Soybean Sensitivity to Drift Rates of Imazosulfuron

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandeep S. Rana ◽  
Jason K. Norsworthy ◽  
Robert C. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stage ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Sulfonylurea Herbicide ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Different Growth Stages

Imazosulfuron is a sulfonylurea herbicide recently labeled in U.S. rice at a maximum rate of 336 g ai ha−1. Soybean is prone to drift of herbicides from rice fields in the southern United States because these crops are often grown in close proximity. Field trials were conducted to determine the effect of low rates of imazosulfuron applied to nonsulfonylurea-resistant soybean at different growth stages. Soybean was treated at the vegetative cotyledonary (VC); vegetative second trifoliate (V2); vegetative sixth trifoliate (V6); and reproductive full bloom (R2) growth stages with 1/256 (1.3 g ha−1) to 1/4 (84.1 g ha−1) times (X) the maximum labeled rate of imazosulfuron. Soybean was injured regardless of application rate or timing. At 2 wk after treatment (WAT), imazosulfuron injured soybean 23 to 79, 44 to 76, 32 to 68, and 14 to 50% when applied at the VC, V2, V6, and R2 growth stages, respectively, where the highest injury was caused by the highest imazosulfuron rate (1/4X). However, by 20 wk after planting (WAP), soybean treated with imazosulfuron at the VC and V2 growth stages had only 0 to 17% and 8 to 53% injury, respectively. At higher rates [1/8 (42 g ha−1) and 1/4X] of imazosulfuron, soybean treated at the VC growth stage recovered more from injury than did soybean treated at the V2 growth stage. Soybean treated with imazosulfuron at the V6 and R2 growth stages had better recovery from the injury at the lower two rates [1/256 and 1/128X (2.6 g ha−1)] than at the higher rates [1/64 (5.3 g ha−1) to 1/4X]. Imazosulfuron, at all rates tested, delayed soybean maturity by 1 to 4, 2 to 6, 1 to 12, and 3 to 16 d for the VC, V2, V6, and R2 growth stages, respectively. Yield loss was greater when imazosulfuron was applied at V6 and R2 compared to applications at VC and V2. Results from this research indicate that imazosulfuron can severely injure soybean regardless of the growth stage at which drift occurs; however, soybean injured by imazosulfuron at early growth stages (VC and V2) has a better chance of recovery over time compared to drift at later growth stages (V6 and R2).

Control of Early Watergrass (Echinochloa Oryzoides) and Late Watergrass (Echinochloa Phyllopogon) with Cyhalofop, Clefoxydim, and Penoxsulam Applied Alone and in Mixture with Broadleaf Herbicides

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 992-998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christos A. Damalas ◽  
Kico V. Dhima ◽  
Ilias G. Eleftherohorinos
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stage ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Rice Fields ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Early Growth Stage ◽  
Late Growth ◽  
Echinochloa Phyllopogon

Experiments were conducted to study the effect of application rate, growth stage, and tank-mixing azimsulfuron or bentazon on the activity of cyhalofop, clefoxydim, and penoxsulam against two morphologically distinctEchinochloaspecies from rice fields in Greece. Mixtures of penoxsulam with MCPA were also evaluated. Cyhalofop (300 to 600 g ai/ha) applied at the three- to four-leaf growth stage provided 62 to 85% control of early watergrass but 41 to 83% control of late watergrass averaged over mixture treatments. Control ranged from 37 to 80% for early watergrass and from 35 to 78% for late watergrass when cyhalofop was applied at the five- to six-leaf growth stage averaged over mixture treatments. Mixtures of cyhalofop with azimsulfuron or bentazon reduced efficacy on both species irrespective of growth stage or cyhalofop application rate compared with cyhalofop alone. Clefoxydim (100 to 250 g ai/ha) applied alone at the three- to four-leaf growth stage provided 98 to 100% control of early watergrass and 91 to 100% control of late watergrass; when clefoxydim was applied alone at the five- to six-leaf growth stage the control obtained was 91 to 100% for early watergrass and 79 to 100% for late watergrass. Mixtures of clefoxydim with azimsulfuron or bentazon reduced efficacy on late watergrass at the early growth stage and on both species at the late growth stage. Penoxsulam (20 to 40 g ai/ha) applied alone provided 94 to 100% control of both species at both growth stages. Mixtures of MCPA with penoxsulam reduced efficacy on late watergrass at the early growth stage and on both species at the late growth stage. Mixtures of penoxsulam with azimsulfuron or bentazon reduced efficacy only on late watergrass at the late growth stage.

