scholarly journals Effects of the 2,4-D herbicide on gills epithelia and liver of the fish Poecilia vivipara

2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 523-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana F. Vigário ◽  
Simone M.T. Sabóia-Morais
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Aquatic Species ◽  
Mucous Cells ◽  
Ito Cells ◽  
The World ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

The 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, usually named 2,4-D is one of the most widely used herbicides in the world. Acute toxicity of 2,4-D herbicide was investigated through its effects on guppies (Poecilia vivipara Bloch et Schneider 1801). Fish were exposed to the herbicide at concentrations of 10, 20 and 40µl per liter of water for 24 hours to determine its effects on gills and liver epithelia. The estimated LC50 was 34.64µl of 2,4-D per liter of water. Histochemical analyses and Feulgen's reaction were conducted to detect glycoconjugates and DNA, respectively, in gills and liver epithelia. Histochemistry revealed qualitative variations of glycoconjugates present on mucous cells and granules. The four types of mucous cells contained neutral granules, acids, or both. Increasing amounts of syalomucins were observed from the control group to the group exposed to the highest concentration of 2,4-D, suggesting increased mucous viscosity and the formation of plaques that could inhibit gas exchange and osmoregulation. Lamellar fusion observed in the group exposed to 40µl of 2,4-D suggests a defense mechanism. Hepatocytes showed vacuolization in the 10 and 20µl/L groups. The 40 µl/L group showed normal hepatocytes as well as changed ones, many Ito cells, micronuclei, and nuclear swelling. These effects may be associated with toxicity or adaptative processes to cellular stress. The data from this study indicates the importance of assessing similar risks to aquatic species and suggests that Poecilia vivipara is an adequate biological model for analysis of environmental contamination.

scholarly journals Tolerance of Pseudomonas Strain to the 2,4-D Herbicide through a Peroxidase System

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizangela Paz Oliveira ◽  
Amanda Flávia da Silva Rovida ◽  
Juliane Gabriele Martins ◽  
Sônia Alvim Veiga Pileggi ◽  
Zelinda Schemczssen-Graeff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Guaiacol Peroxidase ◽  
Pseudomonas Sp ◽  
Nontarget Organisms ◽  
Response System ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

Herbicides are widely used in agricultural practices for preventing the proliferation of weeds that compete with crops for survival. Upon reaching soil and water, herbicides can damage nontarget organisms, such as bacteria, which need an efficient defense mechanism to tolerate the stress induced by herbicides. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a herbicide that exerts increased oxidative stress among bacterial communities that consequently witness an increased toxicity in their microenvironments. Bacterial isolates were obtained from the biofilm of water that was contaminated with 2,4-D. This biofilm originated from the tanks containing washing water from the packaging of different pesticides, including 2,4-D. Moreover, several isolates were sensitive to biofilm toxicity; however, they remained alive in the presence of 2,4-D. The Pseudomonas sp. CMA-7.3 was selected because of its tolerance against biofilm agrochemicals. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the antioxidative response system of the Pseudomonas sp. CMA-7.3. This study also analyzed poorly evaluated enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and guaiacol peroxidase GPX, in the bacterial systems. The toxic effects of 2,4-D on bacteria were evaluated using mechanisms indicating oxidative stress, such as growth curve, cell viability, peroxide, and malondialdehyde. The Pseudomonas sp. CMA-7.3 was an efficient response system against the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, CAT, APX, and GPX in balancing the production of H 2 O 2 , even at high doses as 25x the field dose of the herbicide, thereby proving the toxicity of 2,4-D for this strain and showing the ability of the strain to tolerate 2,4-D. The adaptation of this microorganism to herbicide exposure is truly relevant for improving future metabolic studies on bacterial communities. The strain showed a great potential in the application and developmental prospects of a new product in the bioremediation process of environments contaminated by these herbicides.

scholarly journals AMELIORATIVE EFFECTS OF MELATONIN AGAINST 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID TOXICITY IN KIDNEY OF MICE – A HISTOLOGICAL STUDY.

