Bacterial spot and early blight biocontrol by epiphytic bacteria in tomato plants

The objective of this work was to evaluate in vitro and in vivo biocontrol of bacterial spot (Xanthomonas vesicatoria) and early blight (Alternaria solani) by the epiphytic bacteria Paenibacillus macerans and Bacillus pumilus. Tomato plants were previously sprayed with epiphytic bacteria, benzalkonium chloride and PBS buffer and, after four days, they were inoculated with A. solani and X. vesicatoria. To determine the phytopathogenic bacteria population, leaflet samples were collected from each treatment every 24 hours, for seven days, and plated on semi-selective medium. The effect of epiphytic bacteria over phytopathogens was performed by the antibiosis test and antagonistic activity measured by inhibition zone diameter. The epiphytic and benzalkonium chloride drastically reduced the severity of early blight and bacterial spot in comparison to the control (PBS). In detached leaflets, the epiphytic bacteria reduced in 70% the number of phytopathogenic bacteria cells in the phylloplane. The antibiosis test showed that the epiphytic bacteria efficiently inhibit the phytopathogens growth. In all the bioassays, the epiphytic bacteria protect tomato plants against the phytopathogens

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Plant Extract Treatments Induce Resistance to Bacterial Spot by Tomato Plants for a Sustainable System

Horticulturae ◽

10.3390/horticulturae6020036 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 36

Author(s):

Kamal A. M. Abo-Elyousr ◽

Najeeb M. Almasoudi ◽

Ahmed W. M. Abdelmagid ◽

Sergio R. Roberto ◽

Khamis Youssef

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Plant Extracts ◽

Integrated Management ◽

Nerium Oleander ◽

Bacterial Spot ◽

Tomato Plants ◽

Sustainable System ◽

Pathogen Populations

The aim of this study is to assess the effect of extracts of Nerium oleander, Eucalyptus chamadulonsis and Citrullus colocynthis against bacterial spot disease of tomato and to investigate the induction of resistance by tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) in order to promote a sustainable management system. The antibacterial activity of aqueous and ethanol plant extracts was tested against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria, isolate PHYXV3, in vitro and in vivo. The highest antibacterial activity in vitro was obtained with C. colocynthis, N. oleander and E. chamadulonsis, respectively. In vivo, ethanol extracts of N. oleander and E. chamadulonsis were more effective than aqueous extracts in reducing pathogen populations on tomato leaves. Under greenhouse conditions, application of the plant extracts at 15% (v/v) to tomato plants significantly reduced disease severity and increased the shoot weight of ‘Super Marmande’ tomato. In most cases, plant extracts significantly increased total phenol and salicylic acid content of tomato plants compared to either healthy or infected ones. In addition, C. colocynthis and E. chamadulonsis extracts significantly increased peroxidase activity while only E. chamadulonsis increased polyphenol oxidase after infection with the causal agent. The results indicated that the plant extracts showed promising antibacterial activity and could be considered an effective tool in integrated management programs for a sustainable system of tomato bacterial spot control.

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Effects of chitosan-collagen dressing on wound healing in vitro and in vivo assays

Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials ◽

10.1177/2280800021989698 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 ◽

pp. 228080002198969

Author(s):

Min-Xia Zhang ◽

Wan-Yi Zhao ◽

Qing-Qing Fang ◽

Xiao-Feng Wang ◽

Chun-Ye Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wound Healing ◽

Wound Dressing ◽

Type I Collagen ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Negative Control ◽

Type I ◽

Nih3t3 Cells ◽

Post Operation

The present study was designed to fabricate a new chitosan-collagen sponge (CCS) for potential wound dressing applications. CCS was fabricated by a 3.0% chitosan mixture with a 1.0% type I collagen (7:3(w/w)) through freeze-drying. Then the dressing was prepared to evaluate its properties through a series of tests. The new-made dressing demonstrated its safety toward NIH3T3 cells. Furthermore, the CCS showed the significant surround inhibition zone than empty controls inoculated by E. coli and S. aureus. Moreover, the moisture rates of CCS were increased more rapidly than the collagen and blank sponge groups. The results revealed that the CCS had the characteristics of nontoxicity, biocompatibility, good antibacterial activity, and water retention. We used a full-thickness excisional wound healing model to evaluate the in vivo efficacy of the new dressing. The results showed remarkable healing at 14th day post-operation compared with injuries treated with collagen only as a negative control in addition to chitosan only. Our results suggest that the chitosan-collagen wound dressing were identified as a new promising candidate for further wound application.

