Effect of Glyphosate and Dicamba Drift Timing and Rates in Bell Pepper and Yellow Squash

As dicamba resistance traits become more common in agronomic crops, the potential for off-site movement also increases. Little is known of how common vegetable crops will respond to dicamba drift. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of dicamba and glyphosate drift on bell pepper and squash growth as a function of application timing. The treatments were arranged in a factorial design with two timings by three rates and a nontreated check. The two timings were early bloom and midbloom (during bloom when fruit were present). The three rates were glyphosate at 21 + dicamba at 14 g ha−1, glyphosate at 10 + dicamba at 7 g ha−1, and glyphosate at 7 + dicamba 5 at g ha−1. Herbicides were applied with a controlled droplet applicator calibrated to deliver 2.34 L ha−1. In squash, crop injury was 26 to 31% at 3 DAT and 48 to 65% at 17 DAT. However, no differences were measured among application timings or rates for fruit weight or number at individual harvest or season total. Bell pepper injury ranged between 0 and 8% from 3 to 17 DAT and was not significantly different than the nontreated. However, large, Fancy, marketable, and total bell pepper fruit number were greater in the nontreated than glyphosate at 21 + dicamba 14 at g ha−1and glyphosate at 10 + dicamba at 7 g ha−1both years. The three rates of dicamba + glyphosate had a greater number and weight of cull fruit compared to the number of fruit in the nontreated plots. The cull fruit were shorter with a flattened appearance. Leaving bell pepper fruit on the plants longer may result in small and medium fruit becoming large or Fancy grade bell pepper fruit.

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Integration of Vinegar for In-Row Weed Control in Transplanted Bell Pepper and Broccoli

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-d-10-00167.1 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 459-465 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

G. J. Evans ◽

R. R. Bellinder ◽

R. R. Hahn

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Field Trials ◽

Bell Pepper ◽

Yield Reduction ◽

Vegetable Crops ◽

Crop Canopy ◽

Foliar Injury ◽

Crop Injury ◽

Organic Farmers ◽

Hand Weeding

Vinegar can supplement the existing intrarow weed control options of organic farmers. However, there are two primary limitations to its use in vegetable crops. First, it is costly. Second, vinegar applications that contact the crop can cause injury and yield loss. The aim of this research was to use vinegar to control intrarow weeds in bell pepper and broccoli in a way that product costs would be reduced and crop injury would be minimized. Banded applications were shielded and directed below the crop canopy to reduce weed control costs and minimize contact with crop foliage. Organic paints applied to crop stems were evaluated as potential physical barriers to crop stem injury. Four field trials were conducted in 2009, two in transplanted bell pepper and two in transplanted broccoli. A single application of 200-grain vinegar (20% acetic acid) at 700 L ha−1was applied when weeds were in the cotyledon to six-leaf stage. Applications were made to crops with the lower stems coated in one of two stem protectants, or left uncoated. Hand-weeded and weedy treatments were included for comparison. One day after vinegar application, in-row weed control was 100% in both pepper trials and greater than 96% in the broccoli trials. Two weeks after application, 75% fewer weeds germinated in the vinegar-treated areas compared with the areas that were hand weeded. Neither stem protectant prevented crop injury. Despite pepper foliar injury of less than 5%, stem injury 2 wk after application contributed to a measurable yield reduction. Broccoli injury was limited to instances where overspray contacted the crop canopy. With vinegar, high levels of weed control and the extended duration of that control relative to hand weeding could facilitate improved organic intrarow weed control. However, crop injury must be reliably reduced. Alternative stem protectants may merit evaluation.

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Bell Pepper (Capsicum annum L.) under Colored Shade Nets: Fruit Yield, Postharvest Transpiration, Color, and Chemical Composition

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci14464-19 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 55 (2) ◽

pp. 181-187

Author(s):

Juan Carlos Díaz-Pérez ◽

Kelly St. John ◽

Mohammad Yamin Kabir ◽

J. Alberto Alvarado-Chávez ◽

Ania M. Cutiño-Jiménez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Fruit Yield ◽

