scholarly journals Carbon dioxide efflux in a rhodic hapludox as affected by tillage systems in southern Brazil

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Fernando Chavez ◽  
Telmo Jorge Carneiro Amado ◽  
Cimélio Bayer ◽  
Newton Junior La Scala ◽  
Luisa Fernanda Escobar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Static System ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Soil Co2 ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Dynamic Chamber

Agricultural soils can act as a source or sink of atmospheric C, according to the soil management. This long-term experiment (22 years) was evaluated during 30 days in autumn, to quantify the effect of tillage systems (conventional tillage-CT and no-till-NT) on the soil CO2-C flux in a Rhodic Hapludox in Rio Grande do Sul State, Southern Brazil. A closed-dynamic system (Flux Chamber 6400-09, Licor) and a static system (alkali absorption) were used to measure soil CO2-C flux immediately after soybean harvest. Soil temperature and soil moisture were measured simultaneously with CO2-C flux, by Licor-6400 soil temperature probe and manual TDR, respectively. During the entire month, a CO2-C emission of less than 30 % of the C input through soybean crop residues was estimated. In the mean of a 30 day period, the CO2-C flux in NT soil was similar to CT, independent of the chamber type used for measurements. Differences in tillage systems with dynamic chamber were verified only in short term (daily evaluation), where NT had higher CO2-C flux than CT at the beginning of the evaluation period and lower flux at the end. The dynamic chamber was more efficient than the static chamber in capturing variations in CO2-C flux as a function of abiotic factors. In this chamber, the soil temperature and the water-filled pore space (WFPS), in the NT soil, explained 83 and 62 % of CO2-C flux, respectively. The Q10 factor, which evaluates CO2-C flux dependence on soil temperature, was estimated as 3.93, suggesting a high sensitivity of the biological activity to changes in soil temperature during fall season. The CO2-C flux measured in a closed dynamic chamber was correlated with the static alkali adsorption chamber only in the NT system, although the values were underestimated in comparison to the other, particularly in the case of high flux values. At low soil temperature and WFPS conditions, soil tillage caused a limited increase in soil CO2-C flux.

scholarly journals The Effect of Different Soil Tillage Systems and Crop Residues on the Composition of Weed Communities

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1276
Author(s):  
Vaida Steponavičienė ◽  
Aušra Marcinkevičienė ◽  
Lina Marija Butkevičienė ◽  
Lina Skinulienė ◽  
Vaclovas Bogužas
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Weed Communities

The composition of weed communities in agricultural crops is dependent on soil properties and the applied agronomic practices. The current study determined the effect of different tillage systems and crop residue on the soil weed community composition. The research programme encompassed 2013–2015 in a long-term field experiment located in the Experimental Station of Vytautas Magnus University in Lithuania. The soil type in the experimental field was qualified as Endocalcaric Stagnosol (Aric, Drainic, Ruptic, Amphisiltic). Weeds were categorised into communities according to soil pH, nitrogen and moisture indicators. The results of investigations were grouped using cluster analysis. Agricultural crops were dominated by different weed species depending on the soil pH and moisture. Weed species were relatively more frequent indicating nitrogen-rich and very nitrogen-rich soils. In the reduced tillage and no-tillage systems, an increase in the abundance of weed species indicating moderate acidity and low acidity, moderately wet and wet, nitrogen-rich and very nitrogen-rich soils was observed. The application of plant residues decreased the weed species abundance. In the reduced tillage and no-tillage systems, the quantitative distribution of weed was often uneven. By evaluating the association of weed communities with groups of different tillage systems with or without plant residues, their control can be optimised.

scholarly journals Tillage systems and nutrient sources affecting soil cover, temperature and moisture in a clayey oxisol under corn

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 2011-2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milton da Veiga ◽  
Dalvan José Reinert ◽  
José Miguel Reichert
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Soil Cover ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Moisture Regime ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Nutrient Sources ◽  
Soil Temperature And Moisture