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashlesh M Upadhyaya ◽  
Mandava V Rao ◽  
Devendrasinh D Jhala
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Histological Study ◽  
Group Iv ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Acid Toxicity

 Objective: The compound, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), is a systemic phenoxy herbicide and a plant growth regulator. Histopathological effects of 2,4-D alone and in combination with melatonin on the kidney in adult albino male mice of the Swiss strain were evaluated in the present study.Methods: Twenty adult male albino mice weighing between 30 and 40 g were assigned into four groups with five mice in each group. Group I served as control; Group II - melatonin alone (10 mg/kg body weight); Group III - 2,4-D alone (50 mg/kg body weight); and Group IV - 2,4-D + melatonin was given orally for 45 days.Results: It revealed a significant reduction in the body and kidney weights (p<0.001 and p<0.01 respectively) of mice treated with 2,4-D, while the body and kidney weights after treatment of melatonin and 2,4-D + melatonin were comparable to control. Histological study revealed that 2,4-D induced nephrotoxicity evidenced by various histological changes including shrinkage of the glomerulus, tubular dilation, hypertrophy of tubular epithelium, and degeneration of renal tubules.Conclusion: Treating animals with the melatonin along with 2,4-D showed mitigative effects of melatonin and minimized the structural alteration in the kidney of mice appeared due to 2,4-D toxicity. 

Magnesium supplementation ameliorates toxic effects of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in rat model

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Shafeeq ◽  
T Mahboob
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Oxidative Damages ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is an extensively used herbicide in the field of agriculture, its ever-escalating use induces toxicity, health effects, and environmental impact. Oxidative stress plays a key role in pathogenesis of 2,4-D-induced liver and kidney damage. Magnesium (Mg) is a highly effective antioxidant agent in restoring oxidative damage by directly influencing the metabolic and physiological processes. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate Mg role in ameliorating the oxidative damages provoked by 2,4-D in rat model. Male Wistar rats (180–220 g) were distributed into four groups and treated intragastrically for 4 weeks. Group 1: control, group 2: 2,4-D (150 mg/kg body weight/day), group 3: simultaneously treated with 2,4-D (150 mg/kg body weight/day) and Mg supplement (50 mg/kg body weight/day), and group 4: Mg supplement (50 mg/kg body weight/day). Under experimental conditions, plasma hepatic and renal biomarkers, tissue oxidative status, and antioxidant enzymes activities were investigated. Results demonstrated that 2,4-D intoxication caused hepatic and renal impairments as indicated by the significantly increased ( p < 0.001) alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, urea, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen levels. In addition, 2,4-D caused a significant enhancement ( p < 0.001) in the level of malondialdehyde as well as reduction ( p < 0.001) of the superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione reductase activities in both hepatic and renal tissues. Mg treatment prevented and reversed the toxic variations induced by 2,4-D. In general, these outcomes suggest that Mg may have antioxidant potential and ameliorative effects against 2,4-D provoking hepatic and renal toxicity in rat model.

scholarly journals Transformation of callus sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) using Agrobacterium tumefaciens – Mediated method and regeneration of transgenic shoot

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-76
Author(s):  
Ha Van Tran ◽  
Phuong Hoang Phi Cung ◽  
Le Van Bui
Keyword(s):  
Agrobacterium Tumefaciens ◽  
Saccharum Officinarum ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Ms Medium ◽  
Traditional Farming ◽  
Culture Time ◽  
Industrial Crop ◽  
The World ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Transgenic Shoot

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) is a major industrial crop in the world. The creation of transgenic sugacane varieties contributed to overcome the disadvantages of traditional farming methods. Immature cutting cane stems after 10 days of putting on MS medium (Murashige and Skoog) supplemented 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) 3 mg/L triggered the highest rate of explants inducing callus (91.11%). Calli were cultured on MS medium supplemented 6- Benzyladenin (BA) with concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 mg/L for inducing shoot. All six concentrations of BA could induce shoot, but the concentration of BA 1 mg/L was the most suitable. The 4-to-5-week old calli were introduced desired gene by using Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which was affected by acetosyringone concentration, inoculation and co-culture time. Consequently, transformation with acetosyringone 100 μM or 150 μM could be successful and regenerate transgenic shoots with assumed rate 25%.

scholarly journals AMELIORATIVE EFFECTS OF MELATONIN AGAINST 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID TOXICITY IN KIDNEY OF MICE – A HISTOLOGICAL STUDY.

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 78
Author(s):  
Ashlesh M Upadhyaya ◽  
Mandava V Rao ◽  
Devendrasinh D Jhala
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Histological Study ◽  
Group Iv ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Acid Toxicity

 Objective: The compound, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), is a systemic phenoxy herbicide and a plant growth regulator. Histopathological effects of 2,4-D alone and in combination with melatonin on the kidney in adult albino male mice of the Swiss strain were evaluated in the present study.Methods: Twenty adult male albino mice weighing between 30 and 40 g were assigned into four groups with five mice in each group. Group I served as control; Group II - melatonin alone (10 mg/kg body weight); Group III - 2,4-D alone (50 mg/kg body weight); and Group IV - 2,4-D + melatonin was given orally for 45 days.Results: It revealed a significant reduction in the body and kidney weights (p<0.001 and p<0.01 respectively) of mice treated with 2,4-D, while the body and kidney weights after treatment of melatonin and 2,4-D + melatonin were comparable to control. Histological study revealed that 2,4-D induced nephrotoxicity evidenced by various histological changes including shrinkage of the glomerulus, tubular dilation, hypertrophy of tubular epithelium, and degeneration of renal tubules.Conclusion: Treating animals with the melatonin along with 2,4-D showed mitigative effects of melatonin and minimized the structural alteration in the kidney of mice appeared due to 2,4-D toxicity. 

In Vitro Shoot Regeneration from Callus Derived from Marubakaido Apple Rootstock under Different Aluminium Concentrations

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 460e-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisa F. de Oliveira ◽  
Gerson R. de L. Fortes ◽  
João B. da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Regeneration ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Apple Rootstock ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Previously Treated ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
In Vitro Shoot Regeneration

The aim of this work was to evaluate the organogenesis of Marubakaido apple rootstock under different aluminium concentratons. The explants were calli derived from apple internodes treated with either 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid or pichloram at 0.5 and 1.0 μM and under five different aluminium concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 mg/L). These calli were then treated with aluminium at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mg/L. It was observed shoot regeneration only for those calli previously treated with pichloram. There were no significant difference among the aluminium concentrations.

Characterization of the Reproductive Mode in Guayule In Vitro

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 483a-483
Author(s):  
Roy N. Keys ◽  
Dennis T. Ray ◽  
David A. Dierig
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Reproductive Mode ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Initial Field ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Reproductive Modes ◽  
Desert Southwest ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

Guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray, Asteraceae) is a latex-producing perennial desert shrub that is potentially of economic importance as an industrial crop for the desert Southwest. It is known to possess complex reproductive modes. Diploids are predominantly sexual and self-incompatible, while polyploids show a range of apomictic potential and self-compatibility. This paper describes the development of a relatively rapid and simple technique for characterizing reproductive modes of breeding lines of P. argentatum. Initial field experiments were based on an auxin test used successfully to characterize reproductive mode in the Poaceae. The application of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid inhibited embryo formation in P. argentatum, but this was not the case with other auxins tested. Results of field experiments were ambiguous because: 1) the floral structure of P. argentatum is such that auxins might not have penetrated to the ovules, and 2) there was potential self-fertilization by pollen released within isolation bags. Therefore, in vitro culture of flower heads was tested because it provided much better control of environmental conditions, growth regulator application, and pollen release. Auxin alone, or in combination with gibberellic acid or kinetin, inhibited parthenogenesis in vitro. Embryo production did not vary using two substantially different nutrient media. In vitro flower head culture using a (Nitsch and Nitsch) liquid nutrient medium without growth regulators, enabled characterization of the reproductive mode of seven breeding lines, ranging from predominantly sexual to predominantly apomictic. The results of this technique were substantiated using RAPD analyzes of progeny arrays from controlled crosses.

The role of a metabolic intermediate in the biodegradation of inhibitory substrates

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (10) ◽  
pp. 27-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Mungkarndee ◽  
S. M. Rao Bhamidimarri ◽  
A. J. Mawson ◽  
R. Chong
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Metabolic Product ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Mutual Inhibition ◽  
Metabolic Intermediate ◽  
Batch Cultures ◽  
Ortho Cresol ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

Biodegradation of the mixed inhibitory substrates, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and para-chloro-ortho-cresol (PCOC) was studied in aerobic batch cultures. Each substrate added beyond certain concentrations inhibited the degradation of the other. This mutual inhibition was found to be enhanced by 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) which is an intermediate metabolic product of 2,4-D. When 2,4-DCP accumulated to approximatelY 40 mg/l degradation of all compounds in the mixed 2,4-D and PCOC substrate system was completely inhibited. The degradation of 2,4-D and PCOC individually was also found to be inhibited by elevated concentrations of 2,4-DCP added externally, while PCOC inhibited the utilization of the intermediate.

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