scholarly journals Response of mucous cells of the gills of traíra (Hoplias malabaricus) and jeju (Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus) (Teleostei: Erythrinidae) to hypo- and hyper-osmotic ion stress

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandro Estevan Moron ◽  
Cássio Arilson de Andrade ◽  
Marisa Narciso Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Gill Filament ◽  
Gill Tissue ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Mucous Cells ◽  
Gill Epithelium ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Hoplias Malabaricus ◽  
Interlamellar Region ◽  
Hoplerythrinus Unitaeniatus

The mucous cells (MC) of traíra, Hoplias malabaricus, and jeju, Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus, two ecologically distinct erythrinid species, were analyzed in fish exposed to deionized (DW) and high ion concentration (NaCl and Ca2+) water (HIW) during 15 days to evaluate the MC responses to ion challenge. MCs are localized in the leading and trailing edge and, interlamellar region of the gill filament epithelium but, in H. unitaeniatus, they are also found in the breathing or lamellar epithelium. MC density is lower in H. malabaricus, the exclusively water-breathing fish, than in H. unitaeniatus, a facultative air-breathing fish. The transference to DW or HIW did not change the MC density and surface area, excepting in H. malabaricus, in the first day of exposure to DW. A single MC containing three types of glycoproteins (neutral, acidic and sulphated) was identified in the gill epithelium of both, H. malabaricus and H. unitaeniatus. The amount (based on the intensity of histochemistry reaction) of these glycoproteins differed between the species and were altered after exposure to DW and HIW showing little adjustments in the amount of mucosubstances in the MC of H. malabaricus and reduction of acidic and sulphated glycoproteins in H. unitaeniatus. The decreasing of these glycoproteins in H. unitaeniatus reduced the mucus protection against desiccation of gill tissue when change the ion concentration in water.

Some kinetic properties of skeletal muscle pyruvate kinase from air-breathing and water-breathing fish of the Amazon

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 751-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. A. Fields ◽  
W. R. Driedzic ◽  
C. J. French ◽  
P. W. Hochachka
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Pyruvate Kinase ◽  
Adenosine Diphosphate ◽  
Kinetic Properties ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Hoplias Malabaricus ◽  
Arapaima Gigas ◽  
Saturation Kinetics ◽  
Muscle Pyruvate Kinase ◽  
Hoplerythrinus Unitaeniatus

The kinetic properties of pyruvate kinase from skeletal muscle were studied in two species of air-breathing fish, Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus and Arapaima gigas, and two species of water-breathing fish, Hoplias malabaricus and Osteoglossum bicirrhosum. It was found that the enzymes from Hoplias and Hoplerythrinus showed hyperbolic saturation kinetics for all substrates, were activated slightly by fructose 1,6-diphosphate, and were inhibited by phosphocreatine and citrate. The enzyme from Hoplias was inhibited by alanine, whereas the enzyme from Hoplerythrinus was not. The enzymes from Arapaima and Osteoglossum showed hyperbolic saturation kinetics for adenosine diphosphate, but the saturation kinetics for phusphoenol-pyruvate were sigmoidal. These enzymes were strongly activated by fructose 1,6-diphosphate and strongly inhibited by alanine, the former completely reversing the inhibition by the latter. Phosphocreatine and citrate were also found to be inhibitors of these enzymes, but the inhibition by phosphocreatine was not reversed by additions of fructose 1,6-diphosphate. The enzymes from the water-breathing fish were more sensitive to inhibition by alanine than were those from the air-breathing fish, but in other respects the enzymes were very similar.

Renal function and acid–base regulation in two Amazonian erythrinid fishes: Hoplias malabaricus, a water breather, and Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus, a facultative air breather

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 917-930 ◽  
Author(s):  
James N. Cameron ◽  
Chris M. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Ammonia Excretion ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Acid Excretion ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Urine Ph ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Hoplias Malabaricus ◽  
Urinary Parameters ◽  
Hoplerythrinus Unitaeniatus

The function of the kidney in ion, water, and acid excretion was investigated in two erythrinid fishes, the water-breathing Hoplias malabaricus and the facultative air-breathing Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus. Chronic catheterization of the urinary papilla and the dorsal aorta provided information on the urinary parameters and blood acid–base status. By monitoring total flow of urine, pH, and concentrations of Na+, Cl−, ammonia, titratable acidity, and lactate, the total renal flux of water, various ions, and total acid was computed. The kidneys of both species were found capable of acidifying urine, creating gradients of up to 620:1 for H+ ion, and contributing substantially to steady-state acid excretion. There was no significant increase in lactate or total acid efflux from urine during postoperative (metabolic) acidosis. Respiratory (hypercapnic) acidosis caused a compensatory increase in blood HCO3−, and an increase in branchial Na+ uptake (presumably by Na–H exchange), but no change in ammonia excretion. There was no renal response in one Hoplias to hypercapnia, but an increased acid excretion in one Hoplerythrinus. The behavior of the urinary excretion system appears in various respects similar to the higher vertebrates. There was no obvious correlation between renal parameters and air breathing in these two species.

