Effects of continuous intravenous infusion of an ovine placental extract enriched in placental lactogen on plasma hormones, metabolites and metabolite biokinetics in non-pregnant sheep

1987 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Thordarson ◽  
G. H. McDowell ◽  
S. V. Smith ◽  
S. Iley ◽  
I. A. Forsyth
Keyword(s):  
Jugular Vein ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Placental Lactogen ◽  
Saline Control ◽  
Irreversible Loss ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Pregnant Sheep ◽  
Plasma Hormones ◽  
Placental Extract

ABSTRACT Continuous intravenous infusions of saline or of a placental extract containing ovine placental lactogen were given to three non-pregnant, non-lactating ewes over periods of 36 h, 1 week apart. During saline infusion no placental lactogen was detected in jugular vein plasma, but infusion of the placental extract raised the placental lactogen concentration from undetectable to 40-50 μg/l, similar to concentrations in ewes with one fetus on day 90 of pregnancy. By comparison with the saline control period, infusion of the placental extract consistently increased both plasma concentrations and irreversible loss of non-esterified fatty acids. Plasma concentrations of glucose and urea, but not irreversible loss of these metabolites, were consistently increased. Although the placental extract was not subjected to extensive purification, it was enriched in placental lactogen and contained no detectable contamination with insulin, prolactin or growth hormone. The results are suggestive of a role for placental lactogen in modifying metabolism and acting during pregnancy to provide nutrients for fetal metabolism. J. Endocr. (1987) 113, 277–283

scholarly journals Responses in whole-body amino acid kinetics to an acute, sub-clinical endotoxin challenge in lambs

2015 ◽  
Vol 115 (4) ◽  
pp. 576-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. O. Hoskin ◽  
D. M. Bremner ◽  
G. Holtrop ◽  
G. E. Lobley
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Saline Control ◽  
Irreversible Loss ◽  
Endotoxin Challenge ◽  
Metabolic Requirement ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Arginine Aspartate ◽  
Lps Treatment

AbstractSome effects of parasitism, endotoxaemia or sepsis can be mitigated by provision of extra protein. Supplemented protein may encompass a metabolic requirement for specific amino acids (AA). The current study investigates a method to identify and quantify the amounts of AA required during inflammation induced by an endotoxin challenge. One of each pair of six twin sheep was infused in the jugular vein for 20 h with either saline (control) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 2 ng/kg body weight per min) fromEscherichia coli. Between 12 and 20 h a mixture of stable isotope-labelled AA was infused to measure irreversible loss rates. From 16 to 20 h all sheep were supplemented with a mixture of unlabelled AA infused intravenously. Blood samples were taken before the start of infusions, and then continuously over intervals between 14 and 20 h. At 20 h the sheep were euthanised, and liver and kidney samples were taken for measurement of serine-threonine dehydratase (SDH) activity. LPS infusion decreased plasma concentrations of most AA (P<0·05;P<0·10 for leucine and tryptophan), except for phenylalanine (which increasedP=0·022) and tyrosine. On the basis of the incremental response to the supplemental AA, arginine, aspartate, cysteine, glutamate, lysine (tendency only), glycine, methionine, proline, serine and threonine were important in the metabolic response to the endotoxaemia. The AA infusion between 16 and 20 h restored the plasma concentrations in the LPS-treated sheep for the majority of AA, except for glutamine, isoleucine, methionine, serine and valine. LPS treatment increased (P<0·02) SDH activity in both liver and kidney. The approach allows quantification of key AA required during challenge situations.

PROPERTIES OF INSULIN AND GLUCAGON RECEPTORS ON SHEEP HEPATOCYTES: A COMPARISON OF HORMONE BINDING AND PLASMA HORMONES AND METABOLITES IN LACTATING AND NON-LACTATING EWES

1980 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. GILL ◽  
I. C. HART
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Insulin Receptors ◽  
Insulin Binding ◽  
Isolated Hepatocytes ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Plasma Hormones ◽  
Glucagon And Insulin ◽  
Glucagon Receptors