scholarly journals Effect of Different Durations of Water-Logging at Different Growth Stages on Seed Yield of Sesame

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. p68
Author(s):  
M. H. Ali
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Water Logging ◽  
Different Growth Stages

In Bangladesh, sesame suffers from water-logging during its growing period. Multi-year and multi-location field trials were carried out to study the effect of different durations of water-logging at different growth stages on seed yield of sesame. From two years results, it is revealed that the effects of water-logging during a particular growth stage or particular duration of water-logging on seed yield depends on pre- and/or post water-logging from the rainfall. Differential effects of the cultivars were also observed. The cultivar Binatil-2 and Binatil-3 showed reasonable seed yield under water-logging at flowering and mid pod-formation stages for 24 to36 hours.

Resistance of Enlist™ (AAD-12) Cotton to Glufosinate

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 380-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Bo Braxton ◽  
John S. Richburg ◽  
Alan C. York ◽  
A. Stanley Culpepper ◽  
Robert A. Haygood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stage ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Cotton Yield ◽  
Single Application

Enlist™ cotton contains the aad-12 and pat genes that confer resistance to 2,4-D and glufosinate, respectively. Thirty-three field trials were conducted focused on Enlist cotton injury from glufosinate as affected by cotton growth stage, application rate, and single or sequential applications. Maximum injury from a single application of typical 1X (542 g ae ha-1) and 2X use rates was 3 and 13%, respectively, regardless of growth stage. Injury from sequential applications of 1X or 2X rates was equivalent to single applications. Similar injury was observed with four commercial formulations of glufosinate. Cotton yield was never affected by glufosinate. This research demonstrates Enlist™ cotton has robust resistance to glufosinate at rates at least twice the typical use rate when applied once or twice at growth stages ranging from 2 to 12 leaves.

scholarly journals 452 Stand Reduction and Foliage Damage Reduce Yield of Onion for Dehydration

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 471E-472
Author(s):  
George H. Clough
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stage ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Plant Growth Stages ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Stage Yield ◽  
Different Growth Stages ◽  
Production Characteristics

Field trials were conducted at Hermiston, Ore., from 1995 through 1998 to determine the impact of stand loss and plant damage at different growth stages on yield of onions grown for dehydration. The experiment was a complete factorial with four replications. Stand reduction (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%) and foliage damage (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100%) treatments were applied at 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-leaf onion growth stages. All average onion production characteristics decreased linearly as stand reduction increased (plant population decreased) at all plant growth stages except average bulb weight which increased as stand was reduced. Bulb weight was not changed by up to 100% foliage removal at the three-leaf stage of growth. At the 6- and 12-leaf stages, bulb weight was reduced when >50% of the foliage was removed. The most severe response occurred at the nine-leaf stage when bulb weights were reduced the most. At the three-leaf stage, yield was not affected by foliage damage. At the six-leaf growth stage, yield was reduced by 75% or more foliage loss, but at the 9- and 12-leaf stages, >50% foliage removal reduced expected yields. As with bulb weight, the impact of foliage removal on yield was most severe at the nine-leaf growth stage.

scholarly journals Stand Reduction and Foliage Damage Reduce Yield of Dehydrating Onion

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 1005-1007 ◽  
Author(s):  
George H. Clough
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Plant Growth Stages ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Stage Yield ◽  
Different Growth Stages

