Bioassay of the Herbicidal Activity of AAC-Toxin Produced byAlternaria alternataIsolated fromAgeratina adenophora

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheng Qiang ◽  
Ling Wang ◽  
Ran Wei ◽  
Bing Zhou ◽  
Shiguo Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Trials ◽  
Herbicidal Activity ◽  
Tenuazonic Acid ◽  
Fungal Metabolite ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Brown Leaf Spot ◽  
Brown Leaf ◽  
Leaf Necrosis ◽  
Large Crabgrass

Tenuazonic acid (TeA), a naturally occurring product ofAlternaria alternata, a pathogen to croftonweed, was discovered to be a novel natural photosystem II (PSII) inhibitor. However, herbicidal activity of AAC-toxin, a metabolite of this fungus containing TeA as the main active ingredient, has not been evaluated systematically. In this study, we conducted activity-evaluation experiments in the laboratory, greenhouse, and field trials to assess the herbicidal potential of this fungal metabolite. AAC-toxin had high herbicidal activity on all species tested: croftonweed, large crabgrass, barnyardgrass, redroot pigweed, and eclipta. The AAC-toxin caused brown, leaf spot symptoms and leaf necrosis, subsequently killing the seedlings. When AAC-toxin was applied POST at 83 ml ai/ha, more than 95% of large crabgrass, barnyardgrass, and redroot pigweed plants were controlled 2 d after treatment in field trials. It can be concluded that AAC-toxin has broad-spectrum, rapid, and high herbicidal activity similar to that of paraquat and may have the potential to be developed as a microbe-based herbicide.

Recurrent Phenotypic Selection for Resistance to Brown Leaf Spot in Smooth Bromegrass 1

Crop Science ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 533-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clyde C. Berg ◽  
Robert T. Sherwood ◽  
Kenneth E. Zeiders
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Phenotypic Selection ◽  
Smooth Bromegrass ◽  
Brown Leaf Spot ◽  
Brown Leaf ◽  
Selection For

scholarly journals Tenuazonic acid: a promising antitubercular principle from Alternaria alternate

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Visalakchi Sonaimuthu ◽  
Swati Parihar ◽  
Jay Prakash Thakur ◽  
Suaib Luqman ◽  
Dharmendra Saikia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Alternaria Alternata ◽  
Active Metabolite ◽  
Antitubercular Activity ◽  
Model System ◽  
Human Erythrocytes ◽  
Tenuazonic Acid ◽  
Fungal Metabolite ◽  
Osmotic Hemolysis ◽  
Alternaria Alternate

Bioactivity guided isolation of dichloromethane extract of <em>Alternaria alternata</em> identified tenuazonic acid (1) as potentially active against <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em> H37Rv, MIC at 250 μg/mL concentration. This active metabolite 1, was also evaluated for osmotic hemolysis using the erythrocyte as a model system. It was observed that this fungal metabolite showing antitubercular activity exhibited concentration dependent toxicity to human erythrocytes.

scholarly journals Genome Analysis of an Alphabaculovirus Isolated from the Larch Looper, Erannis ankeraria

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Long Liu ◽  
Zhilin Zhang ◽  
Chenglin Liu ◽  
Liangjian Qu ◽  
Dun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Open Reading Frames ◽  
Parameter Analysis ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Larch Forests ◽  
Genome Phylogeny ◽  
Occlusion Bodies ◽  
Reading Frames ◽  
Core Genes

The larch looper, Erannis ankeraria Staudinger (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), is one of the major insect pests of larch forests, widely distributed from southeastern Europe to East Asia. A naturally occurring baculovirus, Erannis ankeraria nucleopolyhedrovirus (EranNPV), was isolated from E. ankeraria larvae. This virus was characterized by electron microscopy and by sequencing the whole viral genome. The occlusion bodies (OBs) of EranNPV exhibited irregular polyhedral shapes containing multiple enveloped rod-shaped virions with a single nucleocapsid per virion. The EranNPV genome was 125,247 bp in length with a nucleotide distribution of 34.9% G+C. A total of 131 hypothetical open reading frames (ORFs) were identified, including the 38 baculovirus core genes and five multi-copy genes. Five homologous regions (hrs) were found in the EranNPV genome. Phylogeny and pairwise kimura 2-parameter analysis indicated that EranNPV was a novel group II alphabaculovirus and was most closely related to Apocheima cinerarium NPV (ApciNPV). Field trials showed that EranNPV was effective in controlling E. ankeraria in larch forests. The above results will be relevant to the functional research on EranNPV and promote the use of this virus as a biocontrol agent.