A method is described for the isolation of viable hepatocytes from sheep liver. The characteristics of insulin and glucagon binding to the cells were investigated by the use of mono-iodinated hormone, and from these data the optimum in-vitro incubation conditions for hormone-receptor binding were established. Glucagon and insulin receptors were examined in relation to plasma concentrations of hormones and metabolites in non-mated, and 20- and 50-day-lactating ewes (six animals/group). Measurements of insulin, growth hormone and non-esterified fatty acids in the circulation, together with a fall in body weight, suggested that at peak lactation (20 days) the ewes were in energy-deficit and were mobilizing body tissue. The percentage binding of insulin was higher in hepatocytes after 50 days of lactation when compared with that in both the unmated (P < 0·05) and 20-day-lactating animals. No changes in insulin binding were found between the unmated and 20-day-lactating groups. Glucagon binding was reduced in the 20- (P < 0·02) and increased in the 50-day-lactating group (P < 0·001) when compared with the unmated control animals. The binding of glucagon was higher at 50 days as compared with 20 days of lactation (P < 0·001). The changes in insulin binding resulted primarily from altered receptor numbers whereas changes in the binding of glucagon were due to alterations in both receptor numbers and affinity. Our results indicated that the binding of insulin and glucagon to isolated hepatocytes was altered during lactation in sheep and that these changes might modulate the sensitivity of the cells to the actions of the hormones.

IGFBP-2 expression in liver and mammary tissue in lactating and pregnant ewes

1993 ◽  
Vol 129 (5) ◽  
pp. 453-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Klempt ◽  
BH Breier ◽  
SH Min ◽  
DDS MacKenzie ◽  
SN McCutcheon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Cdna Probe ◽  
Placental Lactogen ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Gh Treatment ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Pregnant Sheep ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Specific Regulation ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factors

Binding proteins for the insulin-like growth factors (IGFBPs) modulate the actions of IGF I and IGF II. IGFBP-2 is particularly high in plasma of pregnant and fetal animals and in milk. We investigated the peri-lactational control of IGFBP-2 expression and secretion. Fifteen singleton-bearing pregnant ewes at day 101 of gestation were injected sc twice daily for 8 days with bovine growth hormone (bGH) or ovine placental lactogen (oPL) both at 0.15 mg·kg−1·d−1 or saline. A further fifteen ewes at day 17 of lactation were injected sc twice daily for 5 days with bGH or oPL at 0.1 mg·kg−1·d−1 or saline. On the last day of injection blood samples were taken and the animals were sacrificed. Liver and mammary tissue samples were immediately frozen and subsequently extracted to provide total RNA for evaluation by Northern blot analysis using a rat IGFBP-2 cDNA probe. Plasma samples were analysed by Western ligand blotting for IGFBP-2. The comparison of the two saline-treated groups (pregnant vs lactating ewe) revealed no difference in the plasma concentrations of IGFBP-2. IGFBP-2 mRNA expression in the liver of the lactating ewes was markedly increased compared to that in the pregnant ewes. In contrast, in mammary tissue the expression was significantly lower in lactating than in pregnant sheep. In pregnant animals treatment with bGH, but not oPL, decreased the expression of IGFBP-2 in liver. There was a similar trend in the lactating ewe. GH treatment, but not PL treatment, moderately reduced IGFBP-2 levels in the lactating but not the pregnant ewes. bGH but not oPL induced hyperinsulinaemia. We conclude that GH has actions in pregnancy and lactation which are not mimicked by oPL. The regulation of hepatic IGFBP-2 expression by GH is similar in pregnant and postpartum animals. However, there are distinct differences in the tissue-specific regulation of IGFBP-2 between pregnancy and lactation. The liver might be the major source of circulating IGFBP-2.

Hepatic receptors for insulin and glucagon in relation to plasma hormones and metabolites in pregnant and unmated ewes

1982 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Gill ◽  
I. C. Hart
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Insulin Receptors ◽  
Isolated Hepatocytes ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Plasma Hormones ◽  
Glucagon And Insulin ◽  
Glucagon Receptors ◽  
Energy Surplus

Glucagon and insulin receptors were examined in relation to plasma concentrations of hormones and metabolites in unmated and in 110- and 140-day pregnant ewes (four animals per group). The concentrations of insulin, growth hormone and non-esterified fatty acids in the circulation, together with the maintenance of body weight, suggested that the animals were in energy surplus. When compared with the unmated group the binding of insulin to isolated hepatocytes increased by 110 days of pregnancy, attaining statistical significance (P < 0·02) after 140 days. Conversely, glucagon binding was reduced by 110 days of pregnancy, also attaining statistical significance (P < 0·02) after 140 days. The changes in both insulin and glucagon binding were primarily due to changes in the number of receptors on each hepatocyte, although some fluctuations in receptor affinity were also found. These observations suggested that the number of hepatic insulin and glucagon receptors are altered during the metabolic demands of pregnancy in sheep, but unlike the changes reported during lactation in the ewe and restricted energy intake in the goat, they are not related either to energy deficit or to changes in the concentration of insulin, and probably of glucagon, in the circulation.