Some Aspects of the Structure and Cytology of the Gills of Lampetra fluviatilis

1957 ◽  
Vol s3-98 (44) ◽  
pp. 473-485
Author(s):  
R. MORRIS
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Gill Filament ◽  
Spawning Migration ◽  
Transitional Epithelium ◽  
Basal Cells ◽  
Mucous Cells ◽  
Gill Epithelium ◽  
Basal Nuclei ◽  
Monovalent Ions

A description is given of the structure and vascularization of the lampern gill. A comparison of the cellular components of the gill epithelium taken from lamperns at various stages of their spawning migration show that certain types of cells are common to all animals. These include the cells covering the gill platelets, the mucous cells, and certain basal cells from which others originate. The mucous cells are quite different in structure from those of teleosts. There is a progressive loss of large acidophilic cells from certain regions of the gill filament as animals enter fresh water during the earlier stages of the spawning migration. These cells are similar in both structure and location to those described as chloride excretory cells from the gills of marine teleosts. They are typically large, flask-shaped cells with basal nuclei and they are filled with rod-shaped or spherical mitochondria. It is believed that they are responsible for the extra-renal excretion of monovalent ions during the process of marine osmoregulation in the lampern. The chloride excretory cells are very numerous in a limited number of fresh-run animals which are able to osmoregulate in 50% sea water. In the normal course of events the chloride excretory cells are replaced by a smaller type of cell which is also rich in mitochondria, but unlike the excretory cells these lie at the surface of a transitional epithelium. It is argued that these cells may be responsible for ion uptake from fresh water in the maturing animal. In male lamperns, large glandular cells of unknown function appear in the gill epithelium as the animal nears the time of spawning.

Respiratory gill surface area of a facultative air-breathing loricariid fish, Rhinelepis strigosa

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (11) ◽  
pp. 2009-2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. T. C. Santos ◽  
M. N. Fernandes ◽  
W. Severi
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Gill Filament ◽  
B Value ◽  
Filament Length ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Rate Of Development ◽  
Secondary Lamellae ◽  
Gill Filaments ◽  
Gill Surface Area

The respiratory surface area of the gill in relation to body mass of the facultative air-breathing loricariid fish Rhinelepis strigosa was analyzed using logarithmic transformation (log Y = log a + b log W) of the equation Y = aWb. The data revealed differences in growth pattern for each gill element. The increase in gill surface area was not isometric with body mass (b = 0.76). The total number of secondary lamellae (b = 0.38) and the average bilateral surface area of the secondary lamellae (b = 0.46) contributed most to the rate of development of the gill surface area (total area of the secondary lamellae) with increase in body mass. Gill filament length (b = 0.339) was more important than the frequency (number/mm) of secondary lamellae in determining the increase in the total number of secondary lamellae. The number of gill filaments showed the lowest b value, 0.072. Rhinelepis strigosa has a larger gill surface area than most other air-breathing fish, indicating that it is better adapted for breathing in water than in air.

scholarly journals Magnetically Recyclable Wool Keratin Modified Magnetite Powders for Efficient Removal of Cu2+ Ions from Aqueous Solutions

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1068
Author(s):  
Xinyue Zhang ◽  
Yani Guo ◽  
Wenjun Li ◽  
Jinyuan Zhang ◽  
Hailiang Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Ion Adsorption ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Wool Keratin

The treatment of wastewater containing heavy metals and the utilization of wool waste are very important for the sustainable development of textile mills. In this study, the wool keratin modified magnetite (Fe3O4) powders were fabricated by using wool waste via a co-precipitation technique for removal of Cu2+ ions from aqueous solutions. The morphology, chemical compositions, crystal structure, microstructure, magnetism properties, organic content, and specific surface area of as-fabricated powders were systematically characterized by various techniques including field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analyzer. The effects of experimental parameters such as the volume of wool keratin hydrolysate, the dosage of powder, the initial Cu2+ ion concentration, and the pH value of solution on the adsorption capacity of Cu2+ ions by the powders were examined. The experimental results indicated that the Cu2+ ion adsorption performance of the wool keratin modified Fe3O4 powders exhibited much better than that of the chitosan modified ones with a maximum Cu2+ adsorption capacity of 27.4 mg/g under favorable conditions (0.05 g powders; 50 mL of 40 mg/L CuSO4; pH 5; temperature 293 K). The high adsorption capacity towards Cu2+ ions on the wool keratin modified Fe3O4 powders was primarily because of the strong surface complexation of –COOH and –NH2 functional groups of wool keratins with Cu2+ ions. The Cu2+ ion adsorption process on the wool keratin modified Fe3O4 powders followed the Temkin adsorption isotherm model and the intraparticle diffusion and pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetic models. After Cu2+ ion removal, the wool keratin modified Fe3O4 powders were easily separated using a magnet from aqueous solution and efficiently regenerated using 0.5 M ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA)-H2SO4 eluting. The wool keratin modified Fe3O4 powders possessed good regenerative performance after five cycles. This study provided a feasible way to utilize waste wool textiles for preparing magnetic biomass-based adsorbents for the removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions.