Bell Pepper ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Total Phenols ◽

Marketable Yield ◽

Fruit Number

Colored shade nets may affect plant growth and fruit yield of horticultural crops. The understanding of how colored shade nets influence plants, however, is far from complete. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of colored shade nets on bell pepper fruit yield, postharvest transpiration, color, chemical composition, and antioxidant capacity. The experiment was conducted in Tifton, GA, during the spring of 2015 and 2016. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications and five colored shade net treatments (black, red, silver, and white nets, and an unshaded control). The nets were placed on the top of wooden rectangular structures (15 m wide × 6 m long × 5 m high), leaving the sides of the structures uncovered. Results showed that in both 2015 and 2016, marketable and total fruit number, yield, and individual fruit weight were reduced under the unshaded treatment. There were inconsistent differences in marketable and total fruit number, yield, and individual fruit weight among colored shade nets. Postharvest fruit transpiration and skin permeance were also reduced in unshaded conditions, and no differences were found among colored shade nets. Fruit color L* and b* values were highest, and a* value was lowest in unshaded conditions. Fruit soluble solids, total phenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity [Cupric Reducing Antioxidant Capacity (CUPRAC) and Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC)] responded differently among colored shade nets in the 2 years. Total phenols, flavonoids, and TEAC, however, were among the highest in unshaded conditions. In conclusion, results of the present study support previous findings that shade nets increase fruit yield and quality in bell pepper compared with fruit produced in unshaded conditions. Nevertheless, there were no consistent differences in fruit total and marketable yield and postharvest fruit transpiration and chemical composition of fruit produced under colored shade nets.

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Effect of Drought Stress on Capsaicin and Antioxidant Contents in Pepper Genotypes at Reproductive Stage

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10071286 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 1286

Author(s):

Tahir Mahmood ◽

Rashid Mehmood Rana ◽

Sunny Ahmar ◽

Saima Saeed ◽

Asma Gulzar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drought Stress ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Survival Rates ◽

Field Capacity ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Bell Pepper ◽

Hot Pepper ◽

Protein Activity ◽

Formation Stage ◽

Pepper Fruit

Pepper is one of the most important vegetables and spices in the world. Principal pungency is contributed by secondary metabolites called capsaicinoids, mainly synthesized in the placenta of pepper fruit. Various factors, including drought, limit pepper production. Flowering is one of the most sensitive stages affected by drought stress. The current study was conducted to determine the effect of drought on different pepper genotypes at the flowering and pod formation stages. Hot pepper (Pusajuala and Ghotki) and Bell pepper (Green Wonder and PPE-311) genotypes were subjected to drought (35% field capacity) at two different stages (flowering (DF) and pod formation (DP) stage). In comparison, control plants were maintained at 65% field capacity. The data regarding flowering survival rates, antioxidant protein activity, and proline content, were collected. Results indicated that parameters like flower survival percentage, number of fruits per plant, and fruit weight had significant differences among the genotypes in both treatments. A high proline level was observed in Green Wonder at the pod formation stage compared to other genotypes. Capsaicin contents of hot pepper genotypes were affected at the pod formation stage. Antioxidants like GPX were highly active (190 units) in Ghotki at pod formation. Bell pepper genotypes had a high APX activity, highly observed (100 units) in PPE-311 at pod formation, and significantly differ from hot pepper genotypes. In the catalase case, all the genotypes had the highest values in DP compared to control and DF, but Pusajuala (91 units) and Green Wonder (83 units) performed best compared to other genotypes. Overall, the results indicate that drought stress decreased reproductive growth parameters and pungency of pepper fruit as most of the plant energy was consumed in defense molecules (antioxidants). Therefore, water availability at the flowering and pod formation stage is critical to ensure good yield and pepper quality.

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Cultivar and Plant Arrangement Effects on Yield and Fruit Quality of Bell Pepper

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.41.7.1565 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 41 (7) ◽

pp. 1565-1570 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Brian A. Kahn ◽

Daniel I. Leskovar

Keyword(s):

Fruit Quality ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Bell Pepper ◽

King Arthur ◽

Average Weight ◽

Double Row ◽

Pepper Fruit ◽

Plant Arrangement ◽

Marketable Fruit

Single- and double-row arrangements of a fixed population (one plant every 0.285 m2) were compared in factorial combination with two (2002) or five (2003) cultivars for effects on yield and fruit quality of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Arrangements for 2002 were S30, single rows 0.95 m apart, plants within rows 30 cm apart; D30, 1.9 m between centers of double-row beds, double rows 30 cm apart on beds, plants within rows 30 cm apart; S37.5, single rows 0.76 m apart, plants within rows 37.5 cm apart; and D37.5, 1.52 m between centers of double-row beds, double rows 24 cm apart on beds, plants within rows 37.5 cm apart. Only the S30 and D30 arrangements were used in 2003 after 2002 results showed almost no differences between S30 and S37.5 or between D30 and D37.5. Choice of cultivar was more critical in Texas, where `X3R Wizard' consistently outperformed `King Arthur', than in Oklahoma. Single rows resulted in more full-season total marketable fruit weight than double rows in three experiments out of four, primarily as a result of an increased weight of U.S. No. 1 fruit with single rows. Average weight per marketable fruit was consistently unaffected by plant arrangement. Single rows also resulted in a greater full-season weight of sunburned fruit than double rows in two experiments out of four. Cultivar × plant arrangement interactions were not evident in Oklahoma and never involved full-season marketable fruit weights at either location in either year. Given the tested population, a single-row arrangement is likely to result in increased full-season production of U.S. No. 1 bell pepper fruit compared with a double-row arrangement, despite an increased potential for sunburned fruit with single rows.

