Distribution and Cross-Resistance Patterns of ALS-Inhibiting Herbicide Resistance in Smallflower Umbrella Sedge (Cyperus difformis)

Weed Science ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aldo Merotto ◽  
Marie Jasieniuk ◽  
Albert J. Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Isolation By Distance ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Rice Fields ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Group Method

Basic factors contributing to the rapid evolution and broad distribution of acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicide resistance in smallflower umbrella sedge L. have not yet been investigated. The objectives of this study were to examine patterns of cross-resistance to ALS herbicides and genetic diversity within and among smallflower umbrella sedge populations in California rice fields to provide insight into the processes contributing to resistance spread. Twelve different patterns of herbicide cross-resistance were found across the 56 populations sampled. The frequency of populations with at least one resistant individual in the North, Central and South Sacramento Valley, and the San Joaquin Valley were 76, 86, 67, and 50%, respectively. Analysis of the genetic diversity of 29 populations using 73 sequence-related amplified polymorphism molecular markers revealed little genetic diversity within populations, with estimates of Nei's gene diversity index,h, ranging from 0 to 0.049, and Shannon's information index (I) ranging from 0 to 0.079. Hierarchical analyses of molecular variance indicated that the majority of genetic variation was partitioned among populations, rather than within populations or among regional groups. No isolation by distance was evident. Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averages analysis indicated that population clustering was not region specific. The results suggest that resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides in smallflower umbrella sedge populations from California rice fields appears to have evolved independently multiple times rather than spread from a single population where resistance originated. Consequently, prevention and management of smallflower umbrella sedge in California rice fields should emphasize in-field strategies that focus on decreasing the selection pressure caused by ALS-inhibiting herbicides.

Herbicide resistance in China: a quantitative review

Weed Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 605-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangying Liu ◽  
Shihai Xiang ◽  
Tao Zong ◽  
Guolan Ma ◽  
Lamei Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Auxin Herbicides ◽  
Economic Boom ◽  
Meta Analyses

AbstractThe widespread, rapid evolution of herbicide-resistant weeds is a serious and escalating agronomic problem worldwide. During China’s economic boom, the country became one of the most important herbicide producers and consumers in the world, and herbicide resistance has dramatically increased in the past decade and has become a serious threat to agriculture. Here, following an evidence-based PRISMA (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses) approach, we carried out a systematic review to quantitatively assess herbicide resistance in China. Multiple weed species, including 26, 18, 11, 9, 5, 5, 4, and 3 species in rice (Oryza sativa L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], corn (Zea mays L.), canola (Brassica napus L.), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)., orchards, and peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) fields, respectively, have developed herbicide resistance. Acetolactate synthase inhibitors, acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitors, and synthetic auxin herbicides are the most resistance-prone herbicides and are the most frequently used mechanisms of action, followed by 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase inhibitors and protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitors. The lack of alternative herbicides to manage weeds that exhibit cross-resistance or multiple resistance (or both) is an emerging issue and poses one of the greatest threats challenging the crop production and food safety both in China and globally.

Genetic Variation in Invasive Populations of Yellow Toadflax (Linaria vulgaris) in the Western United States

Weed Science ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 394-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah M. Ward ◽  
Scott D. Reid ◽  
Judy Harrington ◽  
Jason Sutton ◽  
K George Beck
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Genetic Recombination ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Group Method ◽  
Restricted Gene Flow ◽  
Genetic Structuring ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Yellow Toadflax

