scholarly journals Aviation war risk insurance and its impacts on US passenger aviation

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 268-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. Freitas
Keyword(s):  
Financial Incentive ◽  
Civil Liberties ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Government ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
The Us ◽  
Airline Passengers ◽  
September 11 Attacks ◽  
Risk Insurance

In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, the United States government became a supplier of aviation war risk (AWR) insurance for airliners, as well as a reinsurer for commercial insurance. Here we quantitatively examine the consequences of these offerings. The AWR offering is primarily needed for widebody and jumbo jets; smaller aircraft like the Embraer 195 are far less capable of creating damage in excess of the $50 million AWR deductible. Widebody and jumbo jets are also the only aircraft capable of creating long-term government liability through its commercial reinsurance. The US government's assumed risk through its insurance involvement can reach into the hundreds of billions of dollars. This risk level can create a perceived financial incentive for government to force airline passengers through invasive and dangerous search procedures. Thus, governmental insurance offerings can create a conflict of interest at infringes air passengers' civil liberties.

The proposed trials by the US Military Commissions

2003 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 409-423
Author(s):  
Sarah Finnin
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Criminal Law ◽  
United States Government ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
Us Military ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
September 11 Attacks

On 11 September 2001 three hijacked commercial airliners were crashed into the World Trade Centre in New York, the Pentagon in Virginia, and a field in Western Pennsylvania, killing approximately 3,000 people. The unprecedented magnitude of these terrorist attacks led the United States government to assert that the acts were not just criminal acts but ‘acts of war’. This characterisation is more than just a question of semantics. Labeling the September 11 attacks as ‘acts of war’ gives the US government the basis to respond militarily — a response that is significantly different to traditional law enforcement, both legally and practically. Another significant difference is that prosecution of alleged perpetrators can occur under the laws of war (or international humanitarian law), as opposed to domestic or international criminal law.

From Start-Up to Scale-Up

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilles Duruflé ◽  
Thomas Hellmann ◽  
Karen Wilson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
The United States ◽  
Smart Money ◽  
Start Up ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Creation

This chapter examines the challenge for entrepreneurial companies of going beyond the start-up phase and growing into large successful companies. We examine the long-term financing of these so-called scale-up companies, focusing on the United States, Europe, and Canada. The chapter first provides a conceptual framework for understanding the challenges of financing scale-ups. It emphasizes the need for investors with deep pockets, for smart money, for investor networks, and for patient money. It then shows some data about the various aspects of financing scale-ups in the United States, Europe, and Canada, showing how Europe and Canada are lagging behind the US relatively more at the scale-up than the start-up stage. Finally, the chapter raises the question of long-term public policies for supporting the creation of a better scale-up environment.

Disruptive Soft Law and Post-Crisis US Reform

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abraham L. Newman ◽  
Elliot Posner
Keyword(s):  
Financial Markets ◽  
Great Recession ◽  
Regulatory Reform ◽  
The United States ◽  
Soft Law ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
The Us ◽  
International Interaction

Chapter 6 examines the long-term effects of international soft law on policy in the United States since 2008. The extent and type of post-crisis US cooperation with foreign jurisdictions have varied considerably with far-reaching ramifications for international financial markets. Focusing on the international interaction of reforms in banking and derivatives, the chapter uses the book’s approach to understand US regulation in the wake of the Great Recession. The authors attribute seemingly random variation in the US relationship to foreign regulation and markets to differences in pre-crisis international soft law. Here, the existence (or absence) of robust soft law and standard-creating institutions determines the resources available to policy entrepreneurs as well as their orientation and attitudes toward international cooperation. Soft law plays a central role in the evolution of US regulatory reform and its interface with the rest of the world.

