scholarly journals The perception of word stress cues in Papuan Malay: a typological perspective and experimental investigation.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constantijn Kaland
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Word Recognition ◽  
Regional Variation ◽  
Acoustic Analysis ◽  
Word Stress ◽  
Eastern Indonesia ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Word Prosody ◽  
Shed Light

Analyses of word prosody have shown that in some Indonesian languages listeners do not make use of word stress cues. The outcomes have contributed to the conclusion that these languages do not have word stress. The current study revisits this conclusion and investigates to what extent speakers of Papuan Malay, a language of Eastern Indonesia, use suprasegmental stress cues to recognize words. Acoustically, this language exhibits predictable word level prominence patterns, which could facilitate word recognition. However, the literature lacks a crucial perceptual verification and related languages in the Trade Malay family have been analysed as stressless. This could be indicative of either regional variation or different criteria to diagnose word stress. To investigate this issue, the current study reviews the literature on which criteria were decisive to diagnose (the absence of) word stress in Indonesian and Trade Malay. An acoustic analysis and a gating task investigate the usefulness of Papuan Malay stress cues for word recognition. Results show that Papuan Malay listeners are indeed able to use suprasegmental stress cues to identify words. The outcomes are discussed in a typological perspective to shed light on how production and perception studies contribute to stress diagnosis cross-linguistically.

scholarly journals The Processing of the Second Syllable in Recognizing Chinese Disyllabic Spoken Words: Evidence From Eye Tracking

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youxi Wang ◽  
Xuelian Zang ◽  
Hua Zhang ◽  
Wei Shen
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Target Word ◽  
Spoken Word Recognition ◽  
Visual Display ◽  
Spoken Word ◽  
Competition Effect ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Printed Word ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Target Words

In the current study, two experiments were conducted to investigate the processing of the second syllable (which was considered as the rhyme at the word level) during Chinese disyllabic spoken word recognition using a printed-word paradigm. In Experiment 1, participants heard a spoken target word and were simultaneously presented with a visual display of four printed words: a target word, a phonological competitor, and two unrelated distractors. The phonological competitors were manipulated to share either full phonemic overlap of the second syllable with targets (the syllabic overlap condition; e.g., 小篆, xiao3zhuan4, “calligraphy” vs. 公转, gong1zhuan4, “revolution”) or the initial phonemic overlap of the second syllable (the sub-syllabic overlap condition; e.g., 圆柱, yuan2zhu4, “cylinder” vs. 公转, gong1zhuan4, “revolution”) with targets. Participants were asked to select the target words and their eye movements were simultaneously recorded. The results did not show any phonological competition effect in either the syllabic overlap condition or the sub-syllabic overlap condition. In Experiment 2, to maximize the likelihood of observing the phonological competition effect, a target-absent version of the printed-word paradigm was adopted, in which target words were removed from the visual display. The results of Experiment 2 showed significant phonological competition effects in both conditions, i.e., more fixations were made to the phonological competitors than to the distractors. Moreover, the phonological competition effect was found to be larger in the syllabic overlap condition than in the sub-syllabic overlap condition. These findings shed light on the effect of the second syllable competition at the word level during spoken word recognition and, more importantly, showed that the initial phonemes of the second syllable at the syllabic level are also accessed during Chinese disyllabic spoken word recognition.

Towards a characterisation of saliency on first exposure to a second language

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 131-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebekah Rast ◽  
Jean-Yves Dommergues
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Word Length ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Slavic Language ◽  
Word Stress ◽  
Sentence Repetition ◽  
First Contact ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Repetition Task ◽  
Over Time

This paper attempts to shed light on the question of what in the input is perceived and processed by the learner, and how it is processed upon first contact with a target language. Subjects were French learners of Polish who had had no contact with Polish or any other Slavic language before the onset of the project. They were tested on a sentence repetition task before receiving any Polish instruction, after 4 hours of instruction, and again after 8 hours. The results suggest that even as little as 8 hours of exposure induces a recognizable interlanguage; that the influence of global input can be predicted by word length, word stress, phonemic distance, transparency, position and frequency; and that the role these factors play evolves over time. Together the results suggest a way to characterise the notion of saliency in the input.

scholarly journals Analysis of particles size distributions in Mg(OH)2 precipitation from highly concentrated MgCl2 solutions

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Battaglia ◽  
Salvatore Romano ◽  
Antonello Raponi ◽  
Daniele Marchisio ◽  
Michele Ciofalo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Light Scattering ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Suspension Stability ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Production Methods ◽  
Broad Variety ◽  
And Control ◽  
Shed Light

Magnesium is a raw material of great importance, which attracted increasing interest in the last years. A promising route is to recover magnesium in the form of Magnesium Hydroxide via precipitation from highly concentrated Mg2+ resources, e.g. industrial or natural brines and bitterns. Several production methods and characterization procedures have been presented in the literature reporting a broad variety of Mg(OH)2 particle sizes. In the present work, a detailed experimental investigation is aiming to shed light on the characteristics of produced Mg(OH)2 particles and their dependence upon the reacting conditions. To this purpose, two T-shaped mixers were employed to tune and control the degree of homogenization of reactants. Particles were analysed by laser static light scattering with and without an anti-agglomerant treatment based on ultrasounds and addition of a dispersant. Zeta potential measurements were also carried out to further assess Mg(OH)2 suspension stability.