Intraspecific genetic variation may contribute significantly to invasiveness and control problems, but has been characterized to date in relatively few invasive weed species. We examined 56 intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) loci in 220 individuals from 11 invading populations of yellow toadflax sampled across five western states. All populations showed high levels of genetic diversity. Estimated values for Shannon's diversity measure ranged from 0.217 to 0.388, and for expected heterozygosity from 0.178 to 0.260. Nei's total gene diversity index (HT), on the basis of all individuals across all populations, was 0.267. Partitioning of genetic variance using analysis of molecular variance revealed 1.7% of genetic variation among regional population groups, 29.1% among populations within groups, and 69.2% within populations, consistent with expectations for an outcrossing species but suggesting little geographic differentiation. Pairs of adjacent individuals identical at all ISSR loci that appeared to be ramets of a single clone were detected in only one population. This indicates that patch expansion in yellow toadflax is driven more by sexual reproduction via seed than by rhizomatous clonal spread, at least at the spatial scale of sampling for this study. Eight populations had significant values for Mantel's R at P = 0.05, suggesting some fine-scale positive genetic structuring, possibly from restricted gene flow. Population clustering on the basis of Nei's genetic distance between populations and unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean did not reflect geographic location. It is likely that multiple introductions of this species have occurred across the Intermountain West, followed by extensive genetic recombination. High levels of genetic diversity within yellow toadflax populations pose management challenges, as already seen in reports of variable response to herbicide application and limited impacts of biocontrol agent releases.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity and spatial genetic structure within a population of an aromatic shrub, Lippia origanoides (Verbenaceae), in the Chicamocha Canyon, northeastern Colombia

2008 ◽  
Vol 90 (6) ◽  
pp. 455-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
ADRIANA SUÁREZ G. ◽  
GENIS CASTILLO ◽  
MARIA I. CHACÓN S.
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Isolation By Distance ◽  
Spatial Genetic Structure ◽  
Classical Model ◽  
Issr Markers ◽  
Breeding Systems ◽  
Group Method ◽  
Pair Group

SummaryThe geographical scale of genetic structure in a continuous population is highly dependent on its breeding system and dispersion capabilities, and this knowledge is important for the study of population dynamics as well as for conservation purposes. In the present study, spatial autocorrelation statistics and intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were used to describe the genetic structure of a natural population of a prominent aromatic plant, Lippia origanoides, native to the Chicamocha Canyon in northeastern Colombia. For this purpose, individuals were sampled from two localities within the Chicamocha Canyon, where the species is abundant and continuously distributed. Cluster (principal coordinate analysis (PCO) and unweighted pair group method using arithmetic averages (UPGMA)), analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and Bayesian analyses revealed a low level of genetic differentiation among the two localities, suggesting that they belong to a single population. Genetic diversity levels in this population, described as the percentage of polymorphic loci (P=86·21%) and quantified using Shannon's diversity index (I=0·453) and the average panmictic heterozygosity (HB=0·484), were shown to be comparable to or higher than that in other plant species with allogamous breeding systems and to other related Verbenaceae species. Fine-scale autocorrelation analyses showed a pattern consistent with the classical model of isolation by distance with moderate but significant levels of local spatial structure. Our results suggest that sampling individuals at distances greater than ~1·2 km may result in the collection of different genotypes, which could help preserve the levels of genetic diversity in a propagation programme. The causes of this spatial pattern are currently unknown and could be influenced by many contemporary factors such as restricted seed dispersal and/or short-distance pollen movement, among others.

scholarly journals Assessment of Genetic Diversity of an Endangered Species Fraxinus hupehensis Based on ISSR Markers

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 1308-1315
Author(s):  
Peng-Li ZHENG ◽  
Jian-Ru CHENG ◽  
Long-Qing CHEN ◽  
Ming-Qin ZHOU
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Endangered Species ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Issr Markers ◽  
Group Method ◽  
Digital Object Identifier ◽  
Protection Measures