Field trials were conducted at Hermiston, Ore., from 1995 through 1998, to determine impact of stand loss and plant damage at different growth stages on yield of onions (Allium cepa) grown for dehydration. Stand reduction (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%) and foliage damage (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) treatments were applied at three-, six-, nine-, and twelve-leaf onion growth stages. Although average bulb weight increased as stand was reduced, marketable, cull, and total yields decreased as stand reduction increased (plant population decreased) at all plant growth stages. Bulb weight was not changed by up to 100% foliage removal at the three-leaf stage. At the six- and twelve-leaf stages, weight was reduced when ≥50% of the foliage was removed. The most severe response occurred at the nine-leaf stage. At the three-leaf stage, yield was not affected by foliage damage. At the six-leaf growth stage, yield was reduced by 75% or more foliage loss, but at the nine- and twelve-leaf stages, ≥50% foliage removal reduced expected yields. As with bulb weight, the impact of foliage removal on yield was most severe at the nine-leaf growth stage.

Evaluation of Harvest-Aid Herbicides as Desiccants in Lentil Production

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 629-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ti Zhang ◽  
Eric N. Johnson ◽  
Christian J. Willenborg
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Seed Field ◽  
Dry Down ◽  
General Reduction

Desiccants are currently used to improve lentil dry-down prior to harvest. Applying desiccants at growth stages prior to maturity may result in reduced crop yield and quality, and leave unacceptable herbicide residues in seeds. There is little information on whether various herbicides applied alone or as a tank-mix with glyphosate have an effect on glyphosate residues in harvested seed. Field trials were conducted at Saskatoon and Scott, Saskatchewan, Canada, from 2012 to 2014 to determine whether additional desiccants applied alone or tank mixed with glyphosate improve crop desiccation and reduce the potential for unacceptable glyphosate residue in seed. Glufosinate and diquat tank mixed with glyphosate were the most consistent desiccants, providing optimal crop dry-down and a general reduction in glyphosate seed residues without adverse effects on seed yield and weight. Saflufenacil provided good crop desiccation without yield loss, but failed to reduce glyphosate seed residues consistently. Pyraflufen-ethyl and flumioxazin applied alone or tank mixed with glyphosate were found to be inferior options for growers as they exhibited slow and incomplete crop desiccation, and did not decrease glyphosate seed residues. Based on results from this study, growers should apply glufosinate or diquat with preharvest glyphosate to maximize crop and weed desiccation, and minimize glyphosate seed residues.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Rice Responses to the Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae at Different Growth Stages

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinglong Chen ◽  
Yulin Jia ◽  
Bo Ming Wu
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Magnaporthe Oryzae ◽  
Rice Blast ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Disease Index ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Japonica Rice ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Different Growth Stages

Rice blast, caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, is the most damaging disease for rice worldwide. However, the reactions of rice to M. oryzae at different growth stages are largely unknown. In the present study, two temperate japonica rice cultivars, M-202 and Nipponbare, were inoculated synchronously at different vegetative growth stages, V1 to V10. Plants of M-202 at each stage from V1 to reproductive stage R8 were inoculated with M. oryzae race (isolate) IB-49 (ZN61) under controlled conditions. Disease reactions were recorded 7 days postinoculation by measuring the percentage of diseased area of all leaves, excluding the youngest leaf. The results showed that the plants were significantly susceptible at the V1 to V4 stages with a disease severity of 26.7 to 46.8% and disease index of 18.62 to 37.76 for M-202. At the V1 to V2 stages, the plants were significantly susceptible with a disease a severity of 28.6 to 39.3% and disease index of 23.65 to 29.82 for Nipponbare. Similar results were observed when plants of M-202 were inoculated at each growth stage with a disease severity of 29.7 to 60.6% and disease index of 21.93 to 59.25 from V1 to V4. Susceptibility decreased after the V5 stage (severity 4.6% and index 2.17) and became completely resistant at the V9 to V10 stages and after the reproductive stages, suggesting that plants have enhanced disease resistance at later growth stages. These findings are useful for managing rice blast disease in commercial rice production worldwide.

