Turbidimetry as an alternative method to determine the rating curve of suspended sediments

Understanding hydrosedimental behavior of a watershed is essential for properly managing and using its hydric resources. The objective of this study was to verify the feasibility of the alternative procedure for the indirect determination of the sediment key curve using a turbidimeter. The research was carried out on the São Francisco Falso River, which is situated in the west of the state of Paraná on the left bank of ITAIPU reservoir. The direct method was applied using a DH-48 sediment suspended sampler. The indirect method consisted of the use of a linigraph and a turbidimeter. Based on the results obtained, it was concluded that the indirect method using a turbidimeter showed to be fully feasible, since it gave a power function-type mathematical model equal of the direct method. Furthermore, the average suspended sediment discharge into the São Francisco Falso River during the 2006/2007 harvest was calculated at 7.26 metric t day-1.

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Präzise Messung der γ-Absolutintensität niederenergetischer Übergänge bei (n, γ)-Reaktionen und beim radioaktiven Zerfall mit einem Kristallspektrometer

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A ◽

10.1515/zna-1966-0902 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 21 (9) ◽

pp. 1328-1343 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Horst A. Neumann

Keyword(s):

Neutron Capture ◽

Indirect Method ◽

Research Reactor ◽

Direct Method ◽

Capture Rate ◽

Radioactive Decay ◽

Low Energy ◽

Crystal Spectrometer ◽

Γ Rays

A direct and an indirect method for accurate measurement of absolute intensities of low-energy γ-rays from neutron capture and radioactive decay by means of a crystal spectrometer is described. The 478-keV peak of Li7 (target B10) is used in the direct method while the 412-keV peak of Hg198 (target Au) is used in the indirect method. In addition the intensity calibration of the crystal spectrometer used in FRM (Munich Research Reactor), determination of the neutron capture rate and corrections for γ and neutron self-absorption are discussed in some detail. Absolute γ-intensities per neutron capture or decay respectively were determined for a number of strong low energy γ transitions in Rh104, Cd114, Sm150, Sm153, Eu152, Eu153, Eu154, Gd156, Gd158, Dy162, Dy163, Dy164, Dy165, Ho165, Ho166 and Er166. An accuracy of 2% was obtained in the most favorable cases.

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Phosphorus in Wine: Comparison of Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Methods

Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL ◽

10.1093/jaoac/70.1.61 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 70 (1) ◽

pp. 61-63

Author(s):

Helen Chow ◽

Barry H Gump

Keyword(s):

Atomic Absorption Spectrometry ◽

Atomic Absorption ◽

Indirect Method ◽

Direct Method ◽

Colorimetric Method ◽

Absorption Spectrometry ◽

Confidence Limits ◽

Indirect Determination ◽

Resultant Data ◽

Carbon Rod Atomizer

Abstract Phosphorus in wine may be determined directly or indirectly by atomic absorption spectrometry. The direct method uses the carbon rod atomizer as the excitation source and a phosphorus hollow cathode lamp. In the indirect determination, one measures the amount of molybdenum that will complex with phosphorus in the wine. Both nitrous oxide-acetylene and air-acetylene flames are suitable as atomization sources in this indirect method. The resultant data have been compared with those from the AOAC colorimetric method (11.032-11.034). A 2-sample comparison test showed the results to be insignificantly different at the 95% confidence limits.

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An Indirect Determination of Biuret in Mixed Fertilizers and Urea by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL ◽

10.1093/jaoac/59.1.22 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 59 (1) ◽

pp. 22-25

Author(s):

Terry C Woodis ◽

G Bradley Hunter ◽

Frank J Johnson

Keyword(s):

Atomic Absorption ◽

Indirect Method ◽

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽

Alcoholic Solution ◽

Stoichiometric Ratio ◽

Strong Base ◽

Indirect Determination ◽

Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽

Excess Copper

Abstract An indirect method for determining biuret in mixed fertilizers and urea has been developed. An alcoholic solution of biuret and copper is treated with a strong base to form a biuret-copper complex and to precipitate the excess copper. After separation of the precipitate, the complexed copper in solution is determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Even though a stoichiometric ratio did not exist, a linear relationship between copper and biuret was obtained and was utilized for the determination of biuret. The proposed method is accurate and proved rugged for the range of biuret normally found in mixed fertilizers and urea when subjected to Youden’s ruggedness test.

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A Study of the metabolism of fowls: I. A calorimeter for the direct determination of the metabolism of fowls

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600052163 ◽

1939 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

pp. 431-451 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Thomas Deighton

Keyword(s):

Heat Capacity ◽

Indirect Method ◽

Direct Method ◽

Direct Determination ◽

Heat Evolution ◽

Point Of View ◽

Heat Output ◽

Human Being ◽

Margin Of Strength

Some years ago my colleague, Mr E. T. Halnan, suggested the construction of the present instrument for the purpose of determining figures for domestic fowls corresponding to those of Kellner for ruminants.Owing to the activity of the fowl, it is essential that an instrument for this purpose should be capable of recording accurately a heat output which may be varying with some rapidity.From this point of view the advantages of the indirect method were considered but were eventually rejected for the following reasons: (a) the advantage accruing from our greater experience of the direct method in this laboratory, (b) the work of Adams & Poulton (1933, 1934, 1935) calling in question the fundamental bases of the indirect method, and (c) the very variable R.Q.'S obtained in earlier work by numerous investigators working with birds.That the decision was wise soon became apparent when work on birds was begun. It is certain that no ordinary apparatus of that kind could possibly take account of the variations caused by the constant changes in activity.The principle of a “compensatory” or “balanced” calorimeter more or less as developed by Noyons (1927), Benedict (1927) and Heyster (1933), was selected as the most likely to give promptness in registration, and this choice has been amply justified in the result. Such instruments can be very lightly constructed, although where living animals are concerned, since their movements cannot be controlled, as can those of a human being, a greater margin of strength has to be provided, which naturally increases the heat capacity and lag and reduces sensitivity to small changes in heat evolution.