High Fidelity

2018 ◽  
pp. 150-174
Author(s):  
Kevin N. Laland
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Capuchin Monkeys ◽  
High Fidelity ◽  
Max Planck ◽  
Evolutionary Anthropology ◽  
Cumulative Culture ◽  
Technology And Culture ◽  
Theoretical Analyses ◽  
Shed Light

This chapter describes three theoretical analyses which shed light on the question as to what was different about the behavior, morphology, or circumstances of our ancestors that allowed our technology and culture to take off in such an extraordinary manner. Here, mathematical modeling has proven extremely insightful, particularly by demonstrating that high-fidelity transmission would lead to cultural traits persisting for extremely long periods. The theoretical findings supported a verbal argument that had been made previously by psychologist Michael Tomasello at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig. Tomasello had proposed that our species' unique capabilities for language, teaching, and efficient imitation had allowed us to transmit knowledge with a higher fidelity than observed in other animals, and that this transmission fidelity explained the existence of cumulative culture (what he termed “ratcheting”) in humans, but not in other animals. The chapter ends with an account of an experimental investigation in children, chimpanzees, and capuchin monkeys that reinforces these theoretical findings.

MIXED DISCRIMINANT TRAINING OF HYBRID ANN/HMM SYSTEMS FOR ONLINE HANDWRITTEN WORD RECOGNITION

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (01) ◽  
pp. 117-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
EMILIE CAILLAULT ◽  
CHRISTIAN VIARD-GAUDIN
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Markov Models ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Generative Models ◽  
Optimization Approach ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Online Handwriting Recognition ◽  
Handwritten Word Recognition ◽  
Online Handwriting

Online handwritten word recognition systems usually rely on Hidden Markov Models (HMMs), which are effective under many circumstances, but suffer some major limitations in real world applications. Artificial neural networks (ANN) appear to be a promising alternative, however they failed to model sequence data such as online handwriting due to their variable lengths. As a consequence, by combining HMMs and ANN, we can expect to take advantage of the robustness and flexibility of the HMMs generative models and of the discriminative power of the ANN. Training such a hybrid system is not straightforward, this is why so few attempts are encountered in literature. We compare several different training schemes: maximum likelihood (ML) and maximum mutual information (MMI) criteria in the framework of online handwriting recognition with a global optimization approach defined at the word level. A new generic criterion mixing generative model and discriminant trainings is proposed, it allows to train a multistate TDNN-HMM system directly at the word level. This architecture is based on an analytical approach with an implicit segmentation. To control the implicit segmentation and to initialize correctly the system without bootstrapping with another recognition system, we have defined a process that constraints the segmentation path and a measure called Average Segmentation Rate (ASR). Recognition experiments on the online IRONOFF database demonstrated the interest of the generic training criterion and the control of the implicit segmentation.

Effects of Age and Hearing Sensitivity on the Use of Prosodic Information in Spoken Word Recognition

2000 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 915-925 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Wingfield ◽  
Kimberly C. Lindfield ◽  
Harold Goodglass
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Word Recognition ◽  
Spoken Word Recognition ◽  
Spoken Word ◽  
Age Difference ◽  
Hearing Sensitivity ◽  
Perceptual Judgments ◽  
Low Pass ◽  
Word Onset ◽  
Word Prosody

It is well known that spoken words can often be recognized from just their onsets and that older adults require a greater word onset duration for recognition than young adults. In this study, young and older adults heard either just word onsets, word onsets followed by white noise indicating the full duration of the target word, or word onsets followed by a low-pass-filtered signal that indicated the number of syllables and syllabic stress (word prosody) in the absence of segmental information. Older adults required longer stimulus durations for word recognition under all conditions, with age differences in hearing sensitivity contributing significantly to this age difference. Within this difference, however, word recognition was facilitated by knowledge of word prosody to the same degree for young and older adults. These findings suggest, first, that listeners can detect and utilize word stress in making perceptual judgments and, second, that this ability remains spared in normal aging.

The mental representation of derived words

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harald Clahsen ◽  
Yu Ikemoto
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Mental Representation ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Semantic Properties

Deadjectival nominals with –sa and –mi in Japanese are both phonologically transparent and morphologically decomposable. However, whilst –sa essentially serves to form nouns out of adjectives, –mi forms function as semantic labels with specific meanings. We examined –sa and –mi nominals in three experiments, an eye-movement experiment presenting –sa and –mi forms in sentence contexts and in two word recognition experiments using (primed and unprimed) lexical decision, to investigate the nature of their form-level representations. Whilst the word recognition experiments produced the same pattern of results for –sa and –mi forms, the eye-movement experiment demonstrated clear differences: –mi forms elicited longer reading times compared to –sa forms, except when the particular meanings of –mi forms were contextually licensed. These results show how different semantic properties affect the performance of derived words that have the same type of word level representation.

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