The effect of triamcinolone on glucose metabolism in ketotic sheep

1986 ◽  
Vol 106 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. H. Ford ◽  
Joan Evans
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Intramuscular Injection ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Irreversible Loss ◽  
Entry Rate ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Single Intramuscular Injection ◽  
Pregnant Sheep ◽  
Pregnancy Toxaemia

SUMMARYThe withdrawal of food from Clun Forest ewes pregnant with twins produced signs of pregnancy toxaemia accompanied by a significant decrease in the concentration of glucose, a significant increase in the concentration of ketones, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and 3-hydroxybutyrate in plasma and a significant decrease in total entry rate and irreversible loss of glucose. A single intramuscular injection of 0·05 or 0·2 mg/kg of triamcinolone acetonide had no significant effect on the concentration of glucose, ketones or 3-hydroxybutyrate in plasma or on the total entry, irreversible loss or recycling of glucose in ketotic or in normal pregnant sheep. The low dose had a significant effect on the concentration of NEFA in plasma. Recovery from the clinical signs was slow after either dose of steroid but appeared to be hastened by the onset of parturition which was more rapid after the higher dose.

scholarly journals Oral absorption and drug interaction kinetics of moxifloxacin in an animal model of weightlessness

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Liang ◽  
Jing Ma ◽  
Bo Wei
Keyword(s):  
Oral Dose ◽  
Oral Absorption ◽  
Jugular Vein ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Data ◽  
Simulated Weightlessness ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Interaction Kinetics ◽  
Kinetics Of

AbstractTo investigate the effect of simulated weightlessness on the pharmacokinetics of orally administered moxifloxacin and the antacid Maalox or the antidiarrheal Pepto-Bismol using a tail-suspended (TS) rat model of microgravity. Fasted control and TS, jugular-vein-cannulated, male Sprague-Dawley rats received either a single 5 mg/kg intravenous dose or a single 10 mg/kg oral dose of moxifloxacin alone or with a 0.625 mL/kg oral dose of Maalox or a 1.43 mL/kg oral dose of Pepto-Bismol. Plasma concentrations of moxifloxacin were measured by HPLC. Pharmacokinetic data were analyzed using WinNonlin. Simulated weightlessness had no effect on moxifloxacin disposition after intravenous administration but significantly decreased the extent of moxifloxacin oral absorption. The coadministration of moxifloxacin with Maalox to either control or TS rats caused significant reductions in the rate and extent of moxifloxacin absorption. In contrast, the coadministration of moxifloxacin with Pepto-Bismol to TS rats had no significant effect on either the rate or the extent of moxifloxacin absorption. These interactions showed dose staggering when oral administrations of Pepto-Bismol and moxifloxacin were separated by 60 min in control rats but not in TS rats. Dose staggering was more apparent after the coadministration of Maalox and moxifloxacin in TS rats.

The Value of Measurement of Pregnancy-Specific Proteins in Twin Pregnancies

1979 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 319-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Jandial ◽  
C. H. W. Horne ◽  
R. G. Glover ◽  
A. D. Nisbet ◽  
D. M. Campbell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Placental Lactogen ◽  
Clinical Value ◽  
Serial Measurement ◽  
Placental Proteins ◽  
Small Series ◽  
Specific Proteins ◽  
Placental Protein ◽  
Twin Pregnancies

In this study of 53 twin pregnancies, the plasma concentrations of the placental proteins, placental lactogen (hPL), and pregnancy-specific glycoprotein (SP1) were measured. Placental lactogen was found to be of more value than SP1 both in the detection of twins and in assessment of fetal growth. Serial measurement of either protein would seem to be more useful in assessment of fetal growth than single measurements. Preliminary studies of the less well known placental protein, PP5, in a small series of twin pregnancies indicate that it may also prove to be of clinical value in the detection and monitoring of twin pregnancies.

