Expansion / shrinkage of bottom masses hearth during firing

2020 ◽  
pp. 61-64
Author(s):  
G. D. Apalkova
Keyword(s):  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
Firing Process ◽  
Artificial Graphite ◽  
Modern Methods ◽  
Formation Of Cracks ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Carbon Component

The actualization of the problem of shrinkage phenomena in the process of firing the bottom, contributing to the opening of joints and the formation of cracks, is shown. The modern methods and means of studying expansion / shrinkage of the bottom masses during firing are analyzed. The expansion / shrinkage of bottom masses, differing in the ratio of the carbon component (anthracite) and artificial graphite in their composition, was investigated. It has been established that shrinkage phenomena decrease in a row from anthracite mass to graphitoanthracite. Studies have shown that the difference in the scale of linear changes during structural shrinkage is quite significant ― about 20 %. It was noted that the minimization of shrinkage phenomena contributing to the opening of joints and the formation of cracks is one of the factors to reduce the risk of leakage of the bottom of the cell. In this regard, it is advisable to optimize the rate of shrinkage of the bottom masses during the firing process at the stage of its structural adjustment, taking into account the conditions of their operation

scholarly journals POSITIONING IMAGES OF SEGMENTED OBJECTS BASED ON QT CROSS-PLATFORM ENVIRONMENT

2020 ◽  
pp. 18-26
Author(s):  
M. E. Golovkin
Keyword(s):  
Scaling Factor ◽  
Single Image ◽  
Image Scaling ◽  
Modern Methods ◽  
Scaling Methods ◽  
Cross Platform ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Object Features ◽  
Minimum Ratio

The article provides information about the program developed on the basis of the Qt environment, which allows positioning the original image of an object within the field of attention in order to simplify the procedure for generating object features that are invariant to shift, change scale, and rotate its image. Provides an overview of modern methods and software tools for scaling images. The algorithm of the program and a series of computational experiments is described. During the first series, the program positions the image of a triangle within the field of attention using various scaling methods. According to the results of this series, it was concluded which method of scaling an image of an object gives the least loss of quality. In other series of experiments, the program centers and scales the images of a square and a circle inside the attention field with different sizes of the attention field (selection frame) corresponding to a single image scaling factor. Following the results of each series of xperiments, measurements of the sizes of positioned objects were carried out and the dependence of the ratio of their areas on the scaling factor was established. The difference between the maximum and minimum ratio of the coefficients for each series of experiments is calculated. On the basis of the data obtained, it was concluded that for further work with segmented objects of the scene and their positioning in the field of attention, the size of the selection frame of 256x256 pixels can be considered reference.

CLIMATE AND HEALTH BENEFITS OF PHASING OUT IRON & STEEL PRODUCTION CAPACITY IN CHINA: FINDINGS FROM THE IMED MODEL

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (03) ◽  
pp. 2041008
Author(s):  
BO-SHU LI ◽  
YAN CHEN ◽  
SHAOHUI ZHANG ◽  
ZHERU WU ◽  
JANUSZ COFALA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Steel Production ◽  
Iron And Steel ◽  
Adjustment Policy ◽  
Structural Adjustment Policy ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Benefit Cost

In recognition of the negative climate change and deteriorative air quality, the iron and steel industry in China was subject to production capacity phase-out policy (PCPP), which is deeply influencing industrial restructuring and national emission reduction targets. However, researches that quantitatively estimated the comprehensive impacts of such structural adjustment policy remain scant. For this purpose, this study expands and soft-links between GAINS and IMED models to characterize the impacts of climate change and PM[Formula: see text]-attributed health co-benefits. Results showed the PCPP based on scale limitation to eliminate backward capacities in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region yields total benefits of 34.9 billion Yuan (4.2 billion USD), 89% of total coming from energy saving and carbon mitigation, more than policy costs (20.0 billion Yuan) in 2020, but the gap between benefit-cost will keep narrowing to [Formula: see text]2.8 billion Yuan ([Formula: see text]0.3 billion USD) in 2020–2030, indicating that policy improvement is needed in the long run. To further increase policy co-benefits and achieve multiple policy targets, the policymaker should readjust the PCPP by switching scale limitation to energy efficiency constraint. If doing that, the difference of benefit-cost will achieve 42.5 billion Yuan (5.1 billion USD). The regional disparity also exits due to the diverse ratio of benefit-cost in the selected provinces, calling for necessary fiscal incentives to the less developed area, e.g., Hebei, to promote closer integration.