Regulating Medical Devices in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia J. Zettler ◽  
Erika Lietzan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Medical Device ◽  
Medical Devices ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
The United States ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Medical Technologies ◽  
The Us ◽  
Medical Device Regulation

This chapter assesses the regulation of medical devices in the United States. The goal of the US regulatory framework governing medical devices is the same as the goal of the framework governing medicines. US law aims to ensure that medical devices are safe and effective for their intended uses; that they become available for patients promptly; and that manufacturers provide truthful, non-misleading, and complete information about the products. US medical device law is different from US medicines law in many ways, however, perhaps most notably because most marketed devices do not require pre-market approval. The chapter explores how the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) seeks to accomplish its mission with respect to medical devicecough its implementation of its medical device authorities. It starts by explaining what constitutes a medical device and how the FDA classifies medical devices by risk level. The chapter then discusses how medical devices reach the market, the FDA's risk management tools, and the rules and incentives for innovation and competition. It concludes by exploring case studies of innovative medical technologies that challenge the traditional US regulatory scheme to consider the future of medical device regulation.

scholarly journals Long-Term Physical Health Outcomes of Resettled Refugee Populations in the United States: A Scoping Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gayathri S. Kumar ◽  
Jenna A. Beeler ◽  
Emma E. Seagle ◽  
Emily S. Jentes
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Physical Health ◽  
Public Health Practice ◽  
The United States ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Physical Health Outcomes ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Us ◽  
Bhutanese Refugee

AbstractSeveral studies describe the health of recently resettled refugee populations in the US beyond the first 8 months after arrival. This review summarizes the results of these studies. Scientific articles from five databases published from January 2008 to March 2019 were reviewed. Articles were included if study subjects included any of the top five US resettlement populations during 2008–2018 and if data described long-term physical health outcomes beyond the first 8 months after arrival in the US. Thirty-three studies met the inclusion criteria (1.5%). Refugee adults had higher odds of having a chronic disease compared with non-refugee immigrant adults, and an increased risk for diabetes compared with US-born controls. The most commonly reported chronic diseases among Iraqi, Somali, and Bhutanese refugee adults included diabetes and hypertension. Clinicians should consider screening and evaluating for chronic conditions in the early resettlement period. Further evaluations can build a more comprehensive, long-term health profile of resettled refugees to inform public health practice.

“What’s on the earth is in the stars; and what’s in the stars is on the earth”: Lakota Relationships with the Stars and American Relationships with the Apocalypse

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-156
Author(s):  
Suzanne Kite
Keyword(s):  
American Indians ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Government ◽  
Conspiracy Theories ◽  
American Perspective ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Oglala Lakota ◽  
The Us ◽  
American Mythology ◽  
Boston Tea Party

How is colonialism connected to American relationships with extraterrestrial beings? This commentary analyzes contemporary and founding US mythologies as constant, calculated attempts for settlers to obtain indigeneity in this land stemming from a fear of the “unknown.” From Columbus’s arrival to the Boston Tea Party, from alien and UFO fervor to paranormal experiences, spiritualism, New Age, and American Wicca, American mythology endlessly recreates conspiracy theories to justify its insatiable desire for resource extraction. I examine the US American mythology of extraterrestrials from two directions: the Oglala Lakota perspective of spirits born through a constellation of stars, and the “American” perspective of extraterrestrials born out of settler futurities. Manifest Destiny goes so far as to take ownership over time and reconfigure it into a linear, one-way street that is a progression towards apocalypse. For American Indians and other peoples targeted by the United States government, conspiracy theories prove true. Those who are targeted, Native and otherwise, understand as the violence of American mythology pours across the continent—abduction and assimilation, or death. How can Indigenous nonhuman ontologies orient settler ethics for the future?

scholarly journals TRUMP’S FOREIGN POLICY: PLANS AND REALITIES

2018 ◽  
pp. 73-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. V. Emelianov
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Year ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
White House ◽  
Trade Law ◽  
The Us ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Trade Partners