Tillage affects soil physical properties, e.g., porosity, and leads to different amounts of mulch on the soil surface. Consequently, tillage is related to the soil temperature and moisture regime. Soil cover, temperature and moisture were measured under corn (Zea mays) in the tenth year of five tillage systems (NT = no-tillage; CP = chisel plow and single secondary disking; CT = primary and double secondary disking; CTb = CT with crop residues burned; and CTr = CT with crop residues removed). The tillage systems were combined with five nutrient sources (C = control; MF = mineral fertilizer; PL = poultry litter; CS = cattle slurry; and SS = swine slurry). Soil cover after sowing was greatest in NT (88 %), medium in CP (38 %) and lowest in CT treatments (< 10 %), but differences decreased after corn emergence. Soil temperature was related with soil cover, and significant differences among tillage were observed at the beginning of the growing season and at corn maturity. Differences in soil temperature and moisture in the surface layer of the tilled treatments were greater during the corn cycle than in untilled treatments, due to differences in intensity of soil mobilization and mulch remaining after soil management. Nutrient sources affected soil temperature and moisture in the most intense part of the corn growth period, and were related to the variation of the corn leaf area index among treatments

scholarly journals Short and long-term effects of tillage systems and nutrient sources on soil physical properties of a Southern Brazilian Hapludox

2008 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 1437-1446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milton da Veiga ◽  
Dalvan José Reinert ◽  
José Miguel Reichert ◽  
Douglas Rodrigo Kaiser
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Soil Physical Properties ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Nutrient Sources ◽  
Over Time

Soil tillage promotes changes in soil structure. The magnitude of the changes varies with the nature of the soil, tillage system and soil water content and decreases over time after tillage. The objective of this study was to evaluate short-term (one year period) and long-term (nine year period) effects of soil tillage and nutrient sources on some physical properties of a very clayey Hapludox. Five tillage systems were evaluated: no-till (NT), chisel plow + one secondary disking (CP), primary + two (secondary) diskings (CT), CT with burning of crop residues (CTb), and CT with removal of crop residues from the field (CTr), in combination with five nutrient sources: control without nutrient application (C); mineral fertilizers, according to technical recommendations for each crop (MF); 5 Mg ha-1 yr-1 of poultry litter (wetmatter) (PL); 60 m³ ha-1 yr-1 of cattle slurry (CS) and; 40 m³ ha-1 yr-1 of swine slurry (SS). Bulk density (BD), total porosity (TP), and parameters related to the water retention curve (macroporosity, mesoporosity and microporosity) were determined after nine years and at five sampling dates during the tenth year of the experiment. Soil physical properties were tillage and time-dependent. Tilled treatments increased total porosity and macroporosity, and reduced bulk density in the surface layer (0.00-0.05 m), but this effect decreased over time after tillage operations due to natural soil reconsolidation, since no external stress was applied in this period. Changes in pore size distribution were more pronounced in larger and medium pore diameter classes. The bulk density was greatest in intermediate layers in all tillage treatments (0.05-0.10 and 0.12-0.17 m) and decreased down to the deepest layer (0.27-0.32 m), indicating a more compacted layer around 0.05-0.20 m. Nutrient sources did not significantly affect soil physical and hydraulic properties studied.

Effects of tillage management on soil CO2 emission and wheat yield under rain-fed conditions

Soil Research ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xingli Lu ◽  
Xingneng Lu ◽  
Sikander Khan Tanveer ◽  
Xiaoxia Wen ◽  
Yuncheng Liao
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Soil Co2 ◽  
Soil Co2 Emission

