-Ed Adjectives like ‘verandahed’ and ‘blue-eyed’

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Hirtle

The problem that provides the subject of the present study has, curiously enough, received little more than a passing glance from most grammarians. Many of them mention that adjectives can be formed from substantives by means of a dental suffix, but none seem to be intrigued by the four aspects of the problem to be examined here. The fact that these aspects of the problem have received little or no attention up to now would in itself justify this study. There is, however, a further and even weightier justification. The problem brings into focus four parts of speech-verb (through the past participle), substantive, adjective and adverb–and so provides an excellent opportunity for observing the relations between these categories. Such a chance should not be missed, especially at a time when not merely the system but the very existence of the parts of speech is being called into question.

Litera ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 203-209
Author(s):  
Zera Asanova

The subject of this article is the examination theoretical approaches towards studying adjective as a part of speech, since the description of this lexical and grammatical group in the Crimean Tatar linguistics is incomplete. The aim goal consists in tracing the origins of theoretical comprehension of adjective as an independent part of speech. This linguistic research is based on the descriptive method. Methodological framework is comprised of the fundamental writing of prominent scholars: O. Jespersen, A. Potebnja, V. V. Vinogradov, A. M. Shcherbak, D. N. Shmelyov, and others. As a result, it was determined that the the word is attributed to a particular part of speech is in accordance with the scripted rules introduced by the linguists in the past. Languages and methods of their research have undergone significant changes. Accentuation of adjective among the parts of speech was related to the logical separation of the characteristic of thing from itself, on the level of understanding self-sufficiency of the characteristic as an empirical phenomenon, and the existence of special adjective words as names of quality. The acquired results and materials can be applied in basic and specialized educational courses on theoretical and practical grammar of the modern Crimean Tatar language in the section of “Morphology”.


2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (9) ◽  
pp. 171-188
Author(s):  
Katayoon Katoozian

Étant donné la difficulté de l’homophonie des formes verbales en /E/ qui peuvent s’écrire par au moins dix formes différentes dont l’infinitif (-ER), le participe passé (-É) et l’imparfait (-AI), le choix entre ces formes reste une question délicate dans l’orthographe grammaticale du français. Cette recherche vise à étudier les problèmes des apprenants iraniens du FLE (Français Langue Étrangère) dans la gestion de ce secteur. Basée sur les recherches antérieures menées auprès d’élèves français et québécois, la présente étude cherche précisément à répondre aux questions suivantes : 1- Comment se fait l’évolution de la compétence de gestion des finales verbales en /E/? 2- Parmi les formes en -ER, -É, et -AI laquelle est mieux réussie ? 3- a) Dans les formes en -É, est-ce que les apprenants font l’accord avec le genre et le nombre sujet ? b) Est-ce qu’ils ont des problèmes d’accord en personne dans les formes en -AI ? Afin de répondre à ces questions, nous avons fait passer un test aux 113 apprenants iraniens du français des niveaux A1, A2 et B1 acquis inscrits à quelques instituts de langue de Téhéran. Les résultats de notre étude à l’aide de l’analyse statistique de variance (ANOVA) montrent que : 1- La gestion des finales verbales en /E/ n’est pas maitrisée à travers ces niveaux. Il n’existe pas de différence significative entre les notes globales de ces trois niveaux successifs. 2- La forme en -ER est mieux maitrisée suivie de la forme en -É et celle en -AI ce qui montre la tendance des apprenants pour l’invariabilité. En plus de ces trois formes, nous avons trouvé d’autres types d’erreurs (ex. erreurs phonétiques et erreurs de segmentation) fréquents dans notre corpus qui n’ont pas été rapportés par les recherches antérieures en FLM (Français Langue Maternelle). 3- a) En ce qui concerne les formes en -É, il n’existe pas d’accord avec le sujet et la tendance réside dans l’invariabilité. b) Quant aux formes en -AI, le problème d’accord en personne ne se pose pas. Ces résultats diffèrent de ceux obtenus dans le contexte d’autres recherches en FLM. Comme perspective didactique, nous avons proposé la redéfinition de la place de l’orthographe dans les méthodes actuelles du français tout en soulignant l’efficacité de la démarche réflexive dans l’enseignement-apprentissage de l’orthographe. Abstract Given the difficulty of homophony in verbal endings in /E/ which can be written by at least ten different forms including the infinitive (-ER), the past participle (-É) and the imperfect (-AI), the choice between these forms remains a delicate question in learning French grammatical orthography. The purpose of this research is to study the problems of Iranian learners of French dealing with this issue. Based on previous investigations focusing on French and Quebecois students, the present study aims specifically to answer the following questions: 1- How does the ability to deal verbal endings in /E/ evolve? 2- Among the -ER, -É and -AI forms which is the most successful? 3- a) Among the -É forms, do the learners make agreement between the gender and the number of the subject? b) Do they have any problems with agreement in person among the -AI forms? In order to answer these questions, we have distributed a test to 113 Iranian learners of A1, A2 and B1 levels in French registered in some language institutes in Tehran. Our results based on statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) show that: 1- The management of verbal endings in /E/ is not mastered at these levels. There is not a significant difference between global scores of these three successive levels. 2- The -ER form is the most successful before the -É and -AI forms respectively, which shows the tendency of learners for invariance. In addition to these three forms, other types of errors (e.g. orthographical errors phonetically-based and errors of segmentation) were frequent in our data yet not reported by previous investigations in French as a First Language (FFL). 3- a) Concerning -É forms, the agreement does not exist and the tendency lies in invariance. b) As for -AI forms, the issue with agreement does not arise. These findings differ from those obtained by other studies in FFL. As a didactic solution, it is suggested to redefine the place of orthography in the actual methods of French language teaching and to emphasize the effectiveness of reflexive way in teaching-learning of French orthography.