Evaluation of the Strength of Flat Gears According to the Criterion of the Onset of Plastic Deformation

2019 ◽  
Vol 822 ◽  
pp. 695-700
Author(s):  
Anatoly S. Komarov ◽  
Vladimir A. Zhukov
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Deformation ◽  
Contact Interaction ◽  
Deformable Body ◽  
Tooth Profile ◽  
Planar Problem ◽  
Inelastic Material ◽  
Modern Methods ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Ansys Workbench

In this article, with the help of modern methods of mechanics of a deformable body and the means of computer mathematics, the simulation of contact interaction of gears was performed. For contacting profiles outlined on the involute, the solution of the planar problem was implemented by using the ANSYS Workbench program. This paper compares gears with different tooth profile angles and considers the difference in the use of elastic and inelastic material in gearing. The obtained stress results are compared with results obtained by the AGMA standard. In conclusion, the results are shown in the comparative table.

To the Question of Modern Methods of Assessment Educational Outcomes of Students

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
������ ◽  
A. Babkin
Keyword(s):  
Formative Assessment ◽  
Educational Outcomes ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Educational Program ◽  
Modern Methods ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Educational Paradigm ◽  
Historical Question

This article describes one of the most important issues in pedagogy at the present time - the question of assessment of students. What should be the evaluation in terms of educational paradigm shift, what role do the mark and the assessment play and what is the difference between them. The article also touched upon the historical question of the appearance of "the mark" and "lesson point". It describes the process of formative assessment, gives the author´s definition and identifies the basic tools of formative assessment. Portfolio and student record book are considered as the main elements of the system of formative assessment. The article also mentions the main directions of assessing the achievement of the expected results of development of the basic educational program, including assessment of metasubject results using standardized metasubject works.

Influence of yttria content on the preparation of nanocrystalline yttria-doped zirconia

1995 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 762-773 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dai Huang ◽  
K.R. Venkatachari ◽  
Gregory C. Stangle
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Synthesis Process ◽  
Firing Process ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Yttria Content ◽  
Final Density ◽  
Cubic Phases ◽  
Average Grain Size ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Fast Firing

Nanocrystalline zirconia doped with 0–10 mol % Y2O3 has been prepared by a combustion synthesis process, followed by a rapid densification process. The concentration of Y2O3 in the as-reacted zirconia appeared to have a significant influence on the reduction of the crystallite size, in the combustion temperature range studied (450 °C–550 °C), as well as on the stabilization of the tetragonal and/or cubic phases. The green compacts were densified by a fast-firing process. During fast-firing, the dwell temperature significantly affected the final average grain size and the final density of the article. On the other hand, the ranges of heating rates and dwell times that were used in this study were shown to have a much less significant effect on the article's final density and final average grain size. The yttria content had the largest influence on the final density and final average grain size. The densification took place much more rapidly in the 4 mol % Y2O3-ZrO2 samples than in the 10 mol % Y2O3-ZrO2 samples. In particular, the difference in densification rates between the samples with different Y2O3 content was attributed to the influence and magnitude of the associated grain-growth process. It was determined, however, that a high final density (>99% ρth) and a very fine final average grain size (<200 nm) could be simultaneously achieved with each of three different heating rates for the 4 mol% Y2O3-ZrO2 articles.

Growth of AlN and AlN-SiC Solid Solution by Sublimation Method

2006 ◽  
Vol 527-529 ◽  
pp. 1501-1504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail Anikin ◽  
Didier Chaussende ◽  
Etienne Pernot ◽  
O. Chaix-Pluchery ◽  
H. Roussel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid Solution ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Lattice Mismatch ◽  
Substrate Material ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Sublimation Method ◽  
Formation Of Cracks ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Sublimation Technique

AlN is considered as the most suitable substrate material for further development of high quality and high performance nitride-based micro- and opto-electronics. AlN ingots are often grown on SiC seeds. To solve the formation of cracks due to the difference in lattice parameters between seed and crystal we chose to “adapt” the lattice mismatch by a buffer layer of the (AlN)x(SiC)1-x solid solution. This paper gives some inputs on the growth of AlN and the solid solution by the sublimation technique, in terms of materials compatibility, hetero- and homo-epitaxial growth of AlN and on the preparation of crack-free solid solution single crystals.

scholarly journals Reflections on modern methods: generalized linear models for prognosis and intervention—theory, practice and implications for machine learning

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kellyn F Arnold ◽  
Vinny Davies ◽  
Marc de Kamps ◽  
Peter W G Tennant ◽  
John Mbotwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Generalized Linear Models ◽  
Functional Form ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Causal Explanation ◽  
Causal Modelling ◽  
Prediction And Prevention ◽  
Modern Methods ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Health Applications

Abstract Prediction and causal explanation are fundamentally distinct tasks of data analysis. In health applications, this difference can be understood in terms of the difference between prognosis (prediction) and prevention/treatment (causal explanation). Nevertheless, these two concepts are often conflated in practice. We use the framework of generalized linear models (GLMs) to illustrate that predictive and causal queries require distinct processes for their application and subsequent interpretation of results. In particular, we identify five primary ways in which GLMs for prediction differ from GLMs for causal inference: (i) the covariates that should be considered for inclusion in (and possibly exclusion from) the model; (ii) how a suitable set of covariates to include in the model is determined; (iii) which covariates are ultimately selected and what functional form (i.e. parameterization) they take; (iv) how the model is evaluated; and (v) how the model is interpreted. We outline some of the potential consequences of failing to acknowledge and respect these differences, and additionally consider the implications for machine learning (ML) methods. We then conclude with three recommendations that we hope will help ensure that both prediction and causal modelling are used appropriately and to greatest effect in health research.

scholarly journals On the assessment of the potential for extracting information on defects in the main pipeline by the method of radar analysis of natural oscillation frequency

2021 ◽  
Vol 2094 (4) ◽  
pp. 042030
Author(s):  
O A Maykov ◽  
E A Kokhonkova ◽  
T N Baturin
Keyword(s):  
Oscillation Frequency ◽  
Natural Oscillation ◽  
Frequency Characteristics ◽  
Main Pipeline ◽  
Natural Oscillations ◽  
Vibration Method ◽  
Main Pipelines ◽  
Formation Of Cracks ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Natural Oscillation Frequency

Abstract The paper deals with the issue of diagnostics of main pipelines by the vibration method, exploring the influence of the formation of cracks in the walls of the pipeline on the change in the frequency characteristics of the pipeline. By analyzing the difference in the natural oscillation frequency of a pipe with a crack and without it, it is possible to assess the location of the defect with a certain accuracy. The issue of the possibility of reading the natural oscillations of the main pipeline from the surface of the soil located above the pipeline is also being studied.

scholarly journals RELATIVE APPROACH TO IDENTIFICATION OF PARAFFIN WAX ADMIXTURES IN BEE WAX

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 262-268
Author(s):  
V. A. Rudnev ◽  
A. F. Klimchuk ◽  
L. V. Nardid
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Internal Standard ◽  
Paraffin Wax ◽  
Chromatography Method ◽  
Modern Methods ◽  
Wax Content ◽  
The Difference

The article deals with modern methods of identifying paraffin wax admixtures in bee wax. It proves the efficiency of the approach which uses a k coefficient as a criteria to show wax content changes in the mixture with paraffin, k coefficient is a ratio of n-alkanes with even and odd number of carbon atoms. The identification of paraffin was conducted with the use of gas chromatography method without the use of an internal standard. The article considers the capacity of using this method to study paraffin - wax mixtures in a wide contents range of components. The difference in k coefficient values for the paraffin content varying from 0 to 10 % (of the mass) amounted to over 10 units. For the studied sample of pure wax the coefficient was 13.0, and for a 10 %o-admixture ofparaffin it was 2.8. The further increase in paraffin content resulted in a less intensive change of the coefficient value - up to the value of 1.5 with the paraffin content of 43 %. The identification margin in this approach can be estimated at less than 3 % of the mass.

scholarly journals PARADIGM FOR ESTIMATING EFFECTIVENESS OF INVESTMENTS IN UKRAINE'S ECONOMY

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inna Lintur ◽  
Maria Petrichko ◽  
Natalia Gladinets
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Return On Investment ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Investment Efficiency ◽  
Investment Projects ◽  
Efficiency Assessment ◽  
Modern Methods ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Social Environmental

The article considers the current conditions of the process of development and decision-making on investment. Different methods of investment efficiency assessment are described. The relevance of the use of quantum economic analysis as one of the newest methods of analysis of investment projects is studied and substantiated. In particular, it is noted that the difference between KEA and currently used concepts is that these methods are based on the analysis of accounting documents, forecast indicators, application of audit analysis and calculation of various financial ratios. However, financial calculations must be preceded by an analysis that identifies and eliminates a priori inefficient and unprofitable projects. Determining the economic efficiency of investment projects is the most important and difficult stage of pre-investment research. The timing of the return on investment depends on how objectively and comprehensively this assessment has been carried out and, consequently, on the correct course of further action on a particular project. In turn, objectivity and comprehensiveness provide modern methods of evaluating the effectiveness of investment projects. he methods considered by us are quite accurate, because based on simple calculations, they allow you to quickly assess the economic efficiency of investment projects, they can be used to address issues such as project profitability; determine the benefits of different versions of the project; find out how one project is more effective than another. The foreign experience of investment efficiency assessment is studied. Based on the study of which, it was concluded that the evaluation of investment projects should be based on economic, social and environmental conditions, selected and grouped taking into account the investment objectives. When evaluating investment projects by individual criteria, it is very difficult to compare projects and evaluate them. Therefore, different criteria (economic, financial, social, environmental, etc.), and they should be combined into one generalized meaning.

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