Tillage disturbance can affect carbon dynamics in soil and plant production through several mechanisms. There are few integrated studies that have dealt with the effect of tillage management on soil CO2 emission and yield of wheat grain (Triticum aestivum L.) in the Loess Plateau in China. A 3-year (2010–12 and 2013–14) field experiment with two types of tillage was established to investigate CO2 emission, its related soil properties, crop yields and yield-scaled CO2 emissions (CO2 emissions per unit crop production) under rain-fed field conditions. Some land was planted with winter wheat without using tillage (‘no tillage’; NT), whereas some used mouldboard plough tillage (‘conventional tillage’; CT). The results indicate that CO2 was significantly and positively related to total nitrogen (P < 0.01), soil organic matter (P < 0.01), soil enzymes (P < 0.01; urease, invertase, and catalase), soil temperature (P < 0.01) and total pore space (P < 0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis in the NT plot included soil temperature and air filled pore space, explaining 85% (P < 0.05) of the CO2 variability, whereas in the CT plot the multiple linear regression model included soil temperature, urease, bulk density and pH, explaining 80% (P < 0.001) of the CO2 variability. Compared with the CT treatment, NT reduced the 3-year average yield-scaled CO2 emissions by 41% because of a 40% reduction in total CO2 emissions with no reduction in wheat yield. Thus, the results indicate that NT could be used to reduce the contribution of agriculture to CO2 emissions while simultaneously maintaining wheat crop production in this area.

scholarly journals Effects of clear-fell harvesting on soil CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, and N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes in an upland Sitka spruce stand in England

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 4227-4241
Author(s):  
Sirwan Yamulki ◽  
Jack Forster ◽  
Georgios Xenakis ◽  
Adam Ash ◽  
Jacqui Brunt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
First Year ◽  
Soil Co2 ◽  
Closed Chamber ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Clear Fell ◽  
Ghg Fluxes

Abstract. The effect of clear-fell harvesting on soil greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) was assessed in a Sitka spruce forest growing on a peaty gley organo-mineral soil in northern England. Fluxes from the soil and litter layer were measured monthly by the closed chamber method and gas chromatography over 4 years in two mature stands, with one area harvested after the first year. Concurrent measurements of soil temperature and moisture helped to elucidate reasons for the changes in fluxes. In the 3 years after felling, there was a significant increase in the soil temperature, particularly between June and November (3 to 5 ∘C higher), and in soil moisture, which was 62 % higher in the felled area, and these had pronounced effects on the GHG balance in addition to the removal of the trees and their carbon input to the soil. Annual soil CO2 effluxes reduced to almost a third in the first year after felling (a drop from 24.0 to 8.9 t CO2 ha−1 yr−1) and half in the second and third year (mean 11.8 t CO2 ha−1 yr−1) compared to before felling, while those from the unfelled area were little changed. Annual effluxes of N2O more than doubled in the first two years (from 1.0 to 2.3 and 2.5 t CO2e ha−1 yr−1, respectively), although by the third year they were only 20 % higher (1.2 t CO2e ha−1 yr−1). CH4 fluxes changed from a small net uptake of −0.03 t CO2e ha−1 yr−1 before felling to a small efflux increasing over the 3 years to 0.34 t CO2e ha−1 yr−1, presumably because of the wetter soil after felling. Soil CO2 effluxes dominated the annual net GHG emission when the three gases were compared using their global warming potential (GWP), but N2O contributed up to 20 % of this. This study showed fluxes of CO2, CH4, and N2O responded differently to clear-felling due to the significant changes in soil biotic and abiotic factors and showed large variations between years. This demonstrates the need for multi-year measurements of all GHGs to enable a robust estimate of the effect of the clear-fell phase on the GHG balance of managed forests. This is one of very few multi-year monitoring studies to assess the effect of clear-fell harvesting on soil GHG fluxes.

scholarly journals Influence of the Soil Solarization Management and Fertilizer on Soil Temperature under Different Soil Tillage Systems

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Abed Gatea Al-Shammary ◽  
Jamal Naser Abedalrahman Al-Sadoon ◽  
Nabil Raheem Lahmod
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Chemical Fertilizer ◽  
Soil Solarization ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Tillage System