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Determination of the Speed of an Unmanned Rescue Vehicle

Solid State Phenomena ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.220-221.940 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 220-221 ◽

pp. 940-945 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Andrzej Zbrowski ◽

Wojciech Jóźwik

Keyword(s):

Rotational Speed ◽

Indirect Method ◽

Direct Method ◽

Indirect Measurement ◽

Measurement Range ◽

Test System ◽

Correct Operation ◽

Linear Speed ◽

A Direct Method

The article presents the process of determining the speed of an unmanned rescue vehicle.The conducted investigations involved a measurement system developed for testing dynamic lorries. The application of a test system for low-speed all-terrain vehicles was possible due to a wide measurement range of sensors. Speed was tested employing two following methods:an indirect method consisting of the measurement of the instantaneous rotational speed of the wheel;a direct method consisting of the measurement of speed against the ground, taken with an optical speed sensor.The authors also describe the sources of interferences characteristic of both methods that include:the wheelspin affecting the correctness of speed determination in the indirect measurement;the unevenness of the surface (ground) hindering the correct operation of the optical speed sensor.The paper also presents the characteristics of the rotational speed of the wheels obtained in road and off-road conditions. Based on the obtained signals, linear speed was determined. Additionally, the article discusses methods for eliminating measurement disturbances.

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Photophysical Detection of Singlet Oxygen

10.5772/intechopen.99902 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Arnab Maity

Keyword(s):

Singlet Oxygen ◽

Indirect Method ◽

Chemical Reactivity ◽

Direct Method ◽

Therapeutic Process ◽

Fluorescence Emission ◽

Electronically Excited ◽

Detection Probe ◽

Current Research Interest

The chemical reactivity of singlet oxygen (1O2) (SO) derives from its electronically excited state. Being a unique reactive oxygen species SO takes part in many important atmospheric, biological physical, chemical, and therapeutic process and attracted current research interest. To understand the mechanistic pathways in various process the detection and quantification of SO is very important. The direct method of detection is very challenging due to its highly reactive nature. Only direct method of determination of phosphorescence of SO at 1270 nm has been utilised but that also puts some limitation due to very low luminescence quantum yield. Indirect method using UV–Vis spectrophotometric, fluorescent and chemiluminescent probes has been extensively studied for this purpose. Elucidation of various mechanistic processes improvised the use of sophisticated spectroscopic detection probe for SO have been discussed in a simple and lucid manner in this article through citation of literature examples. Four major spectroscopic methods i.e. spectrophotometry, fluorescence, emission and chemiluminescence are elaborately discussed with special emphasis to chemical probes having high selectivity and sensitivity for SO.

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Determination of Lignin and Cellulose in Acid-Detergent Fiber with Permanganate

Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL ◽

10.1093/jaoac/51.4.780 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 51 (4) ◽

pp. 780-785 ◽

Cited By ~ 62

Author(s):

P J Van Soest ◽

R H Wine

Keyword(s):

Sulfuric Acid ◽

Indirect Method ◽

Alternative Procedure ◽

Acid Detergent Fiber ◽

Acid Method ◽

Sulfuric Acid Method

Abstract A newly developed indirect method for lignin, utilizing permanganate, permits the determination of cellulose and insoluble ash in the same sample. The new permanganate lignin method is intended as an alternative procedure to the 72% sulfuric acid method over which it offers definite advantages as well as certain disadvantages. Choice of methods will depend upon the materials analyzed and the purpose for which the values are to be used.

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Indirect Method for Determination of Insoluble Solids in Processed Vegetable Products

Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL ◽

10.1093/jaoac/56.6.1508 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 56 (6) ◽

pp. 1508-1508

Author(s):

Dov Basker

Keyword(s):

Filter Paper ◽

Indirect Method ◽

Direct Method ◽

Vegetable Products ◽

Good Agreement

Abstract An indirect method for determining insoluble solids in processed vegetable products has been developed which avoids the problem of clogged filter paper that occurs in the direct method. Good agreement was obtained when apricots and onions were analyzed by the 2 methods.

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The influence of increased barometric pressure on man.―II

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Containing Papers of a Biological Character ◽

10.1098/rspb.1907.0003 ◽

1907 ◽

Vol 79 (528) ◽

pp. 21-27 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Keyword(s):

Laboratory Experiments ◽

Direct Method ◽

Barometric Pressure ◽

Dissolved Gas ◽

Indirect Determination ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Steady Rate ◽

Third Line ◽

Tissue Fluids

In a previous communication, we gave reasons for thinking that decompression symptoms may be avoided by maintaining a steady rate of 20 minutes per atmosphere during this process. The actual time selected was purely empirical, being based on the statistics of Caisson Works, Diving Operations, and Laboratory Experiments. It is clear that a more scientific foundation would be obtained if we could determine (1) the rate at which the tissue fluids are saturated with nitrogen; (2) the rapidity with which dissolved gas escapes during decompression. The most direct method would be to analyse samples of arterial blood under various pressure conditions; but this is not, unfortunately, practicable in the case of man. Another way is the examination of venous samples under similar circumstances. This plan can be followed, and we hope to communicate some results in another paper, but the technic is difficult and still in need of improvement. A third line of research is the indirect determination of the tissue gases, and this will be discussed in the present communication.

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