Air-breathing mechanics in two Amazonian teleosts, Arapaima gigas and Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 939-945 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Farrell ◽  
D. J. Randall
Keyword(s):  
Gas Pressure ◽  
Breathing Patterns ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Arapaima Gigas ◽  
Breathing Mechanics ◽  
Replacement Technique ◽  
Hoplerythrinus Unitaeniatus

The mechanics of air breathing in pirarucu, Arapaima gigas, and jeju, Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus, were studied by simultaneous monitoring of air bladder gas pressure and buccal pressure. Also the effect of alterations in air bladder gas tensions on air-breathing patterns was examined by a gas replacement technique. Pirarucu surface every 4.2 min to make a single ventilation of the air bladder, whilst jeju usually make two or three ventilations at an air breath every 3.0 min. Pirarucu exhale first, then inhale, but in jeju buccal filling occurred before lung emptying. Inhalation in pirarucu is a result of air bladder aspiration combined with the action of a buccal pump; however, lung filling in jeju is achieved by a buccal pump only. The significance of aspiration breathing in pirarucu is discussed. Both fish respond similarly to alterations in air bladder gas tensions. Hyperoxia prolongs the interval between air breaths and hypercapnia reduces this interval.

The effects of Salmincola californiensis (Copepoda: Lernaeopodidae) on the gills of farm-raised rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (12) ◽  
pp. 2893-2901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel R. Sutherland ◽  
Darwin D. Wittrock
Keyword(s):  
Squamous Epithelium ◽  
Gill Filament ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Mucous Cells ◽  
Tissue Sections ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Feeding Activities ◽  
Gill Filaments ◽  
Stratified Squamous Epithelium ◽  
Hematoxylin And Eosin

Salmo gairdneri from an Iowa trout farm were found to be infested with Salmincola californiensis. Examination of gills from 235 trout revealed a prevalence of 83% and a mean intensity of 4.6 copepods. Preferred sites were established with the adult female attached usually on distal ends of the gill filaments or on gill bars and the chalimus attached to proximal regions of gill filaments. Examination of hematoxylin and eosin stained tissue sections of attached adult females revealed hyperplasia and hypertrophy ("tumor of attachment") and atrophy or growth inhibition ("crypting") of affected gill filaments. Eosinophilia and absence of mucous cells occurred in gill filaments affected by feeding activities and bulla attachment. Hyperplasia of the gill filament cartilaginous rod and resulting formation of a cartilaginous "bridge" between bulla and filament rod is described. Chalimus attachment elicited hyperplasia and frequently fusion of basal elements of adjacent gill filaments. Activities of adult females attached to gill bars resulted in proliferation of stratified squamous epithelium, infiltration of granular leucocytes and reduction of mucous cells. Damage to gill tissues of trout maintained in dense populations offish culture is deemed significant, especially during summer periods of low dissolved oxygen.

Selective control of branchial arch perfusion in an air-breathing Amazonian fish Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 959-964 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Smith ◽  
B. J. Gannon
Keyword(s):  
Branchial Arch ◽  
Dorsal Aorta ◽  
Oxygen Loss ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Gas Bladder ◽  
Hypoxic Water ◽  
Major Branch ◽  
Β Adrenergic Receptors ◽  
Hoplerythrinus Unitaeniatus

Vascular responses to adrenergic and cholinergic agonists were investigated in the air-breathing teleost Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus during in situ saline perfusion of the ventral aorta.The vasculature resembled that of other teleosts in having inhibitory β-adrenergic receptors and excitatory muscarinic receptors, probably located in the gills. The gas bladder vessels were apparently devoid of adrenergic and cholinergic receptors.The dorsal aorta was specialized between gill arches 2 and 3 in such a way that the dorsal aorta probably received most of its blood supply from arches 1 and 2. Arches 3 and 4 supplied the large coeliac artery whose major branch was to the gas bladder. Acetylcholine reduced the number of perfused gill arches so that most of the ventral aortic flow was directed towards the gas bladder through arches 3 and 4. This was seen as a possible solution to the problem of transbranchial oxygen loss that could arise if blood oxygenated at the gas bladder was exposed to hypoxic water at the gills.

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