scholarly journals Susceptibility of the horn fly, Haematobia irritans irritans (Diptera: Muscidae), to insecticides in Brazil

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Thadeu Medeiros Barros ◽  
Thelma Maria Saueressig ◽  
Alberto Gomes ◽  
Wilson Werner Koller ◽  
John Furlong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pyrethroid Resistance ◽  
Pyrethroid Insecticides ◽  
General Picture ◽  
Horn Fly ◽  
The Status ◽  
Control Failure ◽  
Horn Flies ◽  
Filter Papers ◽  
Fly Control ◽  
First Time

Since horn fly populations became established throughout Brazil, complaints regarding control failure have increased around the country. A broad survey to evaluate the susceptibility of horn flies to both organophosphate (OP) and pyrethroid insecticides was conducted from October 2000 to April 2003. Bioassays using filter papers impregnated with cypermethrin, permethrin or diazinon were conducted on 154 horn fly populations in 14 states and 78 municipalities. Resistance to cypermethrin, the active ingredient present in most insecticide products for horn fly control in Brazil, was detected in 98.46% of the populations, with resistance ratios (RR) ranging from 2.5 to 719.9. Resistance to permethrin (RRs < 6.3) was found in 96.67% of the populations, despite its lack of use. In general, pyrethroid resistance was detected in 97.18% of the horn fly populations, with frequencies greater than 87% in all regions of the country. The status of susceptibility of horn fly populations in Brazil to insecticides can be characterized by high susceptibility to OPs and widespread resistance to pyrethroids, potentially compromising the efficacy of pyrethroid products in most cases. Although some partial results have previously been presented, a general picture of horn fly susceptibility in Brazil is presented here for the first time.

scholarly journals Mechanisms of pyrethroid resistance inHaematobia irritans (Muscidae) from Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Thadeu Medeiros Barros ◽  
Teresinha Tizu Sato Schumaker ◽  
Wilson Werner Koller ◽  
Guilherme Marcondes Klafke ◽  
Thais Aguiar de Albuquerque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pyrethroid Resistance ◽  
The State ◽  
Kdr Mutation ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Pyrethroid Insecticides ◽  
Resistance Factors ◽  
Horn Fly ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Mato Grosso Do Sul

Horn fly resistance to pyrethroid insecticides occurs throughout Brazil, but knowledge about the involved mechanisms is still in an incipient stage. This survey was aimed to identify the mechanisms of horn fly resistance to cypermethrin in Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil. Impregnated filter paper bioassays using cypermethrin, synergized or not with piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP), were conducted from March 2004 to June 2005 in horn fly populations (n = 33) from all over the state. All populations were highly resistant to cypermethrin, with resistance factors (RF) ranging from 89.4 to 1,020.6. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays to detect the knockdown resistance (kdr) mutation also were performed in 16 samples. The kdr mutation was found in 75% of the tested populations, mostly with relatively low frequencies (<20%), and was absent in some highly resistant populations. Addition of TPP did not significantly reduce the LC50 in any population. However, PBO reduced LC50s above 40-fold in all tested populations, resulting in RFs ≤ 10 in most cases. Horn fly resistance to cypermethrin is widespread in the state, being primarily caused by an enhanced activity of P450 mono-oxygenases and secondarily by reduced target site sensitivity.

Evaluation of Ivomec Pour-On for the Control of Horn Flies in West Central Nebraska, 1993

1994 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 363-363
Author(s):  
D. J. Boxler ◽  
J. B. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Untreated Control ◽  
Native Range ◽  
Horn Fly ◽  
West Central ◽  
Horn Flies ◽  
Fly Control

Abstract Ivomec® pour-on was evaluated in two studies at two different locations in West Central Nebraska. In study No. 1, Ivomec was applied to 72 yearling steers located at the Gudmundsen Sandhills Laboratory, Whitman, NE. The steers were weighed and the Ivomec was applied at the recommended rate. A second application was made 28 d later, 7 Jul. A group of 44 cows served as an untreated control. In study No. 2, Ivomec pour-on was compared to 1% Co-Ral dust bags (force-use, to obtain water) for horn fly control. This study was located near North Platte, NE, in native range. Ivomec was first applied to 41 heifers 27 May at the recommended rate and subsequent applications were made about every 28 d until the end of the study. Treatment dates were 27 May, 30 June, and 4 Aug. Eighty heifers utilized the 1% Co-Ral dust bags and a group of 10 cows served as an untreated control. Horn fly counts for both studies were recorded at weekly intervals by counting the total number of horn flies on both sides on an animal.

