THE EFFECTS OF SPECIES, STRAIN AND SEX IN THYMOLYTIC TESTS OF BETAMETHASONE, DEXAMETHASONE AND OTHER STEROIDS

1962 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. ATKINSON ◽  
M. A. PRATT ◽  
E. G. TOMICH
Keyword(s):  
Route Of Administration ◽  
Relative Potency ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Betamethasone And Dexamethasone

SUMMARY Cortisol, prednisolone phosphate and the free alcohols and 21-phosphates of betamethasone and dexamethasone have been compared for thymolytic activity by the oral and subcutaneous routes in both sexes of two strains of rats and two strains of mice. The relative potency of betamethasone and dexamethasone differed with the route of administration and the sex, strain and species of animal employed. In female mice of the A2G strain, betamethasone was as potent as dexamethasone; in male mice of this strain, and in both sexes of GFF mice, WAG rats and PVG rats, betamethasone was much less potent than dexamethasone.

HUMAN URINARY GONADOTROPHINS ASSAYED BY DIFFERENT RESPONSES IN THE SAME ANIMAL

1960 ◽  
Vol XXXIV (III) ◽  
pp. 375-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. S. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Ovarian Response ◽  
The Other ◽  
Relative Potency ◽  
Vaginal Opening ◽  
Serial Sections ◽  
Immature Female ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Marked Disparity ◽  
Relative Potencies

ABSTRACT Selected human urinary gonadotrophins were assayed against one another using various measures of response in the same immature female mice. Intact or hypophysectomized animals were used and in some experiments the results of hypophysectomy were checked in complete serial sections. Extracts from the urine of two subjects with Turner's syndrome were compared. In intact mice, the relative potency judged by the ovarian response differed from that shown by the uterine response and the 95 % fiducial limits of the two estimates did not overlap. When the mice were hypophysectomized, one extract became much less potent while the other did not. Similar differences were shown in the response of intact mice to urinary extracts from two subjects with Klinefelter's syndrome. There was a marked disparity between the relative potencies shown by the uterine response and by the incidence of vaginal opening. Similar differences were not shown between the responses to different extracts from the urine of normal postmenopausal women, but these extracts were known to differ little in quality. The results are interpreted in terms of qualitative differences between human urinary gonadotrophins.

scholarly journals Differences in acidosis-stimulated renal ammonia metabolism in the male and female kidney

2019 ◽  
Vol 317 (4) ◽  
pp. F890-F905 ◽  
Author(s):  
Autumn N. Harris ◽  
Hyun-Wook Lee ◽  
Lijuan Fang ◽  
Jill W. Verlander ◽  
I. David Weiner
Keyword(s):  
Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase ◽  
Collecting Duct ◽  
Ammonia Excretion ◽  
Volume Density ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Ammonia Metabolism ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Predominant Component ◽  
Acid Load ◽  
Acid Loading

Renal ammonia excretion is a critical component of acid-base homeostasis, and changes in ammonia excretion are the predominant component of increased net acid excretion in response to metabolic acidosis. We recently reported substantial sex-dependent differences in basal ammonia metabolism that correlate with sex-dependent differences in renal structure and expression of key proteins involved in ammonia metabolism. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of sex on the renal ammonia response to an exogenous acid load. We studied 4-mo-old C57BL/6 mice. Ammonia excretion, which was less in male mice under basal conditions, increased in response to acid loading to a greater extent in male mice, such that maximal ammonia excretion did not differ between the sexes. Fundamental structural sex differences in the nonacid-loaded kidney persisted after acid loading, with less cortical proximal tubule volume density in the female kidney than in the male kidney, whereas collecting duct volume density was greater in the female kidney. To further investigate sex-dependent differences in the response to acid loading, we examined the expression of proteins involved in ammonia metabolism. The change in expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and Rh family B glycoprotein with acid loading was greater in male mice than in female mice, whereas Na+-K+-2Cl– cotransporter and inner stripe of the outer medulla intercalated cell Rh family C glycoprotein expression were significantly greater in female mice than in male mice. There was no significant sex difference in glutamine synthetase, Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 3, or electrogenic Na+-bicarbonate cotransporter 1 variant A protein expression in response to acid loading. We conclude that substantial sex-dependent differences in the renal ammonia response to acid loading enable a similar maximum ammonia excretion response.

