scholarly journals An Adaptive Framework for Conversational Question Answering

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 10041-10042
Author(s):  
Lixin Su ◽  
Jiafeng Guo ◽  
Yixing Fan ◽  
Yanyan Lan ◽  
Ruqing Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preliminary Analysis ◽  
Information Needs ◽  
Question Answering ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Dominant Type ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
Specific Object ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Adaptive Framework

In Conversational Question Answering (CoQA), humans propose a series of questions to satisfy their information needs. Based on our preliminary analysis, there are two major types of questions, namely verification questions and knowledgeseeking questions. The first one is to verify some existing facts, while the latter is to obtain new knowledge about some specific object. These two types of questions differ significantly in their answering ways. However, existing methods usually treat them uniformly, which may easily be biased by the dominant type of questions and obtain inferior overall performance. In this work, we propose an adaptive framework to handle these two types of questions in different ways based on their own characteristics. We conduct experiments on the recently released CoQA benchmark dataset, and the results demonstrate that our method outperforms the state-of-the-art baseline methods.

scholarly journals Dialogue Generation: From Imitation Learning to Inverse Reinforcement Learning

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 6722-6729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziming Li ◽  
Julia Kiseleva ◽  
Maarten De Rijke
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Imitation Learning ◽  
Local Optimum ◽  
Inverse Reinforcement Learning ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Overall Performance

The performance of adversarial dialogue generation models relies on the quality of the reward signal produced by the discriminator. The reward signal from a poor discriminator can be very sparse and unstable, which may lead the generator to fall into a local optimum or to produce nonsense replies. To alleviate the first problem, we first extend a recently proposed adversarial dialogue generation method to an adversarial imitation learning solution. Then, in the framework of adversarial inverse reinforcement learning, we propose a new reward model for dialogue generation that can provide a more accurate and precise reward signal for generator training. We evaluate the performance of the resulting model with automatic metrics and human evaluations in two annotation settings. Our experimental results demonstrate that our model can generate more high-quality responses and achieve higher overall performance than the state-of-the-art.

When the answer comes into question in question-answering: survey and open issues

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANA CRISTINA MENDES ◽  
LUÍSA COHEUR
Keyword(s):  
Question Answering ◽  
Information Sources ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Research Community ◽  
The State ◽  
Present Survey ◽  
Cooperative Answering ◽  
Open Issues

AbstractThe answer determines the success of a Question-Answering (QA) system. In redundancy-based QA systems, a common approach is to extract the candidate answers from the information sources and select the most frequent answers as the final answers. However, this strategy has some pitfalls. For instance, if a system is not able to detect equivalences between the candidate answers, their frequencies might be erroneously calculated. Moreover, the user who posed the question should also be taken into account when answering: different persons require different (correct) answers. This can involve the use of suitable vocabulary and/or information details. In these situations, the generation of a response can be a more suitable strategy, instead of the extraction and direct retrieval of the answer from the information sources. The present survey targets the state of the art in the answering task in QA under three different lines of research. First, we present several works that focus on relating candidate answers. Then, we recover the concept of cooperative answer – a correct, useful, and non-misleading answer – and we bring up attempts to address cooperative answering. Finally, we investigate the research community endeavors on response generation. We will also present our perspective on each of these three topics throughout this paper.

scholarly journals Towards relation extraction from Arabic text: a review

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 212-215
Author(s):  
Abeer AlArfaj
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Question Answering ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Relation Extraction ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
The State ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Arabic Text ◽  
Taxonomic Relation

Semantic relation extraction is an important component of ontologies that can support many applications e.g. text mining, question answering, and information extraction. However, extracting semantic relations between concepts is not trivial and one of the main challenges in Natural Language Processing (NLP) Field. The Arabic language has complex morphological, grammatical, and semantic aspects since it is a highly inflectional and derivational language, which makes task even more challenging. In this paper, we present a review of the state of the art for relation extraction from texts, addressing the progress and difficulties in this field. We discuss several aspects related to this task, considering the taxonomic and non-taxonomic relation extraction methods. Majority of relation extraction approaches implement a combination of statistical and linguistic techniques to extract semantic relations from text. We also give special attention to the state of the work on relation extraction from Arabic texts, which need further progress.

scholarly journals Convolver Design and Convolve-Accumulate Unit Design for Low-Power Edge Computing

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5081
Author(s):  
Hsu-Yu Kao ◽  
Xin-Jia Chen ◽  
Shih-Hsu Huang
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Low Power ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Clock Cycle ◽  
The State ◽  
Edge Computing ◽  
Convolution Operation ◽  
Product Matrix ◽  
Unit Design ◽  
Overall Performance