DYNAMICS OF PYRETHROID RESISTANCE IN HORN FLY, HAEMATOBIA IRRITANS (L.) (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE), POPULATIONS ON TAGGED AND UNTAGGED CATTLE IN MANITOBA

1993 ◽  
Vol 125 (5) ◽  
pp. 839-845 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix S. Mwangala ◽  
Terry D. Galloway
Keyword(s):  
Pyrethroid Resistance ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Haematobia Irritans ◽  
Horn Fly ◽  
Horn Flies

AbstractInitially, fenvalerate and permethrin tags at two tags per animal and one tag for every other animal nearly eliminated horn flies [Haematobia irritons (L.)] at Glenlea Research Station, Manitoba. However, fly numbers increased 8 weeks post-treatment in 1987 and 6 weeks post-treatment in 1988. LC50 values of the flies to fenvalerate and permethrin increased toward the end of each season but the slope of regression lines decreased in 1987. In 1988, initial LC50 values were lower compared with those observed at the end of the 1987 season. When tags were applied in 1988, LC50 values increased from 0.42 to 3.14 μg per cm2 for fenvalerate and from 2.06 to 10.76 μg per cm2 for permethrin. Mortality observed at discriminating concentrations of fenvalerate (0.625 μg per cm2) and permethrin (5 μg per cm2) during the season decreased from 67.9 to 2.8% and from 66.8 to 5.7%, respectively. Cattle at Glenlea and in a second herd at Libau were not treated in 1989; susceptibility of flies resistant to pyrethroids did not change significantly during the season in these herds. Discontinuing use of pyrethroid-impregnated ear tags for one season was not long enough for substantial reduction in resistance to occur.

DUNG BURIAL ACTIVITY AND FLY CONTROL POTENTIAL OF ONTHOPHAGUS NUCHICORNIS (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEINAE) IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

1975 ◽  
Vol 107 (11) ◽  
pp. 1215-1220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angus Macqueen ◽  
Bryan P. Beirne
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Dung Beetle ◽  
Cattle Dung ◽  
Control Potential ◽  
Horn Fly ◽  
Fly Larvae ◽  
Horn Flies ◽  
Fly Control ◽  
Burial Efficiency

AbstractOnthophagus nuchicornis (Linnaeus), an accidentally introduced dung beetle, is the only scarabaeine species encountered commonly in cattle dung in British Columbia. Its dung burial efficiency and its potential for inhibiting development of coprophagous fly larvae were measured in greenhouse experiments.The beetles buried dung most efficiently when they were present in the ratio of one pair per 40–50 g of feces. Higher or lower rates of infestation resulted in reduced burial Survival of fly larvae was inversely related to the numbers of brood balls constructed by the beetles, and hence to the amount of dung buried. Beetle activity in the field probably has little harmful effect on the dung-breeding horn fly as the beetles cease burial activity before midsummer, when horn flies reach their greatest numbers, and as they do not bury significant amounts of dung in pastures.The desirability and possibility of introducing exotic dung beetles into British Columbia for fly control is discussed.

scholarly journals UKRAINIAN ACADEMY OF ARCHITECTURE: HISTORY, PROFITS AND LOSSES, EXPECTATIONS AND PROSPECTS

2021 ◽  
pp. 4-20
Author(s):  
Andrii Puchkov
Keyword(s):  
Ukrainian Academy ◽  
Civil Engineering ◽  
Architectural Heritage ◽  
General Picture ◽  
The Status ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Way ◽  
Architecture History