P–060 Dose- dependent mitigation of lead acetate toxicity in males on embryo development in female mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
P Dolati ◽  
M J Zamiri ◽  
A Akhlaghi ◽  
Z Jahromi
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Lead Acetate ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Female Mice

Abstract Study question Does quercetin (75 or 100 mg/kg BW/day) co-administration with lead acetate to male mice affects embryonic development in female mice? Summary answer The low-dose quercetin (75 mg/kg BW/day) ameliorated the adverse effects of lead acetate on mouse embryogenesis. What is known already Lead causes male infertility by impacting on endocrine system and spermatogenesis, and may exert undesirable effects on the offspring. The currently approved treatment for lead poisoning is the use of chelating agents, which form an insoluble complex with lead and shield it from biological targets; thus, reducing its toxicity. One of the main mechanisms of lead-induced toxicity is oxidative stress, and it has been reported that natural antioxidants can reduce the heavy metals toxicity. The aim of the present study was to examine the protective effects of quercetin on the toxicity induced by lead acetate on the embryogenesis in mice. Study design, size, duration Sexually mature (eight-week-old) NMRI male mice (n = 24) were randomly divided into four groups (n = 6 per group) receiving (i) distilled water (control group); (ii) lead acetate (150 mg/kg BW/day) dissolved in deionized water (LA); (iii) lead acetate (150 mg/kg BW/day) + quercetin (75 mg/kg BW/day) (LQ75); (IV) lead acetate (150 mg/kg BW/day) + quercetin (100 mg/kg BW/day) (LQ100). Treatments were applied daily as oral gavages for one cycle of the seminiferous epithelium (35 days). Participants/materials, setting, methods At the end of treatment administration, the males were joined with super-ovulated females, and the retrieved zygotes were cultured for evaluation of the embryo development (at 2-cell, 4-cell, 8-cell, and blastocyst stages), and blastocyst cell number using differential staining (propidium iodide and bisbenzimide). After incubation of capacitated sperm with oocytes, an ultraviolet light microscope was used following 3 min incubation with 25 µg⁄mL bisbenzamide solution for fertilization assessment. Main results and the role of chance Lead acetate (LA) treatment of male mice decreased the 2-cell stage compared with the control group (P > 0.05). There was no difference between control and LQ75, and between LA and LQ100. The other stages of embryonic development were not significantly affected by the treatment. Overall, early embryonic development in the control and LQ75 mice were better than LQ100 and LA mice. The number of cells in the trophectoderm and inner-cell mass were not affected by treatments. However, the total blastocyst cell number in the control was higher than in the other groups; there was no significant difference between LQ100, LQ75 and LA groups. Fertilization rate was not affected by the treatments (P < 0.05). Quercetin acts as a potent antioxidant at low doses, but at high doses exerts a pro-oxidant action. According to previous reports, higher concentrations of quercetin increased apoptosis and necrosis while decreasing the activities of the antioxidant enzymes. Also, it has been suggested that quercetin might disrupt the endocrine system and interfere with Sertoli cell function and sperm motility. Limitations, reasons for caution A limitation of this study is narrow dose selection; more studies are needed to determine the effective dose of quercetin in ameliorating the lead toxicity. There are also side effects of lead-quercetin chelates such as metal redistribution, essential metal loss, accumulation and persistency in intracellular sites, and peroxidation. Wider implications of the findings: Lead administration adversely impacted on the embryogenesis; on the other hand, paternal quercetin co-administration somewhat ameliorated the adverse effects of lead on mice embryogenesis. Trial registration number Not applicable

scholarly journals NPY Deficiency Prevents Postmenopausal Adiposity by Augmenting Estradiol-Mediated Browning

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 1042-1049
Author(s):  
Seongjoon Park ◽  
Erkhembayar Nayantai ◽  
Toshimitsu Komatsu ◽  
Hiroko Hayashi ◽  
Ryoichi Mori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fat Metabolism ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Promising Target ◽  
Intracellular Mechanism