Metabolic clearance of angiotensin II in pregnant and nonpregnant sheep

1985 ◽  
Vol 249 (1) ◽  
pp. E49-E55 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Naden ◽  
S. Coultrup ◽  
B. S. Arant ◽  
C. R. Rosenfeld
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Pressor Response ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Metabolic Clearance ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Pressor Responses ◽  
Pregnant Sheep ◽  
Vascular Responsiveness ◽  
Arterial Plasma ◽  
In Pregnancy

Reduced vascular responsiveness to infused angiotensin II (ANG II) has been observed during pregnancy. It has been proposed that infusions produce lower circulating concentrations of ANG II in pregnancy, due to an increase in the metabolic clearance rate of ANG II (MCRangii). We have evaluated the MCRangii and the arterial plasma concentrations of ANG II during constant infusions of 1.15 micrograms ANG II/min into chronically instrumented pregnant (n = 6) and nonpregnant (n = 9) sheep. Although the pressor responses were significantly less in the pregnant than in the nonpregnant sheep (17.5 +/- 0.5 vs. 34.9 +/- 3.2 mmHg, P less than 0.001), the values for MCRangii were not different: 56.2 +/- 6.3 ml X min-1 X kg-1 in nonpregnant and 55.9 +/- 4.3 ml X min-1 X kg-1 in pregnant sheep. The steady-state plasma ANG II concentrations during the infusions were slightly less in pregnant than in nonpregnant sheep (388 +/- 36 vs. 454 +/- 36 pg/ml); however, this difference would be responsible for only a 2-mmHg reduction in the pressor response. We conclude that the reduced pressor response to infused ANG II in pregnancy is not due to an increase in MCRangii nor to lower plasma ANG II concentrations.

scholarly journals Relationship between plasma concentrations of estradiol-17β and progesterone and the distribution of epithelial and inflammatory cells in the external opening of the river buffaloes’ uterine cervix during the gestational period

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-375
Author(s):  
M. Goli ◽  
E. Ayen ◽  
S. Hassanzadeh ◽  
M. H. Khadem Anssari
Keyword(s):  
Uterine Cervix ◽  
Jugular Vein ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Gestation Period ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
External Opening ◽  
Microscopic Evaluation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Estradiol 17Β

Changes in the distribution of the epithelial and inflammatory cells in the external opening of the uterine cervix in river buffaloes at three different occasions during the gestation period were investigated by light microscopic evaluation of mucus smears prepared by wet swab sampling and Giemsa-stained. Forty five pregnant river buffaloes that were in the first (n=15), second (n=15) and third (n=15) approximately equal parts of their gestation period were sampled twice concurrently by individual wet swabs from the external opening of the uterine cervix. Five smears were prepared from each sample. Immediately after mucus sampling, blood samples were obtained from the jugular vein of each animal, centrifuged immediately and stored at -20 oC to assay the plasma levels of estradiol-17β and progesterone. The results showed that changes in the percentage of the vacuolated and non-vacuolated epithelial cells, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and basophils were not statistically significant between the groups, which suggests that as the pregnancy progressed, changes in the blood levels of estradiol-17β and progesterone had little or no effect on the distribution of these cells in the region, but changes in the percentage of neutrophils were statistically significant between the groups. It was also found that changes in the percentage of macrophages between the second and third trimesters of the gestation period were not significant, but the difference between the first and the other trimesters was statistically significant. It was concluded that the percentages of neutrophils and macrophages increase significantly as the plasma concentrations of progesterone decrease during the gestation.

Acetoacetate turnover and oxidation rates in ovine pregnancy ketosis

1964 ◽  
Vol 206 (2) ◽  
pp. 449-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. N. Bergman ◽  
K. Kon
Keyword(s):  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Acetoacetic Acid ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
Tracer Dose ◽  
Pregnant Sheep ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Normal Twin

Labeled acetoacetic acid (AcAc) was administered as a tracer dose and as a continuous infusion to 24 twin-pregnant ewes with varying degrees of spontaneous or fasting hypoglycemic ketosis. The mean AcAc turnover rate of five normal twin-pregnant sheep (plasma AcAc < 1 mg/100 ml) was only 0.04 g/hr kg3/4 or 1.0 g/sheep hr. During ketosis the turnover rate of AcAc was directly proportional to the plasma AcAc concentration until a maximal concentration of about 10 mg/100 ml was attained (total ketone bodies, expressed as acetone, would be about 20 mg/100 ml). At higher plasma concentrations, the AcAc turnover rates remained constant at nearly 0.4 g/hr kg3/4 (9 g/sheep hr). About one-half of this AcAc was oxidized to CO2 regardless of the actual amount utilized. The mean percentage of the total exhaled CO2 derived from AcAc metabolism increased from 2% in normal ewes to a maximum of about 20% during pregnancy ketosis. Comparisons of these data to values obtained in previous experiments on artificially ketotic nonpregnant sheep indicate that an overproduction of ketone bodies, rather than an underutilization, is the major cause of ruminant ketosis.

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