Convolution operations have a significant influence on the overall performance of a convolutional neural network, especially in edge-computing hardware design. In this paper, we propose a low-power signed convolver hardware architecture that is well suited for low-power edge computing. The basic idea of the proposed convolver design is to combine all multipliers’ final additions and their corresponding adder tree to form a partial product matrix (PPM) and then to use the reduction tree algorithm to reduce this PPM. As a result, compared with the state-of-the-art approach, our convolver design not only saves a lot of carry propagation adders but also saves one clock cycle per convolution operation. Moreover, the proposed convolver design can be adapted for different dataflows (including input stationary dataflow, weight stationary dataflow, and output stationary dataflow). According to dataflows, two types of convolve-accumulate units are proposed to perform the accumulation of convolution results. The results show that, compared with the state-of-the-art approach, the proposed convolver design can save 15.6% power consumption. Furthermore, compared with the state-of-the-art approach, on average, the proposed convolve-accumulate units can reduce 15.7% power consumption.

BILIRUBIN TROUBLE IS WORLDWIDE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-6
Author(s):  
George Little
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Methyl Orange ◽  
Spectrophotometric Method ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Regional Survey ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Conjugated Bilirubin

In a small regional survey of direct spectrophotometric methods and a larger Australian and New Zealand survey of paediatric bilirubin analyses, the overall performance of both groups was unsatisfactory with an unacceptable high interlaboratory variation. This inter-laboratory variation was reduced significantly by the use of a spectrophotometric method with a common standard of methyl orange. The Australian and New Zealand survey also examined the "state of the art" for the measurement of conjugated bilirubin and showed that laboratories could not adequately measure conjugated bilirubin.

scholarly journals Lattice CNNs for Matching Based Chinese Question Answering

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 6634-6641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuxuan Lai ◽  
Yansong Feng ◽  
Xiaohan Yu ◽  
Zheng Wang ◽  
Kun Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Question Answering ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Short Text ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Noisy Information ◽  
Word Lattice ◽  
Matching Models ◽  
Strong Ability

Short text matching often faces the challenges that there are great word mismatch and expression diversity between the two texts, which would be further aggravated in languages like Chinese where there is no natural space to segment words explicitly. In this paper, we propose a novel lattice based CNN model (LCNs) to utilize multi-granularity information inherent in the word lattice while maintaining strong ability to deal with the introduced noisy information for matching based question answering in Chinese. We conduct extensive experiments on both document based question answering and knowledge based question answering tasks, and experimental results show that the LCNs models can significantly outperform the state-of-the-art matching models and strong baselines by taking advantages of better ability to distill rich but discriminative information from the word lattice input.

Man-Computer Interface Design Guidance: State of the Art

1980 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Rudy Ramsey ◽  
Michael E. Atwood
Keyword(s):  
Human Factors ◽  
Interface Design ◽  
Information Needs ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Computer Systems ◽  
The State ◽  
Interactive System ◽  
The Status ◽  
Problem Solving Behavior ◽  
Computer Interaction

A major literature survey investigated the state of the art in human factors in computer systems. The survey was concerned both with the status of human factors research in the area of user-computer interaction and with the current state of user-computer interaction technology and practices. The principal goal of the study was to determine the feasibility of human factors guidelines for interactive computer systems, and to investigate their possible form and content. Thus, the study addressed both the state of the art in the field and the information needs and problem-solving behavior of interactive system designers, since these personnel would be the primary users of guidelines. It is concluded that insufficient data exist for the development of a “quantitative reference handbook” in this area, and that that form of presentation may not be appropriate anyway. On the other hand, a “human factors design guide” – which discusses issues, alternatives, and methods in the context of the design process – appears both feasible and needed.

scholarly journals Blockchain Consensus: An Overview of Alternative Protocols

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1363
Author(s):  
Damilare Peter Oyinloye ◽  
Je Sen Teh ◽  
Norziana Jamil ◽  
Moatsum Alawida
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Hash Functions ◽  
The State ◽  
Design Features ◽  
The Past ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Made In

Blockchain networks are based on cryptographic notions that include asymmetric-key encryption, hash functions and consensus protocols. Despite their popularity, mainstream protocols, such as Proof of Work or Proof of Stake still have drawbacks. Efforts to enhance these protocols led to the birth of alternative consensus protocols, catering to specific areas, such as medicine or transportation. These protocols remain relatively unknown despite having unique merits worth investigating. Although past reviews have been published on popular blockchain consensus protocols, they do not include most of these lesser-known protocols. Highlighting these alternative consensus protocols contributes toward the advancement of the state of the art, as they have design features that may be useful to academics, blockchain practitioners and researchers. In this paper, we bridge this gap by providing an overview of alternative consensus protocols proposed within the past 3 years. We evaluate their overall performance based on metrics such as throughput, scalability, security, energy consumption, and finality. In our review, we examine the trade-offs that these consensus protocols have made in their attempts to optimize scalability and performance. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper that focuses on these alternative protocols, highlighting their unique features that can be used to develop future consensus protocols.

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