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Effect AF Reduced Irrigation on Flowering, Fruit Set and Yield of Indeterminate Tomato

International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering - 2 ◽

10.35940/ijrte.b1185.0782s419 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (2S4) ◽

pp. 932-936

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Drought Stress ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Limiting Factor ◽

Vegetable Crops ◽

Flower Number ◽

Fruit Number ◽

Flower Abortion ◽

Tomato Genotypes

Drought stress has become an important limiting factor for tomato growth and yield. To evaluate the effect of water stress on the productivity nine tomato genotypes were grown in a field at the Maritsa Vegetable Crops Research Institute under two watering regimes - optimum and 50% reduced. Flower number, fruit number, fruit weight and flower abortion rate were measured. The studied tomato genotypes showed different behavior in response to drought stress. A decrease of flower number, fruit number and fruit weight from 2nd to 5th trusses was observed in scarcity. Water stress reduced the flower number by 25% and fruit number by 58% compared to the control plants. The highest reduction of the fruit weight of 76.1% and 78.3% respectively was registered in the 4th and 5th trusses.

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170 Tomato Flowering and Fruiting under Reduced Tillage

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.34.3.471d ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 471D-471

Author(s):

Bharat P. Singh ◽

Wayne F. Whitehead

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Reduced Tillage ◽

Vegetable Crops ◽

Agronomic Crops ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Intensively Managed ◽

Developmental Responses ◽

Vegetable Cultivation

Reduced tillage saves energy and safeguards soil against erosion. While it is widely used for these reasons in producing agronomic crops, it has yet to find acceptance in vegetable cultivation. The main obstacle is the lack of knowledge of the growth and developmental responses of intensively managed vegetable crops to reduced tillage operations. Therefore, this study was performed to determine the effect of different tillage levels on vegetative growth and flowering and fruiting of tomatoes. The following tillage treatments were applied in a randomized complete-block design to a field that was cover cropped with vetch during winter T2 produced maximum vegetative dry weight/plant: 1) fall mold-board + spring no-till (T1), 2) fall mold-board + spring chisel (T2), and 3) fall chisel + spring chisel (T3). The number of flowers/plant were highest in T1, followed by T2 and T3, respectively. There was a 14: 1 ratio between the number of flowers and fruit set. The number of fruit in T1 and T2 were similar, and significantly greater than in T3. The fruit weight of T1 was similar to T2 but significantly greater than T3.

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Evaluation of biological control agents for managing squash powdery mildew under greenhouse conditions

Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control ◽

10.1186/s41938-019-0194-9 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ahmed A. Elsisi

Keyword(s):

Powdery Mildew ◽

Disease Severity ◽

Cucurbita Pepo ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Paenibacillus Polymyxa ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Vegetable Crops ◽

Fruit Number

AbstractSquash (Cucurbita pepo L.), is one of the most important vegetable crops for human nutriment in Egypt and the world. One of the most serious diseases that infect squash and cause yield losses was powdery mildew, caused by Podosphaera xanthisii. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Bacillus subtilis, Paenibacillus polymyxa (109 cell ml/1), Trichoderma harzianum, T. album, T. viride and T. hamatum (107 spore ml/l) for controlling disease under greenhouse conditions. Results indicated that all treatments significantly inhibited the conidial germination of P. xanthii than control in vitro and decreased the incidence and disease severity after spraying with the bio-agents on squash plants under greenhouse conditions. The fungicide, Topas-100 (10.0% penconazole “w/v” [(R,S-1-(2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-Q pentyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole]), followed by B. subtilis was highly significant for decreasing disease incidence (2.8 and 5.3%, respectively) and disease severity percentage (3.5 and 4.8%, respectively) than the control. The activities of biochemical changes, i.e., peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and total phenols, were significantly upregulated as results of most treatments. Also, bio-agent treatments caused significant increase in yield characteristics of squash plants such as fruit number/plant and fruit weight/plant than control. B. subtilis recorded the highest increase (110.9% and 98.7%) in fruit number and fruit weight/plant than control.

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