Investigation on the level and pattern of genetic diversity of 10 natural populations of the endangered species Fraxinus hupehensis using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers was crucial for understanding the structure of the population and assessing the best genetic protection strategies. A total of 180 polymorphic bands with the polymorphic rate of 100.00% were amplified by 14 primers. The genetic diversity at population level (Percentage of polymorphic loci, PPL=64.06; Nei’s gene diversity index, h=0.1519; Shannon’s information index, I=0.2434) was lower than that at species level (PPL= 100.00%, h=0.1833, I=0.3041). Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) demonstrated the low level of the genetic variation occurred between the populations (16.05%). This also can be corroborated by the gene flow (Nm 2.424) and the coefficient of gene differentiation (Gst=0.1710) among populations. Cluster analysis based on the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA) revealed four groups for 10 populations according to Nei’s genetic identity and seven categories for the 196 individuals according to SM values. Furthermore, the endangered mechanism and genetic structure of F. hupehensis were discussed, and appropriate targeted protection measures were proposed based on these findings.   ********* In press - Online First. Article has been peer reviewed, accepted for publication and published online without pagination. It will receive pagination when the issue will be ready for publishing as a complete number (Volume 47, Issue 4, 2019). The article is searchable and citable by Digital Object Identifier (DOI). DOI link will become active after the article will be included in the complete issue. *********

Investigating the resistance levels and mechanisms to penoxsulam and cyhalofop-butyl in barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) from Ningxia province, China

Weed Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Qian Yang ◽  
Xia Yang ◽  
Zichang Zhang ◽  
Jieping Wang ◽  
Weiguo Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Rice Fields ◽  
Target Site ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Susceptible Populations ◽  
High Level ◽  
Als Inhibitor ◽  
Encoding Genes

Abstract Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) is a noxious grass weed which infests rice fields and causes huge crop yield losses. In this study, we collected twelve E. crus-galli populations from rice fields of Ningxia province in China and investigated the resistance levels to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor penoxsulam and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitor cyhalofop-butyl. The results showed that eight populations exhibited resistance to penoxsulam and four populations evolved resistance to cyhalofop-butyl. Moreover, all of the four cyhalofop-butyl-resistant populations (NX3, NX4, NX6 and NX7) displayed multiple-herbicide-resistance (MHR) to both penoxsulam and cyhalofop-butyl. The alternative herbicides bispyribac-sodium, metamifop and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl cannot effectively control the MHR plants. To characterize the molecular mechanisms of resistance, we amplified and sequenced the target-site encoding genes in resistant and susceptible populations. Partial sequences of three ALS genes and six ACCase genes were examined. A Trp-574-Leu mutation was detected in EcALS1 and EcALS3 in two high-level (65.84- and 59.30-fold) penoxsulam-resistant populations NX2 and NX10, respectively. In addition, one copy (EcACC4) of ACCase genes encodes a truncated aberrant protein due to a frameshift mutation in E. crus-galli populations. None of amino acid substitutions that are known to confer herbicide resistance were detected in ALS and ACCase genes of MHR populations. Our study reveals the widespread of multiple-herbicide resistant E. crus-galli populations at Ningxia province of China that exhibit resistance to several ALS and ACCase inhibitors. Non-target-site based mechanisms are likely to be involved in E. crus-galli resistance to the herbicides, at least in four MHR populations.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Herbicide-Resistance Status on Populations of Littleseed Canarygrass (Phalaris Minor Retz.) from Southern Greece and Suggestions for their Effective Control

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 308-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilias Travlos
Keyword(s):  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Resistance Mutations ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Phalaris Minor ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Southern Greece

Evaluation of Herbicide-Resistance Status on Populations of Littleseed Canarygrass (Phalaris MinorRetz.) from Southern Greece and Suggestions for their Effective ControlIn 2010, a survey was conducted in the wheat fields of a typical cereal-producing region of Greece to establish the frequency and distribution of herbicide-resistant littleseed canarygrass (Phalaris minorRetz.). In total, 73 canarygrass accessions were collected and screened in a field experiment with several herbicides commonly used to control this weed. Most of the weed populations were classed as resistant (or developing resistance) to the acetyl-CoA varboxylase (ACCase)-inhibiting herbicide diclofop, while resistance to clodinafop was markedly lower. The results of the pot experiments showed that some of the canary populations were found to have a very high level of diclofop resistance (resistance index up to 12.4), while cross resistance with other herbicides was also common. The levels of resistance and cross resistance patterns among populations varied along with the different amounts and times of selection pressure. Such variation indicated either more than one mechanism of resistance or different resistance mutations in these weed populations. The population which had the highest diclofop resistance level, showed resistance to all aryloxyphenoxypropinate (APP) herbicides applied and non-ACCase inhibitors. Alternative ACCase-inhibiting herbicides, such as pinoxaden remain effective on the majority of the tested canarygrass populations, while the acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicide mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron could also provide some solutions. Consequently, there is an opportunity to effectively control canarygrass by selecting from a wide range of herbicides. It is the integration of agronomic practices with herbicide application, which helps in effective management ofP. minorand particularly its resistant populations.