scholarly journals Bipolaris oryzae Causing Brown Leaf Spot on Echinochloa crus-galli in Southern Brazil

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (5) ◽  
pp. 1038 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. Kaspary ◽  
C. Bellé ◽  
C. A. G. Rigon ◽  
L. Cutti ◽  
G. Casarotto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Bipolaris Oryzae ◽  
Brown Leaf Spot ◽  
Brown Leaf

Pseudocercospora timorensis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Little
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Solomon Islands ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Brown Leaf Spot ◽  
Water Splash ◽  
Brown Leaf

Abstract A description is provided for Pseudocercospora timorensis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Ipomoea batatas (sweet potato), I. biloba, I. campanulata, I. cordofana, I. muricata, I. peltata, I. setifera.DISEASE: Leaf spot or brown leaf spot of sweet potato. Small circular lesions first form on the leaf borders and tips before spreading over the leaf surface. These leaf spots enlarge becoming brown to dark brown in colour with a verruculose surface. The larger leaf veins may delimit the spots. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: most countries; Asia: Hong-Kong, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Taiwan; Australasia: Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands; North America: West Indies (St Lucia). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by wind-borne and water-splash dispersed conidia.

Response of Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) and Imidazolinone-Resistant Corn (Zea mays) to AC 263,222

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 484-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Wilcut ◽  
John S. Richburg ◽  
F. Robert Walls
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Sorghum Halepense ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Ac 263,222 ◽  
Large Crabgrass

Field studies were conducted in 1992 and 1993 to evaluate AC 263,222 applied postemergence (POST) alone and as a mixture with atrazine or bentazon for weed control in imidazolinone-resistant corn. Nicosulfuron alone and nicosulfuron plus atrazine were also evaluated. Herbicide treatments were applied following surface-banded applications of two insecticides, carbofuran or terbufos at planting. Crop sensitivity to POST herbicides, corn yield, and weed control was not affected by insecticide treatments. AC 263,222 at 36 and 72 g ai/ha controlled rhizomatous johnsongrass 88 and 99%, respectively, which was equivalent to nicosulfuron applied alone or with atrazine. AC 263,222 at 72 g/ha controlled large crabgrass 99% and redroot pigweed 100%, and this level of control exceeded that obtained with nicosulfuron alone. AC 263,222 at 72 g/ha controlled sicklepod and morningglory species 99 and 98%, respectively. Nicosulfuron alone or with atrazine controlled these two species less than AC 263,222 at 72 g/ha. Addition of bentazon or atrazine to AC 263,222 did not improve control of any species compared with the higher rate of AC 263,222 at 72 g/ha applied alone. Corn yield increased over the untreated control when POST herbicide(s) were applied, but there were no differences in yield among herbicide treatments.

Evaluating the EPA's Comparative Product Performance Testing Guidelines for Herbicides in Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-222
Author(s):  
Robin R. Bellinder ◽  
Marija Arsenovic ◽  
Jonathan J. Kirkwyland ◽  
Russell W. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Snap Bean ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Product Comparison

Following suggested guidelines developed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), comparative snap bean herbicide performance field trials were conducted from 1993 to 1995 in New York. Data were obtained on crop injury, weed control, and weed biomass, and crop yield, quality, and losses during harvest. Trifluralin, EPTC, and pendimethalin applied preplant incorporated (PPI) and applications of metolachlor applied preemergence (PRE) provided less than adequate control of redroot pigweed, common lambsquarters, and hairy galinsoga. Cultivation improved weed control with PPI and PRE applications. Metolachlor + fomesafen PRE provided good control of hairy galinsoga, adequate redroot pigweed control, and marginal control of common lambsquarters. Fomesafen applied postemergence (POST), combinations of metolachlor applied PRE with fomesafen or bentazon applied POST, and fomesafen + bentazon applied POST adequately controlled the three weed species without cultivation. Herbicide treatments had little measurable impact on snap bean quality or losses during harvest. Information from product comparison trials may be useful in developing recommendations for growers but may prove less than adequate in providing data necessary for a thorough evaluation of the relative benefits of individual herbicides as intended by EPA guidelines. Difficulties were encountered in following the guidelines, and costs of conducting the product comparison trials for a single crop in one growing region exceeded $90,000 over 3 yr.