An attempt has been made to outline in a historical and chronological way the main features, achievements and problems of the Academy of Architecture in Ukraine, from 1945 to the present. These are the Academy of Architecture of the USSR, transformed in 1945 from the Ukrainian branch of the Academy of Architecture of the USSR (1944), the Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture of the USSR, transformed from the Academy of Architecture in 1955, the liquidation of this Academy in 1963, the restoration of the Academy in 1992. year in the status of the Ukrainian Academy of Architecture. Based on the involvement of little-known factual material outlines the activities and practical and theoretical guidelines of the five presidents of the Academy of Architecture - Vladimir Zabolotny (1945-1955), Anatoly Komar (1955-1959), Pavel Bakuma (1959-1963), Valentyn Shtolko (1992–2020), Oleg Sleptsov (since September 2021), as well as the peculiarities of actual achievements and radiant delusions of lost perspectives, unfulfilled desires and urgent needs of the architectural and architectural shops of Ukraine during the last almost eighty years. Among other things, the achievements of the Academy on the way of researching the architectural heritage of Ukraine, the care of V. Zabolotny for research in this area are shown; highlights the dynamics of transformation of candidate dissertations in architecture from design and descriptive to the actual scientific, as they are now; the range of problems that accompanied the Ukrainian Academy of Architecture after its restoration in 1992 is depicted, as well as the vastness of important scientific and creative achievements of its academics and corresponding members, in particular in the field of publishing basic scientific works; finally, for the first time, it is proposed to illustrate the general picture of the formation and formation of the forms of activity of the Academy of Architecture during its existence; the prospects of further functioning are outlined and aspects of understanding the role of the Ukrainian Academy of Architecture in the modern architectural world, not only the Ukrainian one, are singled out.

scholarly journals Susceptibility of field populations of Haematobia irritans to fipronil in Uruguay

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilia Miraballes ◽  
Antonio Thadeu M. Barros ◽  
Martin Lucas ◽  
Guilherme M. Klafke ◽  
Luísa N. Domingues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Research Laboratory ◽  
Probit Analysis ◽  
Rhipicephalus Microplus ◽  
Susceptible Strain ◽  
Single Population ◽  
Haematobia Irritans ◽  
Horn Fly ◽  
Horn Flies ◽  
Fly Control

ABSTRACT: Fipronil was registered in Uruguay in 1997, and, since then, it has been used for the control of Haematobia irritans irritans and Rhipicephalus microplus. The susceptibility of H. irritants to this drug has not been evaluated. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to evaluate the resistance of H. irritans to fipronil. Additionally, a survey was carried out with the farmers to evaluate the use of fipronil for H. irritans control in the ranches where the flies came from. For the bioassays, 31 field populations of H. irritans were exposed to 10 concentrations of fipronil (3.2-16.0μg.cm2), and their LC50 values were calculated using probit analysis. A bioassay was performed with horn flies from the susceptible colony maintained at the USDA-ARS Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory for comparison and calculation of resistance ratios (RRs). All 31 field populations surveyed in the study were susceptible to fipronil, with resistance ratios ranging from <0.5 to 2.2. Four populations with RRs >1 did not differ significantly from the susceptible strain. A single population showed an RR >2.2. Overall, the survey shows that fipronil was mostly used for R. microplus control, and in only three ranches, which were free of R. microplus, was fipronil used for horn fly control. Seventeen farmers did not use fipronil at all in the last three years. It is concluded that, in Uruguay, field populations of horn flies remain susceptible to fipronil.

EFFICACY OF INSECTICIDAL EAR TAGS ON FLY CONTROL AND MILK PRODUCTION OF DAIRY COWS

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
ELLIOT BLOCK ◽  
DAVID J. LEWIS
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Horn Fly ◽  
Horn Flies ◽  
Fly Control ◽  
And Control

Twenty Holstein cows were blocked into two groups of 10 cows each to evaluate an insecticidal ear tag (8% fenvalerate) on fly control and milk production. One group received one tag in each ear while the control group remained untagged. Each group was allowed access to an exercise-pasture lot of similar size. Forages were fed in the lots and grain was fed in the barn at milking. Tagging resulted in a 99.9% reduction in horn flies over the 16 wk of the trial. However, other flies (house, stable and face) were not controlled to the same extent. As horn fly numbers decreased the number of the other flies increased on tagged cows. Tagging resulted in an overall increase in milk yield by 1.06 kg/d for the trial but not all weeks of the trial showed significant responses. Milk fat and protein percentages were not different between tagged and control animals. Key words: Diptera, dairy cattle, milk production, fenvalerate, ear tags, fly control

scholarly journals Insecticide susceptibility of horn flies, Haematobia irritans (Diptera: Muscidae), in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