2006 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-161
Author(s):  
Claude Muller

We examine the evolution of the syntax of the verb phrase in Middle French, in a topological framework. The V2 hypothesis can be maintained for this stage if we admit that V becomes a VP in Middle French, thus explaining that the non topicalised subject will be placed further after the verb, particularly after the past participle, understood as a verbal constituant ; in the same time, a final position of focus appears, leading to place a heavy subject in the last position of the clause. The other major position of the subject, just before the verb, is the most frequent in subordinate clauses. A major fact of the subsequent evolution is the restriction to the adverbials in the possibilities of insertions between verb and participles or infinitives, and also between a relative subject or a complementizer and the verb in subordinate clauses.


1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (4I) ◽  
pp. 321-331
Author(s):  
Sarfraz Khan Qureshi

It is an honour for me as President of the Pakistan Society of Development Economists to welcome you to the 13th Annual General Meeting and Conference of the Society. I consider it a great privilege to do so as this Meeting coincides with the Golden Jubilee celebrations of the state of Pakistan, a state which emerged on the map of the postwar world as a result of the Muslim freedom movement in the Indian Subcontinent. Fifty years to the date, we have been jubilant about it, and both as citizens of Pakistan and professionals in the social sciences we have also been thoughtful about it. We are trying to see what development has meant in Pakistan in the past half century. As there are so many dimensions that the subject has now come to have since its rather simplistic beginnings, we thought the Golden Jubilee of Pakistan to be an appropriate occasion for such stock-taking.


Author(s):  
Daiva Milinkevičiūtė

The Age of Enlightenment is defined as the period when the universal ideas of progress, deism, humanism, naturalism and others were materialized and became a golden age for freemasons. It is wrong to assume that old and conservative Christian ideas were rejected. Conversely, freemasons put them into new general shapes and expressed them with the help of symbols in their daily routine. Symbols of freemasons had close ties with the past and gave them, on the one hand, a visible instrument, such as rituals and ideas to sense the transcendental, and on the other, intense gnostic aspirations. Freemasons put in a great amount of effort to improve themselves and to create their identity with the help of myths and symbols. It traces its origins to the biblical builders of King Solomon’s Temple, the posterity of the Templar Knights, and associations of the medieval craft guilds, which were also symbolical and became their link not only to each other but also to the secular world. In this work we analysed codified masonic symbols used in their rituals. The subject of our research is the universal Masonic idea and its aspects through the symbols in the daily life of the freemasons in Vilnius. Thanks to freemasons’ signets, we could find continuity, reception, and transformation of universal masonic ideas in the Lithuanian freemasonry and national characteristics of lodges. Taking everything into account, our article shows how the universal idea of freemasonry spread among Lithuanian freemasonry, and which forms and meanings it incorporated in its symbols. The objective of this research is to find a universal Masonic idea throughout their visual and oral symbols and see its impact on the daily life of the masons in Vilnius. Keywords: Freemasonry, Bible, lodge, symbols, rituals, freemasons’ signets.


