Determining Exposure to Auxin-Like Herbicides. I. Quantifying Injury to Cotton and Soybean

2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1125-1134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audie S. Sciumbato ◽  
James M. Chandler ◽  
Scott A. Senseman ◽  
Rodney W. Bovey ◽  
Ken L. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Development Research ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Plant Injury ◽  
The Impact

Crop injury caused by drift of auxin-like herbicides has been a concern since their development. Research was conducted to describe a method of quantifying injury from auxin-like herbicides as a first step in determining crop damage. Reduced rates of 2,4-D, dicamba, and triclopyr were applied to cotton and soybean plants in the three- to six-leaf stage in field and greenhouse studies. Injury to leaves and stems were evaluated separately, and the values were combined so that one injury estimate was obtained for each individual plant rated. Injury symptoms were typical for auxin-type herbicides and ranged from slight bending of stems or petioles and wrinkled leaves to necrosis. Specific descriptions of leaf and stem injury levels were used to describe plant injury consistently. These descriptions were very detailed for the lower injury levels, but the characterizations became more general as the injury increased because of the prominence of factors such as necrosis. The injury evaluation method provided repeatable results for each herbicide and herbicide rate used. This injury evaluation method has many possible uses in auxin-like herbicide research and lays the foundation for forecasting the impact of early-season injury to cotton and soybean yield.

Soybean (Glycine max) Response to Simulated Drift from Selected Sulfonylurea Herbicides, Dicamba, Glyphosate, and Glufosinate

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 264-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kassim Al-Khatib ◽  
Dallas Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Sulfonylurea Herbicides ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Herbicide Drift

Field research was conducted to evaluate the response of soybean to various herbicides applied at rates to simulate drift damage. Dicamba, glyphosate, glufosinate, and the sulfonylurea herbicides CGA-152005, primisulfuron, nicosulfuron, rimsulfuron plus thifensulfuron, and CGA-152005 plus primisulfuron were applied to soybean at the two to three trifoliolate leaf stage in 1997 and 1998 atand ⅓ of the recommended use rates. The order of yield reduction after herbicide treatment was CGA-152005 > dicamba > CGA-152005 plus primisulfuron > rimsulfuron plus thifensulfuron > primisulfuron. Soybean yields were not reduced by glyphosate, glufosinate, and nicosulfuron. Applications of all herbicides at rates higher thanof the use rate caused injury symptoms within 30 d after treatment. However, soybean plants had partially or fully recovered by the end of the growing season. Therefore, early-season injury symptoms from herbicide drift are not reliable indicators for soybean yield reduction.

scholarly journals Interference of GR® Volunteer Corn Population and Origin on Soybean Grain Yield Losses

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. PIASECKI ◽  
M.A. RIZZARDI ◽  
D.P. SCHWADE ◽  
M. TRES ◽  
J. SARTORI
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Maximum Loss ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Volunteer Corn ◽  
Corn Plants ◽  
F2 Generation ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT: The cultivation of GR® maize prior to soybean, mainly in the no-tillage system favors the higher occurrence of GR® volunteer corn interfering in soybean crops. Volunteer corn originate from seeds that were lost during harvest or from non-harvested seeds from the field; these are individual seeds, originating individual plants, or several seeds adhered to segments of the rachis, which originate clumps. Volunteer corn in the form of clumps predominates in soybean crops, but little information about its effect on soybean is available in the literature. During two years, three experiments were carried out with the objective of evaluate the impact of the interference of GR® F2 generation volunteer corn populations coming from individual and clump seeds (seven corn plants emerged at the same point) over soybean yield components and grain yield. The results show that losses in soybean yield components and grain yield are influenced by the population and origin of volunteer corn. Clumps cause losses over 90% for populations above four clumps m-2, while the mean maximum loss observed for individual plants was 83% in the largest studied populations. Soybean yield decreased significantly when competing with populations below one plant or clump m-2, being 16% and 46% in the population of 0.5 individual plant and clump m-2, respectively.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Construction of a Climate Resilient City: An Empirical Study Based on the Difference in Differences Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 2082
Author(s):  
Zifeng Liang
Keyword(s):  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Grey System ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Climate Resilience ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact

Facing climate risks has become a common problem for mankind and a topic of great importance for the Chinese government. To thoroughly implement the overall requirements for the construction of an ecological civilization and effectively improve the capacity of cities to adapt to climate change, China launched the pilot construction of “Climate Resilient Cities” in 2017. In this paper, 16 prefecture level cities in Anhui Province of China were selected as the research objects, and the multi-level grey system evaluation method was used to measure the climate resilience of these regions. We used the difference in differences method to evaluate the effect of the pilot policy of “Climate Resilient Cities.” The pilot policies of the “Climate Resilient Cities” showed a significant contribution to the regional climate resilience, and, after isolating the impact of other factors on the regional climate resilience, the pilot policies of the “Climate Resilient Cities” increased the climate resilience of the pilot cities by four percentage points. The pilot policies of the “Climate Resilient Cities” had a significant contribution to the urban infrastructure development and ecological space optimization, as well as non-significant impacts to the urban water security, emergency management capacity-building, and science and technology innovation initiatives.