The article considers the changes in US foreign trade policy at the beginning of the Trump’s presidency. Exporting is a critical component for the long-term growth and the U.S. economy overall, and supporting millions of jobs in US. Though D. Trump campaigned for president as a protectionist, there was no such steps the first year of his presidency. But his second year in the White House began with announcing new tariffs on solar panels, washing machines, then on steel, aluminium. As concerning steel products, the United States being the world’s largest steel importer have persistent trade deficit.The US trade law allows the president to limit imports in case if domestic industries are threatened, against unfair foreign trade practices for a period of time, but such measures were not frequent in US practice. Meanwhile new protectionist measures are debated. Trump’s policy is being opposed not only by trade partners of the US, but in the US as well, by those who argue that protectionist measures will complicate international relationships.

United States of America

2021 ◽  
pp. 44-88
Author(s):  
Christian Leuprecht
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Civil Liberties ◽  
The United States ◽  
Intelligence Community ◽  
Government Accountability ◽  
Select Committee ◽  
Accountability System ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Government

This chapter reviews the member organizations of the United States Intelligence Community, the strategic environment that has informed intelligence and accountability in the United States, including scandals as a key driver of innovation, and the current and future threat environment as seen by the United States. The chapter examines the US intelligence accountability architecture: the House of Representative Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, the Inspectors General, the Government Accountability Office, the Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Office, and the President’s Intelligence Advisory Board. The sheer number and complexity of accountability bodies in the US gives rise to inefficiencies, ineffectiveness, and duplication. The accountability system is replete with gaps and vulnerabilities: partisanship, collective-action problems, resource allocation, and inconsistent quality of review in congressional accountability; GAO’s limited authority to review the USIC and sensitive operations; the adequacy of the FISA court in adequately protecting the rights of Americans; and Presidential discretion in appointing and removing IGs. These issues have implications not just for the United States, but for allies, partners as well as regional and global stability.

How Prevalent is Performance-Related Pay in the United States? Current Incidence and Recent Trends

2013 ◽  
Vol 226 ◽  
pp. R4-R16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maury Gittleman ◽  
Brooks Pierce
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Wage ◽  
Potential Explanation ◽  
Us Economy ◽  
The Us ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Current Incidence

We address basic questions about performance-related pay in the US. How widespread is it? What characteristics of employers and jobs are associated with it? What are recent trends in its incidence? What factors are responsible for these trends? Nearly two-fifths of hours worked in the US economy in 2013 were in jobs with performance-related pay, but this share has been declining. We consider several possible causes for this trend and find that they do not have much explanatory power. We do establish, however, that any potential explanation must also account for a long-term shift in the relative incidence of performance-related pay away from low-wage and toward high-wage jobs.

Characterizing healthcare delivery in the United States using Census Bureau’s County Business Patterns (2000–2016)

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 723-728
Author(s):  
Astha KC ◽  
Melissa K. Schaefer ◽  
Nimalie D. Stone ◽  
Joseph Perz
Keyword(s):  
Long Term Care ◽  
Healthcare Delivery ◽  
The United States ◽  
Healthcare Sector ◽  
Nursing Facilities ◽  
Term Care ◽  
The North ◽  
The Us ◽  
Care Facilities

AbstractBackground:The US Census Bureau’s County Business Patterns (CBP) series provides a unique opportunity to describe the healthcare sector using a single, national data source.Methods:We analyzed CBP data on business establishments in the healthcare industry for 2000–2016 for all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Setting and facility types were defined using the North American Industry Classification System.Results:In 2016, CBP enumerated 707,634 US healthcare establishments (a 34% increase from 2000); 86.5% were outpatient facilities and services followed by long-term care facilities (12.5%) and acute-care facilities (1.0%). Between 2000 and 2016, traditional facilities such as general medical surgical and surgical hospitals (−0.4%) and skilled nursing facilities (+0.1%) decreased or remained flat, while other long-term care and outpatient providers grew rapidly.Conclusion:This analysis highlights the steady growth and increased specialization of the US healthcare sector, particularly in long-term care and outpatient settings.

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