Preparation of activated carbon from cashew nut shells for water purification

2019 ◽  
pp. 15-22
Author(s):  
Brou Guillaume Kouassi ◽  
N. S. Serpokrylov ◽  
A. S. Smolyanichenko ◽  
E. G. Cheblakova ◽  
V. A. Gorina
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Phase Analysis ◽  
Water Purification ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Interlayer Spacing ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Size Change ◽  
Activation Temperature ◽  
X Ray

The article proposes using the agricultural waste of Cashew Nuts Shells (CNS) from the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire to produce activated carbon used in water treatment by physical activation. Washed and crushed CNS was carbonized at 800 °С. The obtained crushed and charred CNS was physically activated with water vapor within the temperature range of 400 to 700 °С. Specific surfaces (SBET) and porous structures of obtained activated carbon samples were investigated by low-temperature nitrogen absorption using X-ray diffraction (phase) analysis. The results showed that an increase in the activation temperature with a fixed activation time leads to larger material specific surface, microporous structure development and higher total volume of mesoand micro pores of activated carbons obtained. The X-ray phase analysis results demonstrated that the degree of graphitization, interlayer spacing and crystallite size change insignificantly. It was shown that CNS can be used for activated carbon production that is not inferior by its sorption properties to analogues currently used for water purification.

scholarly journals Activated Carbons (AC) Prepared by Direct CO2 Activation of Parsea Americana seeds Biomass for Supercapacitor Electrodes

2021 ◽  
Vol 2049 (1) ◽  
pp. 012067
Author(s):  
Rakhmawati Farma ◽  
Ramadani Putri Anakis ◽  
Irma Apriyani
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Co2 Activation ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Activation Temperature ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cyclic Voltametry ◽  
Scanning Electron

Abstract Biomass converted into activated carbon (AC) by using physical activation method can form micro-meso pore structure and maintain the interconnected natural pore network of biomass. AC is prepared from the biomass of Parsea Americana seeds (PAS) through a process of pre-carbonization, chemical activation, carbonization and physical activation which is activated at temperatures of 700°C, 800°C, and 900°C. Characterization of physical properties of AC electrodes consisted of X-ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-ray and characterization of electrochemical properties of supercapacitor cells using Cyclic Voltametry. The results showed that the microstructure of the AC electrode has a semicrystalline structure characterized by the presence of two sloping peaks at an angle of 2θ around 24° and 44° which corresponded to the hkl (002) and (100) planes, where the lowest Lc value was produced by the PAS-900 sample. The PAS-900 sample had aggregates or lumps with smaller size in small amounts in the presence of micro-mesopores and had the highest carbon content of 94.50% with the highest capacitance value of 203.12 F/g. The temperature of 900°C is the best activation temperature in the process of manufacture AC electrodes from Parsea Americana seeds biomass for supercapacitor cell applications.

scholarly journals Effect of Activator Type on Activated Carbon Characters from Teak Wood and The Bleaching Test for Waste Cooking Oil

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-89
Author(s):  
Sriatun Sriatun ◽  
Shabrina Herawati ◽  
Icha Aisyah
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Iodine Number ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Activation Temperature ◽  
Cooking Oil

The starting material for activated carbon was biomass from teak woodcutting, which consists of 47.5% cellulose, 14.4% hemicellulose, and 29.9% lignin. The surface area and iodine number of activated carbons are the factors determining the adsorption ability. This study aims to determine the effect of the activator type on activated carbon characters and test the absorption ability for waste cooking oil. The synthesis stages include carbonization, chemical activation, and then physics activation. The activation process consists of two steps. Firstly, the chemical activation via adding H2SO4, and H3PO4 at room temperature for 24 hours, the second, physical activation by heating at various temperatures of 300, 400, and 500 °C for two hours. The characterizations of activated carbon include water content, ash content, iodine number, functional groups, and surface area. Furthermore, the activated carbon was used as an adsorbent for waste cooking oil for 60 minutes at 100 °C with a stirring of 500 rpm. The results were analyzed using UV-Vis spectrophotometry at a maximum wavelength of 403 nm. The iodine numbers of activated carbon ranged 481.1-1211.4 mg/g and 494.8-1204 mg/g for H3PO4 and H2SO4, respectively.Activated carbon with H3PO4 of 15% and an activation temperature of 400 °C has the highest surface area of 445.30 m2/g.  The H2SO4 dan H3PO4 activators can be used to improve the quality of activated carbon in absorbing dyes in waste cooking oil, where the optimum concentration is 10-15% (v/v). The H3PO4 activator tends to produce a higher bleaching percentage than H2SO4. 

scholarly journals Ethanol Dehydrogenation to Acetaldehyde over Activated Carbons-Derived from Coffee Residue

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeerati Ob-eye ◽  
Piyasan Praserthdam ◽  
Bunjerd Jongsomjit
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Ethanol Conversion ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Catalytic Dehydrogenation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Coffee Ground ◽  
Carbon Catalysts ◽  
Dehydrogenation Of Ethanol

This study focuses on the production of acetaldehyde from ethanol by catalytic dehydrogenation using activated carbon catalysts derived from coffee ground residues and commercial activated carbon catalyst. For the synthesis of activated carbon catalysts, coffee ground residues were chemical activated with ZnCl2 (ratio 1:3) followed by different physical activation. All prepared catalysts were characterized with various techniques such as nitrogen physisorption (BET and BJH methods), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), temperature programmed desorption (CO2-TPD and NH3-TPD), X-ray Difraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The dehydrogenation of vaporized ethanol was performed to test the catalytic activity and product distribution. Testing catalytic activity by operated in a fixed-bed continuous flow micro-reactor at temperatures ranged from 250 to 400 °C. It was found that the AC-D catalyst (using calcination under carbon dioxide flow at 600 °C, 4 hours for physical activation) exhibited the highest catalytic activity, while all catalysts show high selectivity to acetaldehyde (more than 90%). Ethanol conversion apparently increased with increased reaction temperature. At 400 ºC, the AC-D catalyst gave the highest ethanol conversion of 47.9% and yielded 46.8% of acetaldehyde. The highest activity obtained from AC-D catalyst can be related to both Lewis acidity and Lewis basicity because the dehydrogenation of ethanol uses both Lewis acid and Lewis basic sites for this reaction. To investigate the stability of catalyst, the AC-D catalyst showed quite constant ethanol conversion for 10 h. Therefore, the synthesized activated carbon from coffee ground residues is promising to be used in dehydrogenation of ethanol. Copyright © 2019 BCREC Group. All rights reserved 

scholarly journals Optimization of activation temperature on the preparation of sliced porous activated carbon from date fronds by physical activation

2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Shoaib ◽  
Hassan Al-Swaidan
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Activation Temperature ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Environmental Threat ◽  
Step Procedure ◽  
Horizontal Reactor ◽  
Porous Activated Carbon

Saudi Arabia is the major date producer in the world. In order to get the maximum production from date tree there is a need to prune the trees on annual basis and is considered as a serious environmental threat. The single step procedure for the synthesis of porous activated carbon (AC) from Saudi date tree fronds using mixture of gases (N2 and CO2) was carried out at different carbonization/activation temperatures staring from 700?C to 1000?C at a ramp rate of 10 degree per minute. Alloy 330 horizontal reactor was used in tube furnace. Flow rate of N2 and CO2 gases were kept at 150 and 50ml/min respectively. Results reveal that at 850oC larger surface area was achieved and can offer higher potential to produce activated carbon of greater adsorption capacity from date fronds waste. The BET surface areas of the activated carbons prepared at 850?C after 30 minutes activation time are 1094 m2/g.

Analisis Variasi Temperatur Aktivasi Terhadap Daya Serap Arang Aktif Tandan Aren (Arenga Pinnata Merr) Dengan Agen Aktivasi Potassium Silicate(K2SiO3)

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 221
Author(s):  
Muhammad Azam ◽  
Muhammad Anas ◽  
Erniwati Erniwati
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Temperature Variation ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Potassium Silicate ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Activation Temperature ◽  
Pyrolysis Reactor

This study aims to determine the effect of variation of activation temperature of activated carbon from sugar palm bunches of chemically activatied with the activation agent of potassium silicate (K2SiO3) on the adsorption capacity of iodine and methylene blue. Activated carbon from bunches of sugar palmacquired in four steps: preparationsteps, carbonizationstepsusing the pyrolysis reactor with temperature of 300 oC - 400 oC for 8 hours and chemical activation using of potassium silicate (K2SiO3) activator in weight ratio of 2: 1 and physical activation using the electric furnace for 30 minutes with temperature variation of600 oC, 650 oC, 700 oC, 750 oC and 800 oC. The iodine and methyleneblue adsorption testedby Titrimetric method and Spectrophotometry methodrespectively. The results of the adsorption of iodine and methylene blue activated carbon from sugar palm bunches increased from 240.55 mg/g and 63.14 mg/g at a temperature of 600 oC to achieve the highest adsorption capacity of 325.80 mg/g and 73.59 mg/g at temperature of 700 oC and decreased by 257.54 mg/g and 52.03 mg/g at a temperature of 800 oCrespectively.However, it does not meet to Indonesia standard (Standard Nasional Indonesia/SNI), which is 750 mg/g and 120 mg/g respectively.

scholarly journals Computer Analysis of the Effect of Activation Temperature on the Microporous Structure Development of Activated Carbon Derived from Common Polypody

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 2951
Author(s):  
Mirosław Kwiatkowski ◽  
Jarosław Serafin ◽  
Andy M. Booth ◽  
Beata Michalkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Porous Structure ◽  
Computer Analysis ◽  
Density Functional ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Geometrical Parameters ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Microporous Structure ◽  
Activation Temperature

This paper presents the results of a computer analysis of the effect of activation process temperature on the development of the microporous structure of activated carbon derived from the leaves of common polypody (Polypodium vulgare) via chemical activation with phosphoric acid (H3PO4) at activation temperatures of 700, 800, and 900 °C. An unconventional approach to porous structure analysis, using the new numerical clustering-based adsorption analysis (LBET) method together with the implemented unique gas state equation, was used in this study. The LBET method is based on unique mathematical models that take into account, in addition to surface heterogeneity, the possibility of molecule clusters branching and the geometric and energy limitations of adsorbate cluster formation. It enabled us to determine a set of parameters comprehensively and reliably describing the porous structure of carbon material on the basis of the determined adsorption isotherm. Porous structure analyses using the LBET method were based on nitrogen (N2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4) adsorption isotherms determined for individual activated carbon. The analyses carried out showed the highest CO2 adsorption capacity for activated carbon obtained was at an activation temperature of 900 °C, a value only slightly higher than that obtained for activated carbon prepared at 700 °C, but the values of geometrical parameters determined for these activated carbons showed significant differences. The results of the analyses obtained with the LBET method were also compared with the results of iodine number analysis and the results obtained with the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Dubinin–Radushkevich (DR), and quenched solid density functional theory (QSDFT) methods, demonstrating their complementarity.

scholarly journals Kinetics and Equilibrium Study of Cadmium Ion Sorption onto Date Pits — An Agricultural Waste

2003 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fawzi Banat ◽  
Sameer Al-Asheh ◽  
Leema Al-Makhadmeh
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Maximum Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Cadmium Ion ◽  
Activation Temperature ◽  
Cadmium Ions ◽  
Equilibrium Study ◽  
Ion Sorption ◽  
Date Pits

Activated carbons derived from date pits obtained as a surplus agricultural solid waste and natural date pits were used for the adsorption of cadmium ions from water. The effect of contact time, pH, temperature, cadmium ion concentration, sorbent dose, salinity, as well as the activation temperature on the removal of cadmium ions by date pits was studied. The maximum adsorption capacity of date pits for cadmium ions was obtained using the linear Langmuir isotherm model and used as a basis for comparative purposes. Three sorption kinetic models were used for explaining the probable mechanisms of cadmium ion uptake. The kinetic data for the adsorption process obeyed a second-order rate equation.

Removal of Cu, Fe, and Zn from Peat Water by Using Activated Carbon Derived from Oil Palm Leaves

2021 ◽  
Vol 