scholarly journals Assessment of Genetic Diversity of Promising Castor Been (Ricinus communis L.) Genotypes in Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 467-474
Author(s):  
Bolaji Zuluqurineen SALIHU ◽  
Olamide Ahmed FALUSI ◽  
Adeyinka Olufemi ADEPOJU ◽  
Ibrahim Wasiu AROLU ◽  
Oladipupo Yusuf DAUDU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Ricinus Communis ◽  
Polymorphic Information Content ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Ricinus Communis L

Castor oil plant (Ricinus communis L.) is an important oil crop with little research attention in Nigeria. In the present research, extent of genetic diversity among 20 Nigerian castor genotypes was determined using morphological descriptors and molecular markers. The genotypes were laid out on a randomized complete block design with three replicated plots. Molecular genotyping of the genotypes was carried out using genomic Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR). The genotypes revealed high divergence in seed colour, seed shape, seed mottle, seed caruncle and seed sizes. Seedling establishment varied from 70.18% (in Acc. 006) to 93.25% (Acc. 001) with average mean of 81.53%. Raceme length ranged from 15.90 cm to 29.54 cm with population mean of 20.80 cm. The highest seed yield (1222.98 kg/ha) was recorded in Acc. 001 and the least (611.46 kg/ha) was observed in Acc. 006. Seed oil content varied between 32.15% in Acc. 042 and 54.03% in Acc. 006. Agglomerative cluster dendrogram constructed from morphological data showed random distribution of the genotypes into three cluster groups irrespective of the sources/collection points. The genetic diversity based on SSR Marker Analysis revealed high average expected heterozygosity (0.74), Polymorphic information content (0.68), Nei’s gene diversity index (0.72) and Shannon's Information index (1.43). The dendrogram constructed from molecular data grouped the twenty genotypes into three groups at coefficient of 0.34. From these findings, it showed that the twenty genotypes evaluated are divergent in nature and they could serve as good genetic material for castor breeding in Nigeria.

scholarly journals Diverging Genetic Structure of Coexisting Populations of the Black Storm-Petrel and the Least Storm-Petrel in the Gulf of California

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 194008292094917
Author(s):  
Misael D. Mancilla-Morales ◽  
Santiago Romero-Fernández ◽  
Araceli Contreras-Rodríguez ◽  
José J. Flores-Martínez ◽  
Víctor Sánchez-Cordero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Population Genetic Structure ◽  
Mate Selection ◽  
Gulf Of California ◽  
Population Genetic ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Isolation By Distance ◽  
Storm Petrel

Estimations on the influence of evolutionary and ecological forces as drivers of population gene diversity and genetic structure have been performed on a growing number of colonial seabirds, but many remain poorly studied. In particular, the population genetic structure of storm-petrels (Hydrobatidae) has been evaluated in only a few of the 24 recognized species. We assessed the genetic diversity and population structure of the Black Storm-Petrel ( Hydrobates melania) and the Least Storm-Petrel ( Hydrobates microsoma) in the Gulf of California. The two species were selected because they are pelagic seabirds with comparable ecological traits and breeding grounds. Recent threats such as introduced species of predators and human disturbance have resulted in a decline of many insular vertebrate populations in this region and affected many different aspects of their life histories (ranging from reproductive success to mate selection), with a concomitant loss of genetic diversity. To elucidate to what extent the population genetic structure occurs in H. melania and H. microsoma, we used 719 base pairs from the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase c subunit I gene. The evaluation of their molecular diversity, genetic structure, and gene flow were performed through diversity indices, analyses of molecular and spatial variance, and isolation by distance (IBD) across sampling sites, respectively. The population genetic structure (via AMOVA and SAMOVA) and isolation by distance (pairwise p-distances and FST/1– FST (using ΦST) were inferred for H. microsoma. However, for H. melania evidence was inconclusive. We discuss explanations leading to divergent population genetic structure signatures in these species, and the consequences for their conservation.

