Weed Response to Flame Weeding at Different Developmental Stages

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 438-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan C. Sivesind ◽  
Maryse L. Leblanc ◽  
Daniel C. Cloutier ◽  
Philippe Seguin ◽  
Katrine A. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Maturity Stage ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Weed Flora ◽  
Flame Weeding

Flame weeding is often used for weed control in organic production and other situations where use of herbicides is prohibited or undesirable. Response to cross-flaming was evaluated on five common weed species: common lambsquarters, redroot pigweed, shepherd's-purse, barnyardgrass, and yellow foxtail. Dose-response curves were generated according to species and growth stage. Dicot species were more effectively controlled than monocot species. Common lambsquarters was susceptible to flame treatment with doses required for 95% control (LD95) ranging from 0.9 to 3.3 kg/km with increasing maturity stage. Comparable levels of control in redroot pigweed required higher doses than common lambsquarters, but adequate control was still achieved. Flaming effectively controlled shepherd's-purse at the cotyledon stage (LD95 = 1.2 kg/km). However, the LD95 for weeds with two to five leaves increased to 2.5 kg/km, likely due to the rosette stage of growth, which allowed treated weeds to avoid thermal injury. Control of barnyardgrass and yellow foxtail was poor, with weed survival > 50% for all maturity stages and flaming doses tested. Flame weeding can be an effective and labor-saving weed control method, the extent of which is partially dependent on the weed flora present. Knowledge of the local weed flora and their susceptibility to flame weeding is vital for the effective use of this method.

Evaluating the EPA's Comparative Product Performance Testing Guidelines for Herbicides in Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-222
Author(s):  
Robin R. Bellinder ◽  
Marija Arsenovic ◽  
Jonathan J. Kirkwyland ◽  
Russell W. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Snap Bean ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Product Comparison

Following suggested guidelines developed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), comparative snap bean herbicide performance field trials were conducted from 1993 to 1995 in New York. Data were obtained on crop injury, weed control, and weed biomass, and crop yield, quality, and losses during harvest. Trifluralin, EPTC, and pendimethalin applied preplant incorporated (PPI) and applications of metolachlor applied preemergence (PRE) provided less than adequate control of redroot pigweed, common lambsquarters, and hairy galinsoga. Cultivation improved weed control with PPI and PRE applications. Metolachlor + fomesafen PRE provided good control of hairy galinsoga, adequate redroot pigweed control, and marginal control of common lambsquarters. Fomesafen applied postemergence (POST), combinations of metolachlor applied PRE with fomesafen or bentazon applied POST, and fomesafen + bentazon applied POST adequately controlled the three weed species without cultivation. Herbicide treatments had little measurable impact on snap bean quality or losses during harvest. Information from product comparison trials may be useful in developing recommendations for growers but may prove less than adequate in providing data necessary for a thorough evaluation of the relative benefits of individual herbicides as intended by EPA guidelines. Difficulties were encountered in following the guidelines, and costs of conducting the product comparison trials for a single crop in one growing region exceeded $90,000 over 3 yr.

ICIA-0051 for Postemergence Weed Control in Conventional Corn (Zea Mays)

1991 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 509-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krishna N. Reddy ◽  
Prasanta C. Bhowmik
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Field Study ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Large Crabgrass

A 2-yr field study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of ICIA-0051 for the control of annual grass and broadleaf weed species in conventional tillage corn. Treatments consisted of postemergence applications of ICIA-0051 alone and in combination with cyanazine or atrazine. ICIA-0051 at 0.6 kg ha-1 alone and in combination with cyanazine or atrazine at 1.1 kg ha-1 controlled large crabgrass, yellow foxtail, fall panicum, common lambsquarters, and redroot pigweed effectively (over 90%). The addition of cyanazine or atrazine at 1.1 kg ha-1 to the lowest rate (0.3 kg ha-1) of ICIA-0051 also improved large crabgrass, yellow foxtail, and fall panicum control by 9, 7, and 26%, respectively. None of the treatments of ICIA-0051 except the highest rate (1.1 kg ha-1) reduced either silage or grain yields of corn.