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The Use of an Opacitometer to Compare the In Vitro Cornea Opacifying Effects of Timolol With and Without Benzalkonium Chloride

Alternatives to Laboratory Animals ◽

10.1177/026119299101900220 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 263-270

Author(s):

Haruyoshi Igarashi ◽

Yasunaga Katsuta ◽

Yoshiharu Nakazato ◽

Tohru Kawasaki

Keyword(s):

Benzalkonium Chloride ◽

Additive Effects ◽

Timolol Maleate ◽

Epithelial Surface ◽

Endothelial Surface ◽

Draize Test ◽

Corneal Opacities

We have evaluated a new in vitro opacitometer method as an alternative to the in vivo Draize test for ocular irritancy. Several concentrations of timolol maleate (timolol) with or without 0.005% benzalkonium chloride were applied to porcine isolated corneas which were either intact or with the epithelium, endothelium, or both epithelium and endothelium removed. Corneal opacities were measured using an opacitometer. In general, timolol with benzalkonium chloride caused a greater degree of opacity to develop in the cornea than did timolol alone. At the lower concentrations of timolol, the increased opacity probably represented additive effects of the two compounds. However, at the highest concentration of timolol (5 x 10 2M), there was an enhanced opacification in the presence of benzalkonium chloride, which may have been due to an increase in penetration, particularly through the epithelium. Timolol caused a greater degree of opacity to develop in the isolated intact porcine corneas when the drug was applied to the endothelial surface, than when applied to the epithelial surface or to both the epithelial and endothelial surfaces. However, timolol with benzalkonium chloride caused a greater degree of opacity in the intact cornea, when the drug was applied to both surfaces than when it was applied only to the epithelial or the endothelial surface.

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Evaluation of various plant extracts against the early blight disease of tomato plants under greenhouse and field conditions

Plant Protection Science ◽

10.17221/14/2011-pps ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 48 (No. 2) ◽

pp. 74-79 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

S.M.A. Nashwa ◽

K.A.M. Abo-Elyousr

Keyword(s):

Disease Severity ◽

Plant Extracts ◽

Mycelial Growth ◽

Early Blight ◽

Field Conditions ◽

Nerium Oleander ◽

Tomato Plants ◽

Infected Control ◽

Blight Disease

The antimicrobial activity of six plant extracts from Ocimum basilicum (Sweat Basil), Azadirachta indica (Neem), Eucalyptus chamadulonsis (Eucalyptus), Datura stramonium (Jimsonweed), Nerium oleander (Oleander), and Allium sativum (Garlic) was tested for controlling Alternaria solani in vitro and in vivo. In in vitro study the leaf extracts of D. stramonium, A. indica, and A. sativum at 5% concentration caused the highest reduction of mycelial growth of A. solani (44.4, 43.3 and 42.2%, respectively), while O. basilicum at 1% and 5% concentration and N. oleander at 5% concentration caused the lowest inhibition of mycelial growth of the pathogen. In greenhouse experiments the highest reduction of disease severity was achieved by the extracts of A. sativum at 5% concentration and D. stramonium at 1% and 5% concentration. The greatest reduction of disease severity was achieved by A. sativum at 5% concentration and the smallest reduction was obtained when tomato plants were treated with O. basilicum at 1% and 5% concentration (46.1 and 45.2 %, respectively). D. stramonium and A. sativum at 5% concentration increased the fruit yield by 76.2% and 66.7% compared to the infected control. All treatments with plant extracts significantly reduced the early blight disease as well as increased the yield of tomato compared to the infected control under field conditions.

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Sensitivity Testing of Ciplukan (Physalis angulata) Rod Crude Extract on The Bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens In Vitro

Samakia : Jurnal Ilmu Perikanan ◽

10.35316/jsapi.v10i1.233 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 24-30

Author(s):

Ion Tarsardo Sianturi ◽

Arief Prajitno ◽

Ellana Sanoesi

Keyword(s):

Experimental Method ◽

Crude Extract ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Natural Material ◽

Sensitivity Testing ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Physalis Angulata ◽

Completely Randomized Design

Diseases is a problem in aquaculture, one of which is the diseases caused by the bacteriumP.fluorescens. Antibiotics and chemicals materials themselves can give the bacterium resistance and cause harm for the environment. One alternative that can be done is using a natural material, namely the rod of ciplukan (p. angulata). The purpose of this research was to explain the effect of P. angulata on the growth of p. fluorescens. The method which can be use is experimental method by using the research design of completely randomized design (ral) with 5 treatment and 2 control with 3 repetitions. The results showed that extract of P. angulata at various dose (6,67 ppt, 13,33 ppt, 19,99 ppt, 26,66 ppt and 33,33 ppt) exhibited anti-P. fluorescens activity with inhibition zone diameters in the range of (4,06±0,07 mm - 9,63±1,61 mm). Increashing extract dose lead to increased the inhibition zone. The extract dose of 33,33 ppt exhibited best anti-P. fluorescens activity in this research. The research results show that P. angulata is proven to be able to inhibit the P. fluorescens, but to prove the effectiveness of this material, an in vivo is required.