<p>The soil tillage system can notably influence soil solarization system under dry land farming in semiarid areas. Field experiments were conducted from 6/6/2013 to 1/9/2013, to evaluate the effects of soil tillage system, soil solarization system and fertilizer type on soil temperature at three depths as well as influence at gap between the mulch and soil surface. The experiment included three experimental factors. The first factor, soil tillage systems (moldboard plowing followed by spring disking {MP},<em> </em>Rotary plough {RP}), the second factor represent the soil mulching systems in three levels (transparent mulch, black mulch and without mulch {control}), the third factor includes three fertilizers types (compose fertilizer; in compose fertilizer and chemical fertilizer). The results showed that the experimental factors effects on soil temperature, when used soil tillage system (MP), the higher soil temperature recorded at 10 cm depth ,its value 70 <sup>o</sup>C ( time 11 am) when mean solar radiation 1146 w/m<sup>2</sup> in soil transparent mulching system and chemical fertilizer, as well as for treatment soil black mulch and compose fertilizer, but the lower soil temperature recorded at 30 cm depth, its value 35.8 <sup>o</sup>C (time 1 pm) when mean solar radiation 1147 w/m<sup>2</sup> in soil transparent mulch and chemical fertilizer treatment. The highest soil temperature recorded at 10 cm depth, when used soil tillage system (RP), its value 78.3 <sup>o</sup>C (time 11 am) when mean solar radiation 1125 w/m<sup>2</sup> in soil black mulch and chemical fertilizer, but the low soil temperature recorded at 30 cm depth, its value 41 <sup>o</sup>C (time 3 pm) when mean solar radiation 900 w/m<sup>2</sup> in soil transparent mulch and compose fertilizer treatment. Moreover, the results showed the maximum temperature at gap between the mulch and the soil surface occurs at noon. Addition the obtained results demonstrated that all soil mulching system raised soil temperature substantially compared with without mulched.</p>

scholarly journals Effects of clearfell harvesting on soil CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes in an upland Sitka spruce stand in England

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sirwan Yamulki ◽  
Jack Forster ◽  
Georgios Xenakis ◽  
Adam Ash ◽  
Jacqui Brunt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
First Year ◽  
Managed Forests ◽  
Soil Co2 ◽  
Closed Chamber ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Ghg Fluxes

Abstract. The effect of clearfell harvesting on soil greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) was assessed in a Sitka spruce forest growing on a peaty gley organo-mineral soil in northern England. Fluxes from the soil and litter layer were measured monthly by the closed chamber method and gas chromatography over four years in two mature stands, with one area harvested after the first year. Concurrent measurements of soil temperature and moisture helped to elucidate reasons for the changes in fluxes. In the three years after felling, there was a significant increase in the soil temperature, particularly between June and November (3 to 5 °C higher), and in soil moisture which was 62 % higher in the felled area, and these had pronounced effects on the GHG balance, in addition to the removal of the trees and their carbon input to the soil. Annual soil CO2 effluxes reduced to almost a third in the first year after felling (a drop from 24.0 to 8.9 t CO2 ha−1 yr−1) and half in the second and third year (mean 11.8 t CO2 ha−1 yr−1) compared to before felling, while those from the unfelled area were little changed. Annual effluxes of N2O more than doubled in the first two years (from 1.0 to 2.3 and 2.5 t CO2e ha−1 yr−1, respectively), although by the third year they were only 20 % higher (1.2 t CO2e ha−1 yr−1). CH4 fluxes changed from a small net uptake of −0.03 t CO2e  ha−1 yr−1 before felling to a small efflux increasing over the 3 years to 0.34 t CO2e ha−1 yr−1, presumably because of the wetter soil after felling. Soil CO2 effluxes dominated the total net GHG emission calculated using the global warming potential (GWP) of the three gases, but N2O contributed up to 20 % of the total annual emissions. This study showed fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O responded differently to clearfelling due to the significant changes in soil biotic and abiotic factors and showed large variations between years. This demonstrates the need for multi-year measurements of all GHGs to enable a robust estimate of the effect of the clearfell phase on the GHG balance of managed forests. This is one of a very few multi-year monitoring studies to assess the effect of clearfell harvesting on soil GHG fluxes.

