A Study on the Process of Establishing the ‘Form’as the Classification Criteria of Parts of Speech - Focused on the Past School Grammar Textbooks

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 171-210
Author(s):  
JeongHyun Hong
Author(s):  
З.И. Годизова ◽  
Д.В. Габисова

Актуальность предпринятого исследования обусловлена тем, что причастие в современном осетинском языке не привлекало активного внимания ученых, имеются лишь общие описания причастий, а специальные исследования, посвященные причастиям, практически отсутствуют. Представляется интересным и актуальным сравнение системы причастий и их грамматических особенностей в осетинском и русском языках. Этот интерес обусловлен принадлежностью сопоставляемых языков к общей индоевропейской семье языков, а также тесным их взаимодействием в условиях двуязычия, что, очевидно, может отразиться и на системе причастий. Научная новизна данной статьи заключается в том, что в ней исследуются грамматические особенности всех разрядов причастий в осетинском языке в сопоставлении с русским языком. На основании проведенного анализа установлено, что в современном осетинском языке система причастий включает пять разрядов, разнообразных в своих грамматических проявлениях, в степени регулярности, в склонности переходить в состав других частей речи. Выявлены наиболее значительные отличия осетинских причастий от русских: существование причастий будущего времени в системе осетинского языка, отсутствие у причастий показателей времени и залога, а также именных грамматических категорий (падежа, числа, рода). Установлено также, что в осетинском языке категория вида в большей степени управляет категорией времени, в силу чего несовершенный вид причастий предполагает только настоящее время, а совершенный только прошедшее отсутствует четкая залоговая оппозиция причастий в осетинском языке. Определено также, что осетинские причастия не имеют членных (полных) форм, но функционируют в роли и сказуемого, и определения, хотя в большей степени тяготеют к предикативной роли. В осетинском языке причастия гораздо менее употребительны сравнительно с причастиями в русском языке и чаще вступают в отношения грамматической омонимии с другими частями речи. The relevance of the undertaken study is determined by the fact that participles in the modern Ossetian language are still insufficiently studied. There are only the most general descriptions of grammar features of participles. The comparison of the system of participles and their grammar features seems interesting and actual, especially considering the fact that the Ossetian and Russian languages belong to different groups of the Indo-European language family. Furthermore, in the context of bilingualism the Russian and Ossetian languages interact actively and that can affect the system of participles. The scientific novelty of the article is determined by the fact that it examines the grammatical features of all categories of participles in the Ossetian language in comparison with the Russian language. The conducted research allowed to elicit five categories in the system of participles in the modern Ossetian language. The analysis of the results showed the participles are diverse in their grammatical characteristics, in the degree of regularity, and in the tendency to transition into other parts of speech. The research defined the most significant differences between Ossetian and Russian participles: existence of future participles in the system of the Ossetian language absence of adjectival grammar categories of gender, number and case as well as formal markers of tense and voice in Ossetian participles. The tense category in Ossetian subordinates to the aspect category to a far greater extent therefore the imperfective aspect of participles accepts the present tense forms only, while perfective acts in the past tense forms Ossetian participles lack explicit voice opposition. Ossetian participles do not have full forms, but they can have syntactic functions of both the predicate and the attribute in a sentence, although the predicative function is more typical for them. Participles in the Ossetian language are much less common compared to participles in Russian and are more disposed to conversion (transition to the category of nouns, verbal adverbs, adjectives, words of the state category).


2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 129-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabian Proft ◽  
Denis Poddubnyy

Development of the Assessment in Spondyloarthritis International Society (ASAS) classification criteria for axial spondyloarthritis (SpA) was one of the major breakthroughs in the field over the past decade. Despite some concerns related to the specificity of the criteria, they stimulated research into the early stage of the disease. This resulted in major advances in the understanding of the course of the disease, revealing predictors of progression, improvement in early diagnosis and treatment in axial SpA. In this review, we summarize the recent developments resulting from the introduction of the ASAS classification criteria for axial SpA and the implications for research and clinical practice.


Litera ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 203-209
Author(s):  
Zera Asanova

The subject of this article is the examination theoretical approaches towards studying adjective as a part of speech, since the description of this lexical and grammatical group in the Crimean Tatar linguistics is incomplete. The aim goal consists in tracing the origins of theoretical comprehension of adjective as an independent part of speech. This linguistic research is based on the descriptive method. Methodological framework is comprised of the fundamental writing of prominent scholars: O. Jespersen, A. Potebnja, V. V. Vinogradov, A. M. Shcherbak, D. N. Shmelyov, and others. As a result, it was determined that the the word is attributed to a particular part of speech is in accordance with the scripted rules introduced by the linguists in the past. Languages and methods of their research have undergone significant changes. Accentuation of adjective among the parts of speech was related to the logical separation of the characteristic of thing from itself, on the level of understanding self-sufficiency of the characteristic as an empirical phenomenon, and the existence of special adjective words as names of quality. The acquired results and materials can be applied in basic and specialized educational courses on theoretical and practical grammar of the modern Crimean Tatar language in the section of “Morphology”.


IJOHMN ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Akintoye, Festu Ayodimeji

Auxiliary verbs in English and French languages are very germane in constructing sentences in both languages. Therefore, this study examines the way auxiliary verbs are used in English and French Languages; and some features where learners of either language may encounter some difficulties in the course of learning. Our attention is drawn to auxiliary verbs because verb is what that makes any sentence functions the way it is. Verb is one of the most important parts of speech in French grammar and also in English .It is through verb that one knows when an action takes place. When a verb helps another verb to form one of its tenses in a sentence, such verb can be said to be auxiliary. This paper also focuses on auxiliary verbs and how verbs are used in the past and present indications. Auxiliary verbs cannot stand or function alone without relying on the main verb in both English and French languages. Finally, we shall concurrently consider in this paper how semi-auxiliary verbs function as modal auxiliary in French.