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Comparison of defence responses to Botrytis cinerea infection in tomato plants propagated in vitro and grown in vivo

Acta Agrobotanica ◽

10.5586/aa.1996.012 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 49 (1-2) ◽

pp. 115-121 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jacek Patykowski ◽

Elżbieta Kuźniak ◽

Henryk Urbaniak

Keyword(s):

Superoxide Dismutase ◽

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

Ascorbate Peroxidase ◽

Guaiacol Peroxidase ◽

Activity Increase ◽

Tomato Plants ◽

Defence Responses ◽

Defence Reactions

Defence reactions: O2 - generation, superoxide dismutase, catalase, guaiacol peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase activities after B. cinerea infection in tomato plants propagated in vitro and grown in vivo have been compared. Infection resulted in rapid O2 - generation. Superoxide dismutase activity increase was slower than O2 - response. In plants propagated in vitro catalase and guaiacol peroxidase activities after infection were induced less strongly than in plants grown in vivo. K2HPO4 pretreatment of plants grown in vitro enhanced significantly the activities of catalase and guaiacol peroxidase after infection. Slight restriction of B. cinerea infection development in in vitro propagated plants pretreated with K2HP04 was observed.

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Evaluation of the Treatment Effect of Aloe vera Fermentation in Burn Injury Healing Using a Rat Model

Mediators of Inflammation ◽

10.1155/2019/2020858 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Zhiwen Hai ◽

Yimeng Ren ◽

Jiawen Hu ◽

Huan Wang ◽

Qi Qin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rat Model ◽

High Throughput Sequencing ◽

Burn Injury ◽

Aloe Vera ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Medical Problem ◽

Inflammatory Factor ◽

Reduction Activity

Burn injury is a growing medical problem associated with public health, and few effective agents are available for treatment of this disease. In the present study, a burn injury rat model was developed and the accelerated effect of Aloe vera fermentation on burn injury healing was evaluated. Our results indicated that Aloe vera fermentation could markedly reduce the DPPH (56.12%), O2⋅− (93.5%), ⋅OH (76.12%), Fe2+ chelation (82%), and oxygen-reduction activity (0.28 μg/ml) and significantly inhibited the growth of pathogens S. typhimurium ATCC 13311 (inhibition zone diameter: 14 mm), S. enteritidis ATCC13076 (IZD: 13 mm), S. flexneri ATCC 12022 (IZD: 18 mm), E. coli 44102 (IZD: 10 mm), L. monocytogenes ATCC 19111 (IZD: 18 mm), S. dysenteriae 301 (IZD: 20 mm), S. aureus COWAN1 (IZD: 19 mm), and P. acnes ATCC 11827 (IZD: 25 mm) in vitro. The in vivo results indicated that Aloe vera fermentation produced more eosinophils and fibroblasts and less vessel proliferation compared with the model group on the 14th day, which had greatly accelerated burn injury healing via shedding of the scab and promoting hair growth. ELISA results indicated that Aloe vera fermentation had significantly reduced the production of proinflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-1β (p<0.05) and greatly enhanced the yield of anti-inflammatory factor IL-4 in animal serum (p<0.05). In addition, the high-throughput sequencing results indicated that Aloe vera fermentation obviously increased the percentage of Firmicutes (65.86% vs. 49.76%), while reducing the number of Bacteroidetes (27.60% vs. 45.15%) compared with the M group at the phylum level. At the genus level, Aloe vera fermentation increased the probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus (3.13% vs. 2.09%) and reduced the pathogens Prevotella (10.60% vs.18.24%) and Blautia (2.91% vs. 16.41%) compared with the M group. Therefore, we concluded that the use of Aloe vera fermentation significantly accelerates burn injury healing via reduction of the severity of inflammation and through modification of gut microbiota.