Soybean Sensitivity to Florpyrauxifen-benzyl during Reproductive Growth and the Impact on Subsequent Progeny

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ryan Miller ◽  
Jason K. Norsworthy
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Soybean Plant ◽  
Reproductive Growth ◽  
Similar Reduction ◽  
Structural Class ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
The Impact

AbstractTo address recent concerns related to auxin herbicide drift onto soybean, a study was developed to understand the susceptibility of the reproductive stage of soybean to a new auxin herbicide compared with dicamba. Florpyrauxifen-benzyl is under development as the second herbicide in a new structural class of synthetic auxins, the arylpicolinates. Field studies were conducted to (1) evaluate and compare reproductive soybean injury and yield following applications of florpyrauxifen-benzyl or dicamba across various concentrations and reproductive growth stages and (2) determine whether low-rate applications of florpyrauxifen-benzyl or dicamba to soybean in reproductive stages would have similar effect on the progeny of the affected plants. Soybean were treated with 0, 1/20, or 1/160, of the 1X rate of florpyrauxifen-benzyl (30 g ai ha−1) or dicamba (560 g ae ha−1) at R1, R2, R3, R4, or R5 growth stage. Soybean plant height and yield was reduced from 1/20X dicamba across all reproductive stages. High drift rates (1/20X) of florpyrauxifen-benzyl also reduced soybean plant height >25% and yield across R1 to R4 stages. Germination, stand, plant height, and yield of the offspring of soybean plants treated with dicamba and florpyrauxifen-benzyl were significantly affected. Dicamba applied at a rate of 1/20X at R4 and R5 resulted in 20% and 35% yield reduction for the offspring, respectively. A similar reduction occurred from florpyrauxifen-benzyl applied at R4 and R5 at the 1/20X rate, resulting in 15% to 24% yield reduction for the offspring, respectively. Based on these findings, it is suggested that growers use caution when applying these herbicides in the vicinity of reproductive soybean.

Developmental and reproductive effects of clothianidin exposure in monarch butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Alana A.E. Wilcox ◽  
Amy E.M. Newman ◽  
D. Ryan Norris
Keyword(s):  
Egg Size ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Danaus Plexippus ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Monarch Butterflies ◽  
Insecticide Treatment ◽  
Late Instar ◽  
Length Width ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Neonicotinoid insecticides are used to reduce crop damage caused by insect pests, but sublethal levels could affect development and reproduction in nontarget insects, such as monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). To investigate the impact of field-realistic concentrations of the neonicotinoid clothianidin on monarch butterflies, we grew swamp milkweed (Asclepias incarnata) (Apocynaceae) in either low (15 ng/g of soil) or high (25 ng/g of soil) levels of clothianidin, or in a control (0 ng/g), then raised monarchs on the milkweed. Morphological traits of monarch caterpillars were measured during development and, once they eclosed, were mated as adults to quantify egg size and mass and the number of eggs laid. Although the effects of the treatment had complex effects on caterpillar length, width and volume of late-instar caterpillars were negatively affected. Fifth-instar caterpillars from the high-dose insecticide treatment had lower mass than other groups. Adult monarch butterflies raised on treated milkweed were larger than controls, but clothianidin exposure did not affect the number of eggs laid or egg size. Although the magnitude of the effect depends on clothianidin concentration, our results suggest that exposure to clothianidin during early life can impact monarch caterpillar development but is unlikely to reduce female reproductive output.

scholarly journals Economic Threshold of Volunteer Corn GR® in Soybean as a Function of Emergence Time and Origin of Corn

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. PIASECKI ◽  
M.A. RIZZARDI
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Emergence Time ◽  
Economic Threshold ◽  
Control Cost ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Volunteer Corn ◽  
Corn Plants

ABSTRACT: Volunteer corn is extremely competitive with soybean and the degree of interference varies with the corn density, time of emergence and origin. The objectives of this work were to determine the economic threshold (ET) of volunteer corn GR® F2 in soybean as a function of the time of emergence (same day and nine days after soybean) and origin (individual plants or clumps). Each clump was manually adjusted to have seven corn plants. Four field experiments were conducted in randomized blocks design with four replicates in Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil. The soybean yield losses (%) were calculated and adjusted to the model of the rectangular hyperbola and generated the parameters for the determination of the ET, that was calculated based on the volunteer corn control costs (US$ ha-1), efficiency of control (%), price paid for soybean (US$ kg-1) and soybean yield (kg ha-1). The ET mean was 0.3 and 0.48 for individual corn plants m-2 emerged together and nine days after soybean, and 0.08 and 0.03 m-2 for individual plants and clumps, respectively. Increases in grain yield and price paid for soybean, greater control efficiency of corn and lower control cost promote reduction in the ET of volunteer corn in soybean. The control of volunteer corn is justified in a density less than 0.5 individual plant m-2 and is close to zero when corn originates from clumps. Volunteer corn is one of the most competitive weed in soybean crops.