Cephalalgia ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 566-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
S-J Wang ◽  
J-L Fuh ◽  
Y-H Young ◽  
S-R Lu ◽  
B-C Shia

We conducted the first population-based migraine survey in Taipei, Taiwan, using a validated questionnaire administered by interviewers during the period from August 1997 to June 1998. Our target population comprised all individuals (age ≥ 15 years) in 1400 randomly selected households. Migraine diagnoses were made according to the classification criteria of migraine without aura proposed by the International Headache Society, 1988, except that attacks with a duration of between 2 h and 4 h were also included. Of the 4434 eligible subjects in the 1211 respondent households, 3377 (76%) completed the questionnaire. After adjustment for age and sex distribution according to the population structure, the prevalence of migraine was 9.1% (F/M 14.4%/4.5%). Fifty-four percent of the subjects with migraine had consulted a physician about their headaches in the past year. However, only 18% of them reported that their migraine had been diagnosed by physicians. This study found that Taipei residents have the highest migraine prevalence of all Chinese populations studied, although it is still in the low range of prevalence compared with the results from Western countries.


2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahreena Lakhundi ◽  
Kunyan Zhang

SUMMARYStaphylococcus aureus, a major human pathogen, has a collection of virulence factors and the ability to acquire resistance to most antibiotics. This ability is further augmented by constant emergence of new clones, makingS. aureusa “superbug.” Clinical use of methicillin has led to the appearance of methicillin-resistantS. aureus(MRSA). The past few decades have witnessed the existence of new MRSA clones. Unlike traditional MRSA residing in hospitals, the new clones can invade community settings and infect people without predisposing risk factors. This evolution continues with the buildup of the MRSA reservoir in companion and food animals. This review focuses on imparting a better understanding of MRSA evolution and its molecular characterization and epidemiology. We first describe the origin of MRSA, with emphasis on the diverse nature of staphylococcal cassette chromosomemec(SCCmec).mecAand its new homologues (mecB,mecC, andmecD), SCCmectypes (13 SCCmectypes have been discovered to date), and their classification criteria are discussed. The review then describes various typing methods applied to study the molecular epidemiology and evolutionary nature of MRSA. Starting with the historical methods and continuing to the advanced whole-genome approaches, typing of collections of MRSA has shed light on the origin, spread, and evolutionary pathways of MRSA clones.


Author(s):  
Pierre Swiggers ◽  
Alfons Wouters

The origins of Western grammar (and grammar teaching) lie in ancient Greece. Grammar took shape as a text-based discipline, taking as its object the literary language of the past. The focus was on mastering the morphological structures of classical Greek, of which the forms had to be memorized, and activated through the analysis of literary texts. The teaching of grammar involved the flexible use of manuals, offering the indispensable terminological apparatus and the descriptive categories. The parts-of-speech system remained the corner piece of Western grammar. The condensation of grammatical doctrine in manuals was supplemented with grammatical exercising, focusing on verbal and nominal morphology, and, sporadically, issues of syntax. Grammatical education was extended, through copying, memorizing and analysing of model texts, with lexical and phraseological materials.


1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Hirtle

The problem that provides the subject of the present study has, curiously enough, received little more than a passing glance from most grammarians. Many of them mention that adjectives can be formed from substantives by means of a dental suffix, but none seem to be intrigued by the four aspects of the problem to be examined here. The fact that these aspects of the problem have received little or no attention up to now would in itself justify this study. There is, however, a further and even weightier justification. The problem brings into focus four parts of speech-verb (through the past participle), substantive, adjective and adverb–and so provides an excellent opportunity for observing the relations between these categories. Such a chance should not be missed, especially at a time when not merely the system but the very existence of the parts of speech is being called into question.


2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 341-346
Author(s):  
A. Akynbekova

In Kyrgyz linguistics, texts and translations of written monuments have been studied and studied by language commentaries. However, despite the fact that some opinions have been expressed in Kyrgyz linguistics about the Chagatai language used by the Kyrgyz during the XVII-XIX centuries and about the works written at that time, there are still almost no research works. To this end, this article, based on the works of Russian and foreign scientists, on the basis of comparative-historical method, studied word-forming suffixes that produce nominal parts of speech from verbs (noun, adjective, numeral and pronoun), Chagatai and modern Kyrgyz language. In it, specific examples indicate the units of their functions. As a result, according to the facts given in the article, over time, the word-forming suffixes of the Chagatai language were subject only to phonetic changes, while most suffixes are still stable. This is due to the fact that the forms that make up the grammar system in comparison with the vocabulary that makes up the dictionary system of the language remain unchanged for a long time. Therefore, conclusions were made about the need to study the materials of the modern Kyrgyz language on the basis of historical linguistic facts, as a special object of research on the issues of proximity, kinship with the Chagatai language. After all, under the conditions of sovereignty, we must thoroughly study the nature of our writing, which in our history has not yet been paid attention to, which has remained out of our field of vision and has not been studied in accordance with the requirements of the time. Research in this direction can contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the real links between the present and the past of the language and culture of the Kyrgyz people, the restoration of its unique, unique customs and attitudes.


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