Abstract The orexigenic hormone neuropeptide Y (NPY) plays a pivotal role in the peripheral regulation of fat metabolism. However, the mechanisms underlying the effects of sex on NPY function have not been extensively analyzed. In this study, we examined the effects of NPY deficiency on fat metabolism in male and female mice. Body weight was slightly decreased, whereas white adipose tissue (WAT) mass was significantly decreased as the thermogenic program was upregulated in NPY-/- female mice compared with that in wild-type mice; these factors were not altered in response to NPY deficiency in male mice. Moreover, lack of NPY resulted in an increase in luteinizing hormone (LH) expression in the pituitary gland, with concomitant activation of the estradiol-mediated thermogenic program in inguinal WAT, and alleviated age-related modification of adiposity in female mice. Taken together, these data revealed a novel intracellular mechanism of NPY in the regulation of fat metabolism and highlighted the sexual dimorphism of NPY as a promising target for drug development to reduce postmenopausal adiposity.

scholarly journals Gender differences in the response of CD-1 mouse bone to parathyroid hormone: potential role of IGF-I

2006 ◽  
Vol 189 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongmei Wang ◽  
Takeshi Sakata ◽  
Hashem Z Elalieh ◽  
Scott J Munson ◽  
Andrew Burghardt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Parathyroid Hormone ◽  
Cortical Bone ◽  
Mineral Apposition Rate ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Bone Formation Rate ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Igf I

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) exerts both catabolic and anabolic actions on bone. Studies on the skeletal effects of PTH have seldom considered the effects of gender. Our study was designed to determine whether the response of mouse bone to PTH differed according to sex. As a first step, we analyzed gender differences with respect to bone mass and structural properties of 4 month old PTH treated (80 μg/kg per day for 2 weeks) male and female CD-1 mice. PTH significantly increased fat free weight/body weight, periosteal bone formation rate, mineral apposition rate, and endosteal single labeling surface, while significantly decreasing medullary area in male mice compared with vehicle treated controls, but induced no significant changes in female mice. We then analyzed the gender differences in bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) isolated from 4 month old male and female CD-1 mice following treatment with PTH (80 μg/kg per day for 2 weeks). PTH significantly increased the osteogenic colony number and the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity (ALP/cell) by day 14 in cultures of BMSCs from male and female mice. PTH also increased the mRNA level of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand in the bone tissue (marrow removed) of both females and males. However, PTH increased the mRNA levels of IGF-I and IGF-IR only in the bones of male mice. Our results indicate that on balance a 2-weeks course of PTH is anabolic on cortical bone in this mouse strain. These effects are more evident in the male mouse. These differences between male and female mice may reflect the greater response to PTH of IGF-I and IGF-IR gene expression in males enhancing the anabolic effect on cortical bone.

scholarly journals Reevaluation of Hepatocellular Neoplasms in CD-1 Mice from a 2-year Oral Carcinogenicity Study with Permethrin

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin M. Quist ◽  
Gary A. Boorman ◽  
John M. Cullen ◽  
Robert R. Maronpot ◽  
Amera K. Remick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Expert Panel ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Carcinogenicity Study ◽  
Dose Dependent Increase ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
The Continuum

A 24-month oral carcinogenicity study of permethrin was conducted by feeding male and female CD-1 mice diets containing concentrations of 0, 20, 500, and 2,000 ppm of permethrin (males) or 0, 20, 2,500, and 5,000 ppm of permethrin (females). After approximately two years on study, surviving mice were sacrificed for the evaluation of chronic toxicity and/or carcinogenicity. An expert panel of pathologists was convened as a Pathology Working Group (PWG) to review coded liver histology sections from male and female mice and to classify all liver neoplasms according to current nomenclature and diagnostic criteria guidelines. The PWG results indicate that permethrin induced a significant dose-dependent increase in the incidence of hepatocellular neoplasms in treated female mice ( p < .01) as well as a nonstatistically significant increase in the incidence of hepatocellular tumors in treated male mice. Given the continuum of the diagnoses of adenoma and carcinoma, and the difficulty in distinguishing some of the lesions, it is appropriate to consider only the combined incidences of hepatocellular tumors (adenoma and/or carcinoma) for biological significance and risk assessment.