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Effectiveness of Dunaliella salina Extracts against Bacillus subtilis and Bacterial Plant Pathogens

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens9080613 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 613

Author(s):

Alfredo Ambrico ◽

Mario Trupo ◽

Rosaria Magarelli ◽

Roberto Balducchi ◽

Angelo Ferraro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Pseudomonas Syringae ◽

Dunaliella Salina ◽

Plant Pathogens ◽

Plant Diseases ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Tomato Plants ◽

Hexane Extracts

Several bacteria pathogens are responsible for plant diseases causing significant economic losses. The antibacterial activity of Dunaliella salina microalgae extracts were investigated in vitro and in vivo. First, biomass composition was chemically characterized and subjected to extraction using polar/non-polar solvents. The highest extraction yield was obtained using chloroform:methanol (1:1 v/v) equal to 170 mg g−1 followed by ethanol (88 mg g−1) and hexane (61 mg g−1). In vitro examination of hexane extracts of Dunaliella salina demonstrated antibacterial activity against all tested bacteria. The hexane extract showed the highest amount of β-carotene with respect to the others, so it was selected for subsequent analyses. In vivo studies were also carried out using hexane extracts of D. salina against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum on young tomato plants and fruits of tomato and zucchini, respectively. The treated young tomato plants exhibited a reduction of 65.7% incidence and 77.0% severity of bacterial speck spot disease. Similarly, a reduction of soft rot symptoms was observed in treated tomato and zucchini fruits with a disease incidence of 5.3% and 12.6% with respect to 90.6% and 100%, respectively, for the positive control.

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Susceptibility of endophyte-infected grasses to winter pathogens (snow molds)

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b06-075 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 84 (7) ◽

pp. 1043-1051 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

Piippa R. Wäli ◽

Marjo Helander ◽

Oiva Nissinen ◽

Kari Saikkonen

Keyword(s):

Field Experiment ◽

Plant Protection ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Snow Mold ◽

Dual Cultures ◽

Endophyte Infection ◽

Neotyphodium Endophyte ◽

Status Interaction

Neotyphodium endophytes are suggested to be mutualistic symbionts of grasses and regarded as potential biological plant protection agents. We examined the effects of the Neotyphodium endophyte of meadow ryegrass on snow molds in vitro with dual cultures of endophyte and Typhula ishikariensis , and on grass–snow mold interactions in vivo in a greenhouse and in a field experiment. In dual cultures, the endophytes formed an inhibition zone and retarded the growth of T. ishikariensis. In the field experiment, however, the endophyte-infected (E+) meadow ryegrasses were more susceptible to T. ishikariensis than the endophyte-free (E–) grasses. Endophyte infection increased the winter damage of grasses both in greenhouse and in field conditions. After winter, the growth of E+ grasses exceeded the growth of E– plants in the field experiment, indicating the marked tolerance of E+ grasses against winter damage. We detected differences in growth and pathogenesis between the different T. ishikariensis strains and found meadow ryegrass cultivar–endophyte status interaction in the growth of meadow ryegrasses, which highlight the effects of the genetic background of the participants on endophyte–grass–snow mold interactions.

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Management of Alternaria leaf blight in tomato plants by mentha essential oil

Plant Protection Science ◽

10.17221/100/2019-pps ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 56 (No. 3) ◽

pp. 191-196

Author(s):

Kahkashan Perveen ◽

Najat A. Bokhari

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Activity ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Mycelial Growth ◽

Leaf Blight ◽

In Vitro Test ◽

Tomato Plants ◽

Conidia Germination ◽

Alternaria Leaf Blight

The essential oil obtained by the hydro-distillation of the leaves of Mentha arvensis Linnaeus was evaluated for its antifungal activity against the causal agent of the Alternaria blight of tomatoes, i.e., Alternaria alternata (Fries) Keissler. The antifungal activity of the mentha essential oil was assessed both in vitro and in vivo. The chemical composition of the mentha oil was also identified by GCMS analysis. The in vitro test revealed that the maximum inhibition in the mycelial growth (93.6%) and conidia germination (90.6%) was at the highest concentration (40 µL/mL), furthermore, it was found that the inhibition of the mycelial growth and conidia germination was dose dependent. The in vivo test proved that the application of the mentha essential oil (40 µL/mL) significantly increased the plant height (84.6%), fresh weight (81.5%) and dry weight (80.0%) when compared to the untreated tomato plants. The disease incidence was 3.5 in the untreated plants, while it was 0.93 for the mentha essential oil treated plants and was 0.08 in the carbendazim treated plants. The GC-MS analysis of the mentha essential oil identified 18 compounds in total, among which the percentage of menthol was the highest (69.2%). The mentha essential oil was successful in managing the Alternaria leaf blight in the tomato plants. Therefore, it can be explored further for the development of a natural fungicide.

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