2007 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 145-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Thadeu M. Barros ◽  
Alberto Gomes ◽  
Wilson W. Koller
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
High Susceptibility ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Horn Fly ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Horn Flies ◽  
Filter Papers ◽  
Mato Grosso Do Sul

Horn fly susceptibility to insecticides was evaluated in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, from October 2000 to September 2002. Insecticide bioassays (n=57) were conducted in 38 ranches from 14 municipalities throughout the state. Horn flies from wild populations were collected on cattle and exposed to filter papers impregnated with cypermethrin, permethrin, or diazinon and mortality was assessed after two hours. Resistance to cypermethrin was detected in all populations, with resistance ratios (RR) ranging from 27.6 to 91.3-fold. Permethrin bioassays provided apparently low levels of resistance (RR<5), however, resistant flies were found in 96.9% of the populations based on diagnostic concentrations. From both pyrethroid bioassays, resistance was detected in 97.4% of the populations. On the other hand, a high susceptibility to diazinon (RR < 1.1) was detected in all populations. Pyrethroid products, most cypermethrin (92.3%) and deltamethrin (66.7%), were used in all ranches controlling horn flies (97.5%). Insecticide treatments, usually incorrectly applied, were routinely delivered by manual backpack sprayers in most ranches (84.5%). This profile of insecticide use helps to explain the widespread resistance of horn flies to pyrethroids in the state as well as their high susceptibility to the organophosphate. Inadequate control practices contribute to aggravate the resistance problem and its consequences.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Insecticide Ear Tags on Horn Flies in West Central Nebraska, 1993

1994 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 364-364
Author(s):  
D. J. Boxler ◽  
J. B. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Central Research ◽  
Native Range ◽  
The West ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Horn Fly ◽  
West Central ◽  
Horn Flies ◽  
Fly Control ◽  
Extension Center

Abstract Y-Tex experimental ear tags (YT-615) were compared with PYthon® 10% ear tags for horn fly control on beef cattle. The study was initiated 17 Jun at the West Central Research and Extension Center, North Platte, NE. Cattle used in the trial were randomly selected from a herd of 200 heifers. Ear tags were applied as follows: YT-615 applied to 25 heifers (one tag per heifer), PYthon applied to 30 heifers (two tags per heifer) and PYthon applied to 120 heifers (one tag per heifer). An untreated group of 10 heifers served as a comparison. The three treatment groups were maintained in separate native range pastures throughout the study period. Horn fly counts were recorded at weekly intervals by counting flies on both sides of a minimum of 15 heifers during each fly counting session.

Victorian Pain

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Ablow
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Victorian Literature ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Charles Darwin ◽  
Harriet Martineau ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Natural Philosophers ◽  
First Time

The nineteenth century introduced developments in science and medicine that made the eradication of pain conceivable for the first time. This new understanding of pain brought with it a complex set of moral and philosophical dilemmas. If pain serves no obvious purpose, how do we reconcile its existence with a well-ordered universe? Examining how writers of the day engaged with such questions, this book offers a compelling new literary and philosophical history of modern pain. The book provides close readings of novelists Charlotte Brontë and Thomas Hardy and political and natural philosophers John Stuart Mill, Harriet Martineau, and Charles Darwin, as well as a variety of medical, scientific, and popular writers of the Victorian age. The book explores how discussions of pain served as investigations into the status of persons and the nature and parameters of social life. No longer conceivable as divine trial or punishment, pain in the nineteenth century came to seem instead like a historical accident suggesting little or nothing about the individual who suffers. A landmark study of Victorian literature and the history of pain, the book shows how these writers came to see pain as a social as well as a personal problem. Rather than simply self-evident to the sufferer and unknowable to anyone else, pain was also understood to be produced between persons—and even, perhaps, by the fictions they read.

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