Loci of intestinal distress in cystic fibrosis knockout mice

2003 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina K. Haston ◽  
Lap-Chee Tsui
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Knockout Mice ◽  
Mendelian Inheritance ◽  
Genetic Dissection ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Strain Dependent

The strain-dependent survival of cystic fibrosis (CF) knockout mice has been used to map a modifier of CF, Cfm1, in mice and, subsequently, in humans. To identify additional modifiers of the CF phenotype, in this study, the survival of F2 CF mice derived from a cross between congenic C57BL/6J CF and BALB/cJ CF heterozygotes was followed up to 12 wk of age. A genome-wide linkage scan completed in F2 CF mice revealed a chromosome 10 locus ( P = 1.2 × 10−4) to predict for intestinal distress in CF male mice. An X chromosome locus for which non-Mendelian inheritance favoring B6 alleles in the surviving CF mice and BALB alleles in mice of a control population, was identified. The survival of female mice, both F2 CF and F2 control, was linked to loci on chromosomes 3 and 5. The identification of additional putative CF modifier loci may permit further genetic dissection of the complex CF phenotype.

scholarly journals Changes in Retinal Structure and Ultrastructure in the Aged Mice Correlate With Differences in the Expression of Selected Retinal miRNAs

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anca Hermenean ◽  
Maria Consiglia Trotta ◽  
Sami Gharbia ◽  
Andrei Gelu Hermenean ◽  
Victor Eduard Peteu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Amorphous Materials ◽  
Retinal Pigment ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Bruch's Membrane ◽  
Bruch’S Membrane ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
Age Related

Age and gender are two important factors that may influence the function and structure of the retina and its susceptibility to retinal diseases. The aim of this study was to delineate the influence that biological sex and age exert on the retinal structural and ultrastructural changes in mice and to identify the age-related miRNA dysregulation profiles in the retina by gender. Experiments were undertaken on male and female Balb/c aged 24 months (approximately 75–85 years in humans) compared to the control (3 months). The retinas were analyzed by histology, transmission electron microscopy, and age-related miRNA expression profile analysis. Retinas of both sexes showed a steady decline in retinal thickness as follows: photoreceptor (PS) and outer layers (p &lt; 0.01 for the aged male vs. control; p &lt; 0.05 for the aged female vs. control); the inner retinal layers were significantly affected by the aging process in the males (p &lt; 0.01) but not in the aged females. Electron microscopy revealed more abnormalities which involve the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and Bruch’s membrane, outer and inner layers, vascular changes, deposits of amorphous materials, and accumulation of lipids or lipofuscins. Age-related miRNAs, miR-27a-3p (p &lt; 0.01), miR-27b-3p (p &lt; 0.05), and miR-20a-5p (p &lt; 0.05) were significantly up-regulated in aged male mice compared to the controls, whereas miR-20b-5p was significantly down-regulated in aged male (p &lt; 0.05) and female mice (p &lt; 0.05) compared to the respective controls. miR-27a-3p (5.00 fold; p &lt; 0.01) and miR-27b (7.58 fold; p &lt; 0.01) were significantly up-regulated in aged male mice vs. aged female mice, whereas miR-20b-5p (−2.10 fold; p &lt; 0.05) was significantly down-regulated in aged male mice vs. aged female mice. Interestingly, miR-27a-3p, miR-27b-3p, miR-20a-5p, and miR-20b-5p expressions significantly correlated with the thickness of the retinal PS layer (p &lt; 0.01), retinal outer layers (p &lt; 0.01), and Bruch’s membrane (p &lt; 0.01). Our results showed that biological sex can influence the structure and function of the retina upon aging, suggesting that this difference may be underlined by the dysregulation of age-related mi-RNAs.

scholarly journals Ovarian hormones mediate the prophylactic efficacy of (R,S)-ketamine and (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine in female mice