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity and Population Genetic Structure of Cinnamomum camphora in South China Revealed by EST-SSR Markers

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhong ◽  
Yang ◽  
Li ◽  
Zhang ◽  
Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Ssr Markers ◽  
South China ◽  
Expressed Sequence Tag ◽  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Jiangxi Province ◽  
Group Method ◽  
Cinnamomum Camphora ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Arithmetic Means

Cinnamomum camphora is a valuable broad-leaf tree indigenous to South China and East Asia and has been widely cultivated and utilized by humans since ancient times. However, owing to its overutilization for essential oil extraction, the Transplanting Big Trees into Cities Program, and over deforestation to make furniture, its wild populations have been detrimentally affected and are declining rapidly. In the present study, the genetic diversity and population structure of 180 trees sampled from 41 populations in South China were investigated with 22 expressed sequence tag-simple sequence repeat (EST-SSR) markers. In total, 61 alleles were harbored across 180 individuals, and medium genetic diversity level was inferred from the observed heterozygosity (Ho), expected heterozygosity (He), and Nei’ gene diversity (GD), which were 0.45, 0.44, and 0.44, respectively. Among the 41 wild populations, C. camphora had an average of 44 alleles, 2.02 effective alleles, and He ranging from 0.30 (SC) to 0.61 (HK). Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that 17% of the variation among populations and the average pairwise genetic differentiation coefficient (FST) between populations was 0.162, indicating relatively low genetic population differentiations. Structure analysis suggested two groups for the 180 individuals, which was consistent with the principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means (UPGMA). Populations grouped to cluster I were nearly all distributed in Jiangxi Province (except population XS in Zhejiang Province), and cluster II mainly comprised populations from other regions, indicating a significant geographical distribution. Moreover, the Mantel test showed that this geographical distance was significantly correlated with genetic distance. The findings of this research will assist in future C. camphora conservation management and breeding programs.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity and interspecific relationships of some Allium species using inter simple sequence repeat markers

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Samiei ◽  
Mahnaz Kiani ◽  
Homa Zarghami ◽  
Farshid Memariani ◽  
Mohammad Reza Joharchi
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Simple Sequence Repeat ◽  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Inter Simple Sequence Repeat ◽  
Issr Markers ◽  
Group Method ◽  
Sequence Repeat ◽  
Allium Species ◽  
Interspecific Relationships ◽  
Simple Sequence

In this study genetic diversity and interspecific relationships of 11 Allium L. species from Khorassan province of Iran including 32 accessions were investigated by inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. Nine ISSR primers produced a total of 80 polymorphic markers and revealed high polymorphism among the studied species. The average gene diversity, effective number of alleles and Shannon’s information index were 0.2, 1.28 and 0.3, respectively. Allium kuhsorkhense exhibited the greatest level of variation (He: 0.18), whereas A. stipitatum demonstrated the lowest level of variability (He: 0.05). UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic mean) analysis showed that Allium accessions have a similarity range of 0.60 to 0.95. Allium scapriscapum composed the most distant group in the dendrogram. The clustered groups of Allium species clearly reflect the recent taxonomic concept of the genus at the subgenus and section levels. The present study showed that the ISSR technique is an effective molecular approach for analyzing genetic diversity and relationship in Allium species.Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 22(2): 67-75, 2015 (December)

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