Processing Tomato and Weed Response to Flufenacet plus Metribuzin

2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 801-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter H. Sikkema ◽  
Allan S. Hamill ◽  
Mirwais M. Qaderi ◽  
Colleen Doucet
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Commercial Formulation ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Processing Tomato ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Green Foxtail

Field experiments were conducted in 1998, 1999, and 2000 at two locations (Harrow and Ridgetown) in southwestern Ontario to determine the biologically effective rates (I90) of a commercial formulation of flufenacet plus metribuzin for weed control and processing tomato tolerance. At the proposed label use rate, flufenacet plus metribuzin provided excellent (≥90%) early-season (22 to 29 d after planting) control of velvetleaf, good (80 to 89%) control of barnyardgrass and redroot pigweed, and fair (60 to 79%) control of common lambsquarters. Flufenacet plus metribuzin provided fair late-season (59 to 97 d after planting) control of redroot pigweed and common lambsquarters and poor (≤59%) control of barnyardgrass and velvetleaf. At Harrow and Ridgetown, I90values for early-season weed control ranged from 70 to 1,300 g ai/ha and 50 to 1,900 g ai/ha, respectively. Flufenacet plus metribuzin provided poor weed control at Ridgetown. This result was not attributable to higher weed density or particular weed species but may have been caused by lack of rainfall and too low application rates for the medium-textured soil type. It is estimated that flufenacet plus metribuzin at 1,400 g/ha can control green foxtail season-long, whereas barnyardgrass and common lambsquarters would require 1,900 g/ha. Season-long control of velvetleaf and redroot pigweed would require application rates of 3,200 and 7,100 g/ha, respectively. Only slight early-season crop injury was observed, which was not reflected in yields. Optimum yields of tomatoes were obtained at Harrow at rates lower or slightly higher than the registered rates for corn and soybean. Tomato yields were higher at Harrow than at Ridgetown, which may have been due to differences in soil texture. Tomatoes grown in a medium-textured (Ridgetown) soil appeared to be less competitive against weeds than those grown in a coarse-textured soil (Harrow).

Efficacy of Clomazone Applied at Various Timings in Soybean (Glycine max)

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-109
Author(s):  
Steven J. Langton ◽  
R. Gordon Harvey ◽  
John W. Albright
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Giant Foxtail

Field studies conducted in 1991 to 1993 evaluated the efficacy of clomazone applied at various timings for weed control in soybean. Clomazone applied 45, 30, 15, or 0 days prior to planting (DPP) provided season-long control of velvetleaf and giant foxtail. In 1991 and 1992 clomazone alone 30 and 45 DPP failed to control redroot pigweed. Clomazone alone 45 DPP failed to control common lambsquarters. In 1991 and 1992 clomazone at 0.84 kg/ha plus metribuzin applied 45 DPP failed to control redroot pigweed. The addition of metribuzin plus chlorimuron to the above clomazone treatments resolved these weed control deficiencies. Weed control in 1993 was nearly complete across all clomazone treatments. In 1993 clomazone treatments which included metribuzin or metribuzin plus chlorimuron applied PPI or PRE reduced yield. Herbicide injury is the likely cause of this reduction because most treatments in 1993 provided 99% control of all weed species.

Effect of Residual Herbicide and Postemergence Application Timing on Weed Control and Yield in Glyphosate-Resistant Corn

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark M. Loux ◽  
Anthony F. Dobbels ◽  
William G. Johnson ◽  
Bryan G. Young
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Timing Control ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Giant Ragweed

Field studies were conducted in 2007 and 2008 at seven sites in Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois to determine the effect of PRE herbicide and POST application timing on weed control and yield of glyphosate-resistant corn. Levels of PRE herbicide included none; low—atrazine; medium—atrazine and metolachlor; and high—atrazine, mesotrione, and metolachlor. Glyphosate was applied POST when corn was 30 cm tall, or 1 or 2 wk later. Common lambsquarters, giant foxtail, and giant ragweed infested at least six of the seven sites, and other weed species occurred at two to three sites. Control of weeds at the time of POST application ranged from 48 to 91%, 58 to 99%, and 87 to 100% for the low, medium, and high levels of PRE herbicide, respectively, averaged over POST application timing. Control of giant foxtail and redroot pigweed decreased by about 20% between the second and third POST timing, averaged over PRE herbicide, but control of other weeds was similar among timings. Late-season control of common ragweed, velvetleaf, common lambsquarters, and Pennsylvania smartweed exceeded 90%, regardless of PRE herbicide or POST timing. Control of redroot pigweed, ivyleaf morningglory, and giant ragweed was as low as 74, 67, and 83%, respectively, but the high level of PRE herbicide resulted in 90 to 97% control of these weeds. An interaction between PRE herbicide and POST timing for late-season control of giant foxtail, tall waterhemp, and yellow nutsedge reflected the more effective control among POST timings from the higher levels of PRE herbicide. The overall trend in this study was for more effective weed control in PRE/POST herbicide programs with more comprehensive PRE herbicides that have substantial activity on both grass and broadleaf weeds. Highest yield occurred where the PRE treatment consisted of a two- or three-way combination of herbicides applied at 50% of the recommended rate or higher. Yield was reduced at all POST timings with atrazine alone or in the absence of PRE herbicide.