scholarly journals Formation of professional reflection of future specialists in physical therapy, ergotherapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-58
Author(s):  
Yuliia Volodymyrivna Kopochynska ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Therapy ◽  
Experimental Work ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Active Research ◽  
Expert Evaluation Method ◽  
Model Formation ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of the study is to develop a model for the formation of professional reflection of future specialists in physical therapy, ergotherapy and to study the impact of its implementation in the process of professional training. Based on the theoretical analysis of the scientific literature, we have developed a model for the formation of professional reflection of future specialists in physical therapy and ergotherapy. The model developed is based on a reflexive approach, which assumes that a person has the capacity to take an active research position in relation to his activity and to himself as his subject, in order to critically analyze, understand and evaluate its effectiveness for its development. The approach to reflective activity allows us to consider reflection as a mechanism for the development and implementation of activity, in turn, activity is the object of reflection. The essence of this approach is most consistent with the understanding of the professional reflection of specialists in physical therapy, ergotherapy as an integral part of professional activity, which led to the development of a program of work with students on its basis. Psychological methods, a specially designed questionnaire and an expert evaluation method were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the model. Formation of professional reflection of future specialists in physical therapy, ergotherapy is presented in the form of three successive interrelated stages. The components of professional reflection of specialists in physical therapy and ergotherapy are covered. We used the methods of diagnostics of reflexivity and examination twice, before the beginning of the experimental work and after its completion. The analysis of the experimental work showed that the students of the experimental group significantly increased the level of formation of each of the components of professional reflection of specialists in physical therapy and ergotherapy. The results of the study make it possible to outline a number of unresolved problems, the development of which is dictated by the needs of the theory and practice of the entire education system. According to the results of the study, the introduction of the developed model in the process of professional training of future specialists in physical therapy and ergotherapy will contribute to the formation of professional reflection.

scholarly journals The Impact of Road Light on Growth and Result of Soybean Plant

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-114
Author(s):  
Jajuk Herawati ◽  
I. Indarwati ◽  
Tatuk Tojibatus S. ◽  
Mochamad Thohiron ◽  
Heru Prasetyo
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Price Volatility ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
High Price ◽  
Soybean Plant ◽  
Street Lighting ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
The Impact

Until now, soybean is still one of the priority food commodities in Indonesia. in the agricultural revitalization program launched by the government in 2005, due to the high price volatility that did not rule out the possibility of shaking the Indonesian economy. Soybean plants can provide positive and negative responses to environmental changes growing above and in the soil.  This response can be known from phenotypic and physiological changes in plants. The environment on land which influences the growth of soybean plants mainly is the duration and intensity of irradiation, air temperature, CO2 content in the atmosphere. The study aims to determine the impact of street lighting on the growth and yield of soybean plants.  The study used a Randomized Block Design Method with 3 treatments,  and each treatment was repeated 9 times, so that it takes 27 treatment plots. J0= Distance of street lighting to soybean land (meters), J1: 50 meters, J2: 60 meters, and J3: 70 meters.  Observations were made one week after planting at 7-day intervals for growth parameters (plant height and number of leaves), while for the production parameters (Number of Content Pods/Plants, Dry Weight (DW) 100 Seeds, DW Seeds/Plots, and DW Seeds/Ha) are carried out after harvest. From the results of the study it can be concluded that there are real differences in the parameters of growth and production (number of filled pods, DW 100 seeds, DW seeds/plot, and DW seeds/ha), where the J3 treatment is capable of producing 2.89 tons/ha (an increase in dry weight of seeds/ha by 28.4%), compared to J1 2.24 tonnes/ha , although not significantly different from Treatment  J2

scholarly journals Construction of Spatiotemporal Difference Image of the Impact of Financial Structure on China’s Total Factor Productivity

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Yong Yu
Keyword(s):  
Total Factor Productivity ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Financial Structure ◽  
Model Verification ◽  
Factor Productivity ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Dea Model ◽  
Dea Analysis ◽  
Low Efficiency ◽  
The Impact

My country’s current research on the influencing factors of total factor productivity has problems such as single evaluation method, low efficiency, and poor overall level in terms of evaluation methods and evaluation efficiency. Based on this, this study divides the financial structure into three traditional sections, banking, securities, and insurance, and uses the DEA model to study the temporal and spatial differences of the financial structure’s influence on the total factor productivity of the four major political and economic regions of China’s eastern, western, central, and northeastern China. First, establish a DEA model based on data mining algorithms, combine financial data comparisons over the years, to achieve a quantitative analysis of the financial structure’s impact on China’s total factor productivity, calculate financial efficiency, and then combine the DEA analysis data model with the grey correlation method. Analyze its internal influence rules, and design experiments for model verification analysis. The results show that the DEA analysis model can realize 8 iterations of data on the impact of financial structure on China’s total factor productivity, and its evaluation accuracy can reach more than 96.2%.

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