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Briana K. Chen ◽  
Christina T. LaGamma ◽  
Xiaoming Xu ◽  
Shi-Xian Deng ◽  
Rebecca A. Brachman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Learned Helplessness ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Ovarian Hormones ◽  
Contextual Fear Conditioning ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Prophylactic Efficacy ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Learned Fear ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDFemales are more likely than males to develop major depressive disorder (MDD) after exposure to stress. We previously reported that the administration of (R,S)-ketamine before stress can prevent stress-induced depressive-like behavior in male mice but have yet to assess efficacy in female mice or for other compounds, such as the metabolites of (R,S)-ketamine.METHODSWe administered (R,S)-ketamine or its metabolites (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine ((2R,6R)-HNK) and (2S,6S)-HNK at various doses 1 week before one of a number of stressors, including contextual fear conditioning (CFC), learned helplessness (LH), and chronic immobilization stress (CIS), in male and female 129S6/SvEv mice. To examine the interaction between ovarian hormones and stress resilience, female mice also underwent ovariectomy surgery (OVX) and a hormone replacement protocol prior to drug administration.RESULTS(R,S)-ketamine and (2S,6S)-HNK, but not (2R,6R)-HNK, attenuated learned fear in male mice. (R,S)-ketamine and (2R,6R)-HNK, but not (2S,6S)-HNK, significantly reduced stress-induced depressive-like behavior in male and female mice. (R,S)-ketamine and (2R,6R)-HNK) were prophylactically effective at a lower dose (10 mg/kg and 0.025 mg/kg, respectively) in female mice than in male mice (30 mg/kg and 0.075 mg/kg, respectively). Moreover, ovarian-derived hormones were necessary and sufficient for prophylaxis in female mice.CONCLUSIONSOur results suggest that prophylactics against stress-induced depressive-like behavior can be developed in a sex-specific manner and that ovarian hormones mediate prophylactic efficacy in females. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the prophylactic efficacy of the metabolites of (R,S)-ketamine in male and female mice.

scholarly journals The safety of tea agarwood (Aquilaria malaccensis) from tree induction through test of toxicity subchronic oral 90 days

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-76
Author(s):  
RIDWANTI BATUBARA ◽  
SURJANTO SURJANTO ◽  
TAHAN MANGARANAP SIHOMBING ◽  
HERAWATY GINTING
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Tea Leaves ◽  
Subchronic Toxicity ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Aquilaria Malaccensis ◽  
Repeated Doses ◽  
Histopathological Results

Batubara R, Surjanto, Sihombing TM, Ginting H. 2016. The safety of tea agarwood (Aquilaria malaccensis) from tree induction throuht test of toxicity subcronic oral 90 days. Biofarmasi 14: 69-76. Subchronic toxicity test is a test to detect the toxic effect that arises after the administration of the test reparation with repeated doses were given orally to the tested animal for 28 or 90 days. Leaves agarwood (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk) is a tree from a tribe Thymeleaceae, already started popular used the farmer agarwood in Langkat as a drink that in pour. The result of an interview with the farmer agarwood explained that consume tea from the leaves agarwood of this kind of have many benefits include improve canal. To that was done the research security against the tea leaves agarwood induction taken from agriculture agarwood in Langkat, Sumatera North through test toxic subchronic oral. This study aims to determine the symptoms of toxic posed by product tea agarwood induction. This study used laboratory animals that male mice and female mice were divided into 5 groups, namely the 130, 260, 390, 520 mg/kgBW and the control group. The observation of clinical symptoms indicate the presence of toxic symptoms of weakness, changes in fur and agitated at doses of 390 and 520 mg/kgBW in male mice and female mice, the observation macropathology organs alloxan still normal the red-brown, the surface of slippery and consistency chewy. Histopathological results showed hemoglia and dilation of the blood vessels in all groups. Results showed that mice were given tea steeping agarwood induction doses ranging from 130, 260,390 and 520 mg/kgBW there are no mice died, so it can be concluded that the administration of agarwood tea steeping in mice does not cause toxic symptoms and safe for consumption.

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