SOIL TEMPERATURE UNDER ZERO TILLAGE SYSTEMS FOR WHEAT IN SASKATCHEWAN

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. CARTER ◽  
D. A. RENNIE
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Crop Canopy ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Semi Arid

Soil temperature profiles and the aerial growth of wheat were characterized over portions of the growing season in 1980 and 1981 under zero and conventional tillage systems in a semi-arid region of Saskatchewan. Differences in maximum and minimum soil temperature, accumulative heat sums and thermal diffusivity over the 2.5-cm to 20-cm soil depth were related to variations in surface crop residues, soil moisture and crop canopy. Generally, maximum soil temperatures were 1–5 °C lower under zero tillage compared to conventional tillage during the first 30 days of crop growth for spring wheat. Similar soil temperature differences were evident between winter wheat zero tilled on stubble or chemical fallow during the period of early spring growth. Subsequent differences in crop canopy (shoot height), between tillage systems, tended to modify the soil temperature profile. Soil temperature differences were not associated with differences in yields of spring or winter wheat. Key words: Soil temperature, soil thermal properties, zero tillage systems, wheat,semi-arid climate

scholarly journals Soil CO2 emission as related to incorporation of sugarcane crop residues and aggregate breaking after rotary tiller

2011 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 1075-1084 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis G Teixeira ◽  
Adrian Fukuda ◽  
Alan R Panosso ◽  
Afonso Lopes ◽  
Newton La Scala Jr
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Aggregate Size ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Soil Co2 ◽  
Soil Co2 Emission ◽  
Sugarcane Crop

Soil tillage is a process that accelerates soil organic matter decomposition transferring carbon to atmosphere, mainly in the CO2 form. In this study, the effect of rotary tillage on soil CO2 emission was investigated, including the presence of crop residues on the surface.Emissions were evaluated during 15 days after tillage in 3 plots: 1) non-tilled and without crop residues on soil surface (NTwo), 2) rotary tiller without the presence of crop residues on soil surface (RTwo), and 3) rotary tiller with the presence of crop residues in soil surface (RTw). Emissions from the RTw plot were higher than the other plots, (0.777 g CO2 m-2 h-1), with the lowest emissions recorded in the NTwo plot (0.414 g CO2 m-2 h-1). Total emission indicates that the difference of C-CO2 emitted to atmosphere corresponds to 3% of the total additional carbon in the crop residues in the RTw plot compared to RTwo. The increase in the RTwo emission in comparison to NTwo was followed by changes in the aggregate size distribution, especially those with average diameter lower than 2 mm. The increase in emission from the RTw plot in relation to RTwo was related to a decrease in crop residue mass on the surface, and its higher fragmentation and incorporation in soil. When the linear correlation between soil CO2 emission, and soil temperature and soil moisture is considered, only the RTw treatment showed significant correlation (p<0.05) with soil moisture.

scholarly journals Changes in direct CO2 and N2O emissions from a loam Haplic Luvisol under conventional moldboard and reduced tillage during growing season and post-harvest period of red clover

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ján Horák ◽  
Dušan Igaz ◽  
Elena Aydin ◽  
Vladimír Šimanský ◽  
Natalya Buchkina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Post Harvest

AbstractThe objectives of the study were to: (1) assess the strength of associations of direct CO2 and N2O emissions with the seasonal variations in the relevant soil properties under both tillage systems; 2) evaluate how CT and RT affect magnitudes of seasonal CO2 and N2O fluxes from soil. Field studies were carried out on plots for conventional tillage (up to 0.22–0.25 m) and reduced tillage (up to 0.10–0.12 m) during the growing season and post-harvest period of red clover. The results showed that daily CO2 emissions significantly correlated only with soil temperature during the growing season under conventional and reduced tillage. Soil temperature demonstrated its highest influence on daily N2O emissions only at the beginning of the growing season in both tillage systems. There were no significant inter-system differences in daily CO2 and N2O emissions from soil during the entire period of observations. Over the duration of post-harvest period, water-filled pore space was a better predictor of daily CO2 emissions from soils under CT and RT. The conventional and reduced tillage did not cause significant differences in cumulative N2O and CO2 fluxes from soil.

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