scholarly journals The impact of civil status on womencs wages in Brazil

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 457-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regina Madalozzo ◽  
Carolina Flores Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Marital Status ◽  
Single Women ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Consensual Union ◽  
Women's Wages ◽  
Civil Status ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Consensual union, also known as cohabitation, has become more frequent in recent decades in Brazil and many other countries. In this context, some studies have analyzed the impact of marriage on women's wages. This article analyzes the effects of marital status on Brazilian women's wages by specifically investigating the individual characteristics of these effects using data from the 2000 Brazilian Census Database. This study concludes that wages differ by up to 15 per cent between married and single women and up to 3 per cent between married and cohabiting women.

Accent Policy and Accent Modification Enterprises as Potential Indicators of Intercultural Power Relations: A Call for an Updated Research Agenda

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brynne D. Ovalle ◽  
Rahul Chakraborty
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Identity Construction ◽  
Social Theory ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Cultural Organization ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This article has two purposes: (a) to examine the relationship between intercultural power relations and the widespread practice of accent discrimination and (b) to underscore the ramifications of accent discrimination both for the individual and for global society as a whole. First, authors review social theory regarding language and group identity construction, and then go on to integrate more current studies linking accent bias to sociocultural variables. Authors discuss three examples of intercultural accent discrimination in order to illustrate how this link manifests itself in the broader context of international relations (i.e., how accent discrimination is generated in situations of unequal power) and, using a review of current research, assess the consequences of accent discrimination for the individual. Finally, the article highlights the impact that linguistic discrimination is having on linguistic diversity globally, partially using data from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and partially by offering a potential context for interpreting the emergence of practices that seek to reduce or modify speaker accents.

Measurement survey using acoustic measurement network and sound environment evaluation system by experience sampling

2021 ◽  
Vol 263 (1) ◽  
pp. 5063-5070
Author(s):  
Kengo Togashi ◽  
Akiko Sugahara ◽  
Yasuhiro Nagasawa ◽  
Yasuhiro Hiraguri ◽  
Kazunori Harada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation System ◽  
Experience Sampling ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Working Environment ◽  
Sound Environment ◽  
Open Plan ◽  
Trial Basis ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Intellectual Productivity ◽  
The Impact

The use of open-plan offices is increasing as they are effective in improving intellectual productivity by fostering a communication among workers. Previous research on the relationship between the indoor sound environment and intellectual productivity has mostly reported the impact of the sound environment on the tasks that individuals work on. However, there has been no research on the impact of sound environment on office spaces where multiple workers are actually working. In this study, we developed a system that can analyze the individual characteristics of workers in relation to the sound environment by simultaneously measuring their evaluation to the sound environment and the sound environment of the office. The system collected workers' evaluation of their impressions to the sound environment through a regular questionnaire using the experience sampling method. At the same time, it measured the sound environment of the office with multiple small measurement devices. The obtained sound environment evaluation data and the acoustic data of the office were stored in a single database. Finally, this system was run in a working environment to evaluate the sound environment on a trial basis.

scholarly journals Impact of heated waters on water quality and macroinvertebrate community in the Narew River (Poland)

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 190-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elzbieta Krolak ◽  
Krzysztof Lewandowski ◽  
Zbigniew Kasprzykowski
Keyword(s):  
Diversity Index ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Macroinvertebrate Community ◽  
Water Parameters ◽  
Power Stations ◽  
Wiener Diversity Index ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Dikerogammarus Haemobaphes ◽  
Sinanodonta Woodiana

AbstractThe effect of heated waters from coal-burning power stations on the water parameters and the occurrence of macroinvertebrates depends on the individual characteristics of the river to which the heated waters are discharged. The objective of the study was to assess the impact of heated water from the Ostrołęka Power Station on selected water properties and the macroinvertebrate community in the Narew River. Samples were collected in years: 2013-2016 along two river stretches: upstream and downstream of the canal. The water temperature was higher and the oxygen concentrations were lower at the downstream sites compared to the upstream sites of the canal. The values of conductivity, concentrations of nitrates, phosphates, chlorides and calcium were similar at the sampling sites. A total of 33 families of macrozoobenthos were found. The numbers of families were positively correlated with the temperature and conductivity and negatively correlated with oxygen. The heated waters were found to have no effect on the Shannon-Wiener diversity index. The inflow of heated waters increased the percentage of Gammaridae, represented by species Dikerogammarus haemobaphes (Eichwald, 1841) and decreased the percentage of Chironomidae. The presence of the thermophilous bivalve Sinanodonta woodiana (Lea, 1934) was noted downstream of the canal.