The critical weed-free period in glyphosate-resistant soybean in Ontario is similar to previous estimates using glyphosate-susceptible soybean

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 437-443
Author(s):  
Nader Soltani ◽  
Robert E. Nurse ◽  
Amit J. Jhala ◽  
Peter H. Sikkema
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stage ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Weed Biomass ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Weed Interference ◽  
Beginning Of Flowering ◽  
Minimal Reduction

A study consisting of 13 field experiments was conducted during 2014–2016 in southwestern Ontario and southcentral Nebraska (Clay Center) to determine the effect of late-emerging weeds on the yield of glyphosate-resistant soybean. Soybean was maintained weed-free with glyphosate (900 g ae ha−1) up to the VC (cotyledon), V1 (first trifoliate), V2 (second trifoliate), V3 (third trifoliate), V4 (fourth trifoliate), and R1 (beginning of flowering) growth stages, after which weeds were allowed to naturally infest the soybean plots. The total weed density was reduced to 24%, 63%, 67%, 72%, 76%, and 92% in Environment 1 (Exeter, Harrow, and Ridgetown) when soybean was maintained weed-free up to the VC, V1, V2, V3, V4, and R1 soybean growth stages, respectively. The total weed biomass was reduced by 33%, 82%, 95%, 97%, 97%, and 100% in Environment 1 (Exeter, Harrow, and Ridgetown) and 28%, 100%, 100%, 100%, 100%, and 100% in Environment 2 (Clay Center) when soybean was maintained weed-free up to the VC, V1, V2, V3, V4, and R1 stages, respectively. The critical weed-free periods for a 2.5%, 5%, and 10% yield loss in soybean were the V1–V2, VC–V1, and VC–V1 soybean stages in Environment 1 (Exeter, Harrow, and Ridgetown) and V2–V3, V2–V3, and V1–V2 soybean stages in Environment 2 (Clay Center), respectively. For the weed species evaluated, there was a minimal reduction in weed biomass (5% or less) when soybean was maintained weed-free beyond the V3 soybean growth stage. These results shows that soybean must be maintained weed-free up to the V3 growth stage to minimize yield loss due to weed interference.

Effects of Low-Dose Flumioxazin and Metribuzin Postemergence Applications on Soybean

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-94
Author(s):  
Daniel O. Stephenson ◽  
Todd A. Spivey ◽  
Michael A. Deliberto ◽  
David C. Blouin ◽  
Brandi C. Woolam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stage ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Post Injury ◽  
Width Reduction ◽  
The Impact

AbstractAll herbicides will move off-target to sensitive crops when not applied correctly. Therefore, low-dose applications of flumioxazin and metribuzin were evaluated in soybean at the unifoliate, V2, and V4 growth stages. Rates evaluated were 12.5%, 25%, and 50% of the labeled use rates of 72 and 316 g ai ha−1 of flumioxazin and metribuzin, respectively. Flumioxazin injury was characterized by necrosis and visible height and width reduction. Injury increased with rate 3 d after treatment (DAT), with unifoliate, V2, and V4 soybean injured 15% to 30%, 18% to 27%, and 5% to 8%, respectively. Unifoliate and V4 soybean were injured more than V4 soybean 3 to 14 DAT, but injury decreased to <5% by 42 DAT. Soybean yields in the flumioxazin study were 92% to 96% of the nontreated, resulting in a yield loss of 196 to 393 kg ha−1 and a revenue loss of 71 to 141 US$ ha−1. Metribuzin injury was primarily chlorosis with necrosis and a visible reduction in soybean height and width. Soybean at the V2 growth stage was injured 14% more than V4 soybean 3 DAT, regardless of metribuzin rate. Injury to V2 and V4 soybean was similar 14 DAT, with injury of 21% to 40% across rates. Soybean injury when treated at the V2 and V4 growth stages was 6% to 29% 42 DAT compared to unifoliate soybean at 0 to 17%. Soybean yields in the metribuzin study yields were 96% to 98% of the nontreated. However, a 2% to 4% reduction equates to a loss of 90 to 180 kg ha−1 and a revenue loss of 32 to 65 US$ ha−1. Unifoliate and V2 soybean are more sensitive to a low dose of flumioxazin POST, and V2 and V4 soybean are more sensitive to a low dose of metribuzin POST. Injury and the impact on soybean growth could potentially cause economic loss for a soybean producer.

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