Influence of Simulated Rainfall and Soil Moisture on Herbicidal Activity of Cinmethylin

Weed Science ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven G. Russell ◽  
Thomas J. Monaco ◽  
Jerome B. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Herbicidal Activity ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Prickly Sida

Field trials were conducted in 1986 and 1987 to determine the effects of moisture on herbicidal activity of cinmethylin applied preemergence at 0.0, 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 kg ai ha to both dry and moist sandy loam soil. Herbicide application was followed by varying amounts of irrigation. Weed species included velvetleaf, prickly sida, green foxtail, and barnyardgrass. When cinmethylin was applied to a moist soil or when 2.5 cm of irrigation was applied 5 days after cinmethylin application to a dry soil, overall weed control was reduced. Optimum weed control resulted from cinmethylin application to dry soil followed either by a 2.5-cm irrigation within 8 h or a 7.6-cm irrigation within 36 h.

scholarly journals Eco-Friendly Management of Rice Diseases

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Amanut Ullah Razu ◽  
Ismail Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Sheath Blight ◽  
Leaf Blight ◽  
Bacterial Leaf Blight ◽  
Curvularia Lunata ◽  
Brown Leaf Spot ◽  
Brown Leaf ◽  
Clove Extract ◽  
Field And Laboratory Conditions

Comparative efficacy of BAU-Biofungicide (2%), a product of Trichoderma harzianum, Garlic (Allium sativum) clove extract (5%), Allamanda(Allamanda cathartica) leaf extract (5%), Bion (25ppm), Amistar (0.1%) and Tilt 250EC (0.1%) were evaluated for eco-friendly managementof diseases of rice cv. BRRI Dhan-49 under field and laboratory conditions from July,2013 to March,2014. The field experiment was carriedout following Randomised Complete Block Design and the laboratory experiments were done following Completely Randomized Design.Brown spot, Narrow brown leaf spot, Bacterial leaf blight and Sheath blight were recorded in the field. The lowest incidence of brown spotand narrow brown leaf spot was observed in plots treated with BAU-Biofungicide and that of bacterial leaf blight was observed in plots sprayedwith Allamanda leaf extract. In case of sheath blight, the lowest incidence was observed in BAU-Biofungicide sprayed plots. The highest grainyield (3680.34kg/ha) was recorded in plots sprayed with BAU-Biofungicide which is 40.56% higher over control. The highest seed germination(%) was recorded when seeds were treated with Garlic clove extract (89.29%) followed by BAU-Biofungicide (87.30%). The prevalence ofseed-borne fungi was investigated by blotter method. The identified seed-borne fungal species were Bipolaris oryzae, Fusarium oxysporum,Fusarium moniliforme, Curvularia lunata, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus. Maximum reduction of seed-borne infection of pathogenswas obtained by treating seeds with BAU-Biofungicide (2% of seed weight).DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v3i1.11977    Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol. 3(1): 80-88 

scholarly journals Characterization of Pyrenophora Species Causing Brown Leaf Spot on Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) in Southwestern China

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (7) ◽  
pp. 1900-1907
Author(s):  
Longhai Xue ◽  
Yong Liu ◽  
Su Zhou ◽  
James F. White ◽  
Chunjie Li
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
Brown Leaf Spot ◽  
Brown Leaf ◽  
Pathogenicity Tests

Drechslera leaf spot (DLS) caused by Pyrenophora (Drechslera) species is one of the most serious diseases affecting Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) in China. Between 2015 and 2018, this disease was observed in three Italian ryegrass fields in the province of Sichuan, China. Average leaf disease incidence was approximately 1 to 12% but could range up to 100%. Symptoms appeared as brown or tan spots surrounded by a yellow halo, or brown to dark brown net blotch; subsequently, spots increased in number and size, and they later covered a large area of leaf, eventually causing leaf death. In this study, 86 strains of Pyrenophora fungi were isolated from leaf lesions of Italian ryegrass. Coupled with phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region, partial 28S ribosomal RNA gene, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene, morphological characteristics showed that Pyrenophora dictyoides and P. nobleae are associated with Italian ryegrass in southwest China. Pathogenicity tests confirmed that both species can infect Italian ryegrass, causing leaf spot, whereas the virulence of the two species differed; P. nobleae showed lower pathogenicity to Italian ryegrass. This is the first time that these two Pyrenophora species were formally reported on Italian ryegrass based on both morphological and molecular characters. Overall, this study improves knowledge of the Pyrenophora species associated with Italian ryegrass and provides a foundation for control of this disease in the future.

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