No other talent process has been the subject of such great debate and emotion as performance management (PM). For decades, different strategies have been tried to improve PM processes, yielding an endless cycle of reform to capture the next “flavor-of-the-day” PM trend. The past 5 years, however, have brought novel thinking that is different from past trends. Companies are reducing their formal processes, driving performance-based cultures, and embedding effective PM behavior into daily work rather than relying on annual reviews to drive these. Through case studies provided from leading organizations, this book illustrates the range of PM processes that companies are using today. These show a shift away from adopting someone else’s best practice; instead, companies are designing bespoke PM processes that fit their specific strategy, climate, and needs. Leading PM thought leaders offer their views about the state of PM today, what we have learned and where we need to focus future efforts, including provocative new research that shows what matters most in driving high performance. This book is a call to action for talent management professionals to go beyond traditional best practice and provide thought leadership in designing PM processes and systems that will enhance both individual and organizational performance.


Urban Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 70
Author(s):  
Till Koglin ◽  
Lucas Glasare

This paper evaluates the history and cycling accessibility of Nova, a shopping centre established in Lund, Sweden, in 2002. The current situation was also analysed through observation and a literature review. Moreover, the study conducted a closer analysis of the history and role of the municipality based on further literature study and interviews with officials. The conclusion of the analysis indicates poor and unsafe bikeways caused by conflicts of interest between politicians, officials, landowners and the general public. It also depicts a situation in which the municipality’s master plan has been ignored, and, in contrast to the local goals, cycling accessibility at Nova has seen no significant improvement since the shopping centre was first established. The reasons for this, arguably, are a relatively low budget for bikeway improvements in the municipality, as well as a situation in which decision-makers have stopped approaching the subject, as a result of the long and often boisterous conflicts it has created in the past. Lastly, it must be noted that it is easy to regard the whole process of Nova, from its establishment to the current situation, as being symptomatic of the power structures between drivers and cyclists that still affect decision-makers at all levels.


Universe ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 169
Author(s):  
Cristina Lazzeroni ◽  
Sandra Malvezzi ◽  
Andrea Quadri

The rapid changes in science and technology witnessed in recent decades have significantly contributed to the arousal of the awareness by decision-makers and the public as a whole of the need to strengthen the connection between outreach activities of universities and research institutes and the activities of educational institutions, with a central role played by schools. While the relevance of the problem is nowadays unquestioned, no unique and fully satisfactory solution has been identified. In the present paper we would like to contribute to the discussion on the subject by reporting on an ongoing project aimed to teach Particle Physics in primary schools. We will start from the past and currently planned activities in this project in order to establish a broader framework to describe the conditions for the fruitful interplay between researchers and teachers. We will also emphasize some aspects related to the dissemination of outreach materials by research institutions, in order to promote the access and distribution of scientific information in a way suited to the different age of the target students.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Léon E Dijkman

Abstract Germany is one of few jurisdictions with a bifurcated patent system, under which infringement and validity of a patent are established in separate proceedings. Because validity proceedings normally take longer to conclude, it can occur that remedies for infringement are imposed before a decision on the patent’s validity is available. This phenomenon is colloquially known as the ‘injunction gap’ and has been the subject of increasing criticism over the past years. In this article, I examine the injunction gap from the perspective of the right to a fair trial enshrined in Art. 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights. I find that the case law of the European Court of Human Rights interpreting this provision supports criticism of the injunction gap, because imposing infringement remedies with potentially far-reaching consequences before the validity of a patent has been established by a court of law arguably violates defendants’ right to be heard. Such reliance on the patent office’s grant decision is no longer warranted in the light of contemporary invalidation rates. I conclude that the proliferation of the injunction gap should be curbed by an approach to a stay of proceedings which is in line with the test for stays as formulated by Germany’s Federal Supreme Court. Under this test, courts should stay infringement proceedings until the Federal Patent Court or the EPO’s Board of Appeal have ruled on the validity of a patent whenever it is more likely than not that it will be invalidated.


2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-140
Author(s):  
Fabio D’Orlando ◽  
Sharon Ricciotti

Escalation is a key characteristic of many consumption behaviors that has not received theoretical attention. This paper aims to propose both a definition and a theoretical treatment of escalation in consumption. We define escalation as a subject’s attempt to obtain “more” or engage in consumption behaviors that are “more intense” on a measurable, quantitative or qualitative, objective or subjective, scale (more difficult ski slopes, stronger drugs, harder sex, better restaurants etc.), even if the subject preferred less intense consumption behaviors in the past. Further, this evolution in behavior also occurs if the budget constraint does not change. We will find endogenous and exogenous theoretical microfoundations for escalation in models of hedonic adaptation, desire for novelty, acquisition of consumption skills, rising aspirations, positional effects, and envy. However, we will also discuss the possibility that the tendency to escalate is a specific innate behavior inherent to human nature. Finally, we will propose a preliminary theoretical formalization of such behavior and indicate the possible implications of taking escalation into adequate consideration. JEL codes: B52, D11, D90, D91, I31


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