarly journals EFFECT OF 8 WEEKS OF AEROBIC ON BODY COMPOSITION AND BLOOD PRESSURE IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 74-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gholamrezai Shahram ◽  
Zali Mina ◽  
Shabani Ramin ◽  
Hoseini Rastegar
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
T Test ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Informed Consent Form ◽  
The Impact

Aim: Nowadays increasing blood pressure is the most important risk factor of coronary, cerebral and renal vessel diseases. Epidemiological studies indicate that Physical inactivity adversely affects the blood pressure in postmenopausal women. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of aerobic on body composition and blood pressure in postmenopausal women. Methods: 20 healthy postmenopausal women with similar age and weight were randomly devided in intervention and control groups. Subjects completed an informed consent form and health history questionnaire. The intervention group was trained in an aerobic exercise program for 8 weeks (3 sessions weekly). Weight, body fat percentage (BF%), body mass index (BMI), waist to hip ratio (WHR), Lean body mass and blood pressure (BP) were measured in the beginning and the end of the study for all of the subjects. Data were analyzed by the Paired t-test and independent t- test. Results: The results showed that BF% , WHR, BMI decreased and Lean body mass increased significantly in training group after 8 weeks training (P0.05). Conclusions: It seems that a period of aerobic training for 8 weeks can be effective as a non-pharmacological treatment strategy for improvement some physical fitness and body composition indexes, blood pressure in postmenopausal women.

scholarly journals Physical Fitness Attenuates the Impact of Higher Body Mass and Adiposity on Inflammation in Women With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Sola-Rodríguez ◽  
José Antonio Vargas-Hitos ◽  
Blanca Gavilán-Carrera ◽  
Antonio Rosales-Castillo ◽  
Raquel Ríos-Fernández ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Interleukin 6 ◽  
Muscular Strength ◽  
Body Fat Percentage ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
The Impact

AimsHigher body mass and adiposity represent independent contributors to the systemic low-grade inflammatory state often observed in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This study assessed the role of physical fitness in the association of body mass and adiposity with inflammation in women with SLE.MethodsA total of 77 women with SLE were included in this cross-sectional study. We obtained body mass index, waist-to-height ratio, and body fat percentage as indicators of body mass and adiposity. Inflammation was assessed through Serum levels of C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, and leptin. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed with the 6-minute walk test, range of motion with the back-scratch test, and muscular strength with handgrip dynamometry.ResultsCardiorespiratory fitness attenuated the association of both body mass index and body fat percentage with interleukin 6 (all, P&lt;0.05). Range of motion attenuated the association of body mass index with interleukin 6 (P&lt;0.05) and the association of body fat percentage with C-reactive protein (P&lt;0.05). These interactions indicated that higher fitness was associated with a lower increase in inflammation per unit increase of body mass or adiposity. Muscular strength showed a non-significant trend to attenuate the association of body fat percentage with interleukin 6 (P=0.057) but potentiated the association of body fat percentage with leptin (P&lt;0.05).ConclusionThese findings suggest that higher levels of cardiorespiratory fitness and range of motion might attenuate the impact of higher body mass and adiposity on inflammation in women with SLE. The role of muscular strength requires further investigation.

Reference Centiles for the Evaluation of Nutritional Status in Children using Body Fat Percentage, Fat Mass and Lean Body Mass Index

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Duran ◽  
Kyriakos Martakis ◽  
Mirko Rehberg ◽  
Christina Stark ◽  
Leonie Schafmeyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Body Fat Percentage ◽  
Fat Percentage

Reliability of BOD POD Measurements Remains High After a Short-Duration Low-Carbohydrate Diet

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-149
Author(s):  
Beau Kjerulf Greer ◽  
Kathleen M. Edsall ◽  
Anna E. Greer
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Body Volume ◽  
Body Fat Percentage ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Bod Pod ◽  
Low Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Low Carbohydrate

The purpose of the current study was to determine whether expected changes in body weight via a 3-day low-carbohydrate (LC) diet will disrupt the reliability of air displacement plethysmography measurements via BOD POD. Twenty-four subjects recorded their typical diets for 3 days before BOD POD and 7-site skinfold analyses. Subjects were matched for lean body mass and divided into low-CHO (LC) and control (CON) groups. The LC group was given instruction intended to prevent more than 50 grams/day of carbohydrate consumption for 3 consecutive days, and the CON group replicated their previously recorded diet. Body composition measurements were repeated after dietary intervention. Test–retest reliability measures were significant (p < .01) and high for body fat percentage in both the LC and the CON groups (rs = .993 and .965, respectively). Likewise, skinfold analysis for body fat percentage reliability was high in both groups (rs = .996 and .997, respectively). There were significant differences between 1st and 2nd BOD POD measurements for body mass (72.9 ± 13.3 vs. 72.1 ± 13.0 kg [M ± SD]) and body volume (69.0 ± 12.7–68.1 ± 12.2 L) in the LC group (p < .05). However, there were no differences (p > .05) in BOD POD–determined body fat percentage, lean body mass, or fat mass between the 1st and 2nd trial in either group. Body composition measures via BOD POD and 7-site skinfolds remain reliable after 3 days of an LC diet despite significant decreases in body mass.

scholarly journals Relationship between body fat, lean body mass and disease severity in AECOPD patients

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiben Huang ◽  
Jiedong Ma ◽  
Xueting Hu ◽  
Jianing Wang ◽  
Xiaqi Miao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat
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