Weed Control and Crop Safety with Premixed Pyrasulfotole and Bromoxynil in Grain Sorghum

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 664-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seshadri S. Reddy ◽  
Phillip W. Stahlman ◽  
Patrick W. Geier ◽  
Curtis R. Thompson ◽  
Randall S. Currie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Crop Response ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Redroot Pigweed

Field experiments were conducted in grain sorghum at five locations in Kansas in 2009 and 2010, to evaluate the efficacy and crop safety of early- to mid-POST (EMPOST) and late-POST (LPOST) applications of premixed pyrasulfotole and bromoxynil (PYRA&BROM) in tank mix combinations with atrazine or atrazine plus 2,4-D ester or dicamba compared to bromoxynil plus atrazine. PYRA&BROM at 244 or 300 g ai ha−1 plus atrazine at 560 g ai ha−1 applied EMPOST controlled pigweed species (Palmer amaranth, tumble pigweed, and redroot pigweed), kochia, velvetleaf, common sunflower, ivyleaf morningglory, and common lambsquarters 93% or greater. Puncturevine control among three locations ranged from 85 to 99%. Control of most weed species was not improved by increasing PYRA&BROM rate from 244 to 300 g ha−1 or by tank mixing 2,4-D or dicamba with PYRA&BROM plus atrazine. However, ivyleaf morningglory control was improved at the LPOST timing by adding 2,4-D or dicamba at 140 g ae ha−1. In no instance did any PYRA&BROM treatment provide greater weed control than bromoxynil plus atrazine at 281 + 560 g ha−1 when applied EMPOST, but in most instances PYRA&BROM treatments were more effective than bromoxynil plus atrazine when applied LPOST. Generally, PYRA&BROM treatments were more effective when applied EMPOST than LPOST, especially when 2,4-D or dicamba was added. PYRA&BROM plus atrazine treatments caused foliar bleaching in sorghum within 7 ± 3 d after treatment, but recovery was complete within 3 to 4 wk and grain yields were not reduced. Tank mixing dicamba with PYRA&BROM and atrazine occasionally reduced visible crop response compared to PYRA&BROM plus atrazine. Our results indicate that PYRA&BROM plus atrazine with or without 2,4-D or dicamba selectively controls several troublesome broadleaf weeds in grain sorghum. Foliar bleaching of sorghum leaves can occur but the symptoms are transient, and grain yields are not likely to be reduced.

Biologically effective rate of sulfentrazone applied pre-emergence in soybean

2015 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly D. Walsh ◽  
Nader Soltani ◽  
David C. Hooker ◽  
Robert E. Nurse ◽  
Peter H. Sikkema
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Effective Rate ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Common Ragweed ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Green Foxtail

Walsh, K. D., Soltani, N., Hooker, D. C., Nurse, R. E. and Sikkema, P. H. 2015. Biologically effective rate of sulfentrazone applied pre-emergence in soybean. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 339–344. Sulfentrazone is a protoporphyrinogen (PPO)-inhibiting herbicide under evaluation for use in soybean in Ontario, Canada. The primary objective of this study was to determine the dose of sulfentrazone applied pre-emergence (PRE) needed to provide 50 and 90% control of redroot pigweed, common ragweed, common lambsquarters and green foxtail. Seven field trials were conducted over a 3-yr period (2007, 2008 and 2009) in southwestern Ontario to evaluate the efficacy of sulfentrazone applied PRE at doses ranging from 26 to 1120 g a.i. ha−1. The doses of sulfentrazone applied PRE to reduce redroot pigweed, common ragweed, common lambsquarters and green foxtail dry weight by 50% were 104, 139, 15 and 65 g a.i. ha−1; doses of 241, 514, 133 and 721 g a.i. ha−1 of sulfentrazone were required for 90% reduction in above-ground biomass of those weed species, respectively. Sulfentrazone applied PRE caused soybean injury only at 560 and 1120 g a.i. ha−1, with 6 and 13% soybean injury at 4 wk after herbicide application (WAT), respectively. Weed control provided by sulfentrazone applied PRE at a dose of 600 g a.i. ha−1 was sufficient to maintain 90% of the soybean yield compared with the weed-free control. Therefore, PRE application of sulfentrazone has the potential to provide excellent (>90%) control of selected weeds with minimal to no crop injury; however, weed control varied by species, and thus broad spectrum weed control is not feasible using sulfentrazone alone.

scholarly journals Optimization of foramsulfuron doses for post-emergence weed control in maize (Zea mays L.)