Public Opinion on Foreign Policy Issues

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard C. Eichenberg
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Public Opinion ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Military Force ◽  
Major Focus ◽  
Attitudes Toward War ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Scholars and governments are interested in four sets of questions concerning public opinion on foreign policy and national security policy. First, what do public opinion polls measure? How do citizens, who are generally uninformed about foreign policy and world affairs, form opinions on these matters? Second, how rational is public opinion? Is it stable or volatile? Are opinions coherent? Do opinions plausibly reflect the flow of world events? Third, what factors influence the formation of citizen opinions? Specifically, what is the impact of fundamental attitudes toward war and military force, partisanship, ideology, and gender? Finally, how universal are the determinants of citizen opinion, especially on crucial issues of war and peace? Are the findings in global comparisons the same as those in the American or European contexts? Considerable scholarship has been devoted to these four questions. Scholars now characterize public opinion as rational, in the sense that it is fairly stable, coherent, and responsive to real world events. Attitudes toward war and military force are a major focus of the research literature because many specific policy attitudes flow from fundamental views of war. Gender has also become a major focus of research because many studies find that women are less supportive of the use of military force for most purposes. Finally, scholars are beginning to discover that some opinion patterns are universal across societies, while others are more affected by the individual characteristics of national societies. Studies of global public opinion have expanded greatly, with recent scholarship focusing on global attitudes toward gender equality, immigration, and climate change.

scholarly journals Glacier thickness estimations of alpine glaciers using data and modeling constraints

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 2189-2202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisbeth Langhammer ◽  
Melchior Grab ◽  
Andreas Bauder ◽  
Hansruedi Maurer
Keyword(s):  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Thickness Distribution ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Estimation Algorithm ◽  
Ice Surface ◽  
Alpine Glaciers ◽  
Inversion Procedure ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Advanced knowledge of the ice thickness distribution within glaciers is of fundamental importance for several purposes, such as water resource management and the study of the impact of climate change. Ice thicknesses can be modeled using ice surface features, but the resulting models can be prone to considerable uncertainties. Alternatively, it is possible to measure ice thicknesses, for example, with ground-penetrating radar (GPR). Such measurements are typically restricted to a few profiles, with which it is not possible to obtain spatially unaliased subsurface images. We developed the Glacier Thickness Estimation algorithm (GlaTE), which optimally combines modeling results and measured ice thicknesses in an inversion procedure to obtain overall thickness distributions. GlaTE offers the flexibility of being able to add any existing modeling algorithm, and any further constraints can be added in a straightforward manner. Furthermore, it accounts for the uncertainties associated with the individual constraints. Properties and benefits of GlaTE are demonstrated with three case studies performed on different types of alpine glaciers. In all three cases, subsurface models could be found that are consistent with glaciological modeling and GPR data constraints. Since acquiring GPR data on glaciers can be an expensive endeavor, we additionally employed elements of sequential optimized experimental design (SOED) for determining cost-optimized GPR survey layouts. The calculated cost–benefit curves indicate that a relatively large amount of data can be acquired before redundant information is collected with any additional profiles, and it becomes increasingly expensive to obtain further information.

Gender and party cohesion in the Italian parliament: a spatial analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Licia C. Papavero ◽  
Francesco Zucchini
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Multidimensional Space ◽  
Legislative Behavior ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Men 2 ◽  
Lower Chamber ◽  
Party Cohesion ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Studies on female legislative behavior suggest that women parliamentarians may challenge party cohesion by allying across party lines. In this paper we analyze a specific parliamentary activity – bill co-sponsorship – in the Italian lower Chamber, between 1979 and 2016, as a source of information about MPs’ original preferences to study how gender affects party cohesion. Do women form a separated group in the Italian parliament? On average, are they more or less distant from the center of their parties than men? Does gender affect systematically party cohesion? A principal component analysis of co-sponsorship data allows us to identify the ideal points of all MPs in a multidimensional space for each legislature. Based on these data we estimate the impact of gender on party cohesion at the individual level while controlling for the impact of several other variables of different kind (individual, partisan, and institutional). We find that: (1) on average, women show lower cohesion as a group inside different parties and higher party cohesion than men; (2) the influence of gender on party cohesion is not conditional upon individual characteristics, upon the size and organization of parliamentary parties, and upon the share of women in their parliamentary groups; (3) the different behavior of women MPs may depend on the different patterns of recruitment in the parties.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Karakteristik Individu Terhadap Partisipasi Kerja Pemuda Di Provinsi Banten Tahun 2020

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-133
Author(s):  
Sukma Direja ◽  
Pradhita Andiah Permani
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Logit Model ◽  
Job Training ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Labor Participation ◽  
Head Of Household ◽  
Household Members ◽  
Using Data

From the overall human resources, youth is the group with the most potential, both in terms of quantity and quality. This study used the logit model to determine the effect of individual characteristics on youth labor participation in Banten province. By using data from BPS, from this research, it can be seen that youth labor participation in Banten province is influenced by age, age squared, gender, marital status, length of schooling, job training that has been attended, youth status as head of household, number of household members, the head of the household gender, the length of school for the head of the household, and household income.

scholarly journals Friendly environmental policies implementation within the company: an ESG ratings analysis and its applicability to companies´ environmental performance enhancement

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 885-893
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Performance ◽  
Performance Enhancement ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Social Policies ◽  
Strategic Decisions ◽  
Quality Health ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Performance Results ◽  
The Impact

<p>In order to move towards a more environmentally oriented economy, society needs to be aware and able to recognize environmental friendly practices. Firms are increasingly relying on environmental scores ratings to make strategic decisions. In this context, understanding how day-to-day company´s decisions affect environment scores is crucial. This paper examines the impact of social policies on the environmental scores of companies. Using data on for 3895 firms from the ASSET4 database between 2006 and 2010, we report on how employment quality, health and safety, training and development and diversity policies affect firms’ environmental scores. An ANOVA test, followed by a regression analysis, was ran to test differences between the major markets. Also, the interaction between the selected variables and environmental scores, was tested in order to investigate the individual effects of social policies and location on environmental performance. Results show that environmental scores increase with the presence of social policies, and that the location of the company is a differentiating factor. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of these findings for future environmental promotion within companies.</p>

scholarly journals The Influence of Company Rules, Ethical Climate, and Individual Characteristics on Sales Representative's Honesty

2005 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven L. Grover ◽  
Cathy A. Enz
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Climate ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
High Tolerance ◽  
Sales Representatives ◽  
Tolerance For Ambiguity ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Complex Manner ◽  
Formal Rules

ABSTRACTThis study examined the impact of situational and individual characteristics on sales representatives' propensity to lie or to tell the truth. The situational elements were the honesty of the organisation climate and its formal rules about lying to customers. The individual elements were the participants' degree of Machiavellianism and tolerance for ambiguity. The results indicated that more Machiavellian people were more likely to lie and that they were less guided by the rules than people who were low in this trait. In addition, rules and climate work together for people with a high tolerance for ambiguity in a complex manner.

scholarly journals Testing and Validating Against Historic Spills

2021 ◽  
pp. 59-86
Author(s):  
Cathrine Stephansen ◽  
Anders Bjørgesæter ◽  
Odd Willy Brude ◽  
Ute Brönner ◽  
Tonje Waterloo Rogstad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Individual Vulnerability ◽  
Resource Data ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Acute Results ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Impact Models

AbstractTo validate the predictive capability of ERA Acute, a study was carried out using data from two well-studied historic oil spills, the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (EVOS) and the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill (DHOS) incidents. Results from the case studies with ERA Acute were compared to the impact estimates and recovery observations that have been reported in the extensive research following the two incidents. Resource data relevant for each of the two incidents were reconstructed within the analysis area. Performance boundaries were set up for evaluating the ERA Acute results, based on the ranges of the impact and recovery estimates reported in the post-spill assessments. Validation of an oil spill ERA model against post-spill assessments of historic spills is a challenging exercise due to scientific limitations of both. ERA Acute performed satisfactorily compared to the performance boundaries and the study gave useful insight into the predictive capabilities of ERA Acute. The results from the study were used to evaluate between two different impact models and to increase the individual vulnerability of cetaceans.

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