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. e1005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Euro Pannacci
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Recommended Dose ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Black Nightshade ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Green Foxtail

Four field experiments were carried out from 2011 to 2014 in order to evaluate the effects of foramsulfuron, applied at the recommended (60.8 g a.i./ha) and reduced doses (1/3 and 2/3), on the efficacy against several of the most important weeds in maize. For each “year-weed” combination, dose-response curves were applied to estimate the dose of foramsulfuron required to obtain 90% and 95% weed control (ED90 and ED95). Foramsulfuron phytotoxicity on maize and crop yield were assessed. Foramsulfuron at 1/3 of the recommended dose (20.3 g a.i./ha) provided 95% efficacy against redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.), wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) and black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.). Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medik.), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.) were satisfactorily controlled (95% weed efficacy) with ED95 ranged from 20 to 50 g/ha of foramsulfuron (about from 1/3 to 5/6 of the recommended dose) depending on growth stage. The recommended dose was effective against pale smartweed (Polygonum lapathifolium L.) at 2-4 true leaves (12-14 BBCH scale), but this dose did not kill plants larger than 2-4 true leaves. The ranking among weed species based on their susceptibility to foramsulfuron was: redroot pigweed = green foxtail = wild mustard = black nightshade > velvetleaf = common lambsquarters = barnyardgrass > pale smartweed. Dose of foramsulfuron can be reduced below recommended dose depending on weed species and growth stage. Foramsulfuron showed a good crop selectivity and had no negative effect on maize yield.

Evaluation of Imazethapyr for Weed Control in Leafy Vegetable Crops

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan A. Dusky ◽  
William M. Stall
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Relative Sensitivity ◽  
Leafy Vegetable ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Common Purslane

Imazethapyr was evaluated PRE and POST in five lettuce types and chicory under Florida field conditions. The relative sensitivity of leafy crop vigor (most sensitive to most tolerant) to imazethapyr PRE, based on 20% inhibition determined using regression analysis, was as follows: Boston > bibb > crisphead > romaine > leaf > escarole > endive. Leafy crop injury increased as the rate of imazethapyr applied POST increased, with all leafy crops responding in a similar manner. Surfactant addition increased imazethapyr phytotoxicity. Imazethapyr PRE treatments at 0.067 kg ai/ha provided greater than 80% control of livid amaranth, common purslane, flatsedge, and common lambsquarters. Imazethapyr POST at 0.067 kg/ha, with surfactant provided control greater than 85% of all weed species. Greater than 85% spiny amaranth control was provided by imazethapyr POST at 0.017 kg/ha. Use of surfactant with imazethapyr did not improve spiny amaranth control over imazethapyr with no surfactant. POST treatments did not decrease leafy crop yield compared with the hand-weeded check. Imazethapyr applied PRE reduced crop yield compared to the POST treatments and the hand-weeded control.

Root Growth of Neighboring Maize and Weeds Studied with Minirhizotrons

Weed Science ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Britschgi ◽  
Peter Stamp ◽  
Juan M. Herrera
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Root Density ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Belowground Competition ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Redroot Pigweed

Competition between crops and weeds may be stronger at the root than at the shoot level, but belowground competition remains poorly understood, due to the lack of suitable methods for root discrimination. Using a transgenic maize line expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP), we nondestructively discriminated maize roots from weed roots. Interactions between GFP-expressing maize, common lambsquarters, and redroot pigweed were studied in two different experiments with plants arranged in rows at a higher plant density (using boxes with a surface area of 0.09 m2) and in single-plant arrangements (using boxes with a surface area of 0.48 m2). Root density was screened using minirhizotrons. Relative to maize that was grown alone, maize root density was reduced from 41 to 87% when it was grown with redroot pigweed and from 27 to 73% when it was grown with common lambsquarters compared to maize grown alone. The calculated root : shoot ratios as well as the results of shoot dry weight and root density showed that both weed species restricted root growth more than they restricted shoot growth of maize. The effect of maize on the root density of the weeds ranged from a reduction of 25% to an increase of 23% for common lambsquarters and a reduction of 42 to 6% for redroot pigweed. This study constitutes the first direct quantification of root growth and distribution of maize growing together with weeds. Here we demonstrate that the innovative use of transgenic GFP-expressing maize combined with the minirhizotron technique offers new insights on the nature of the response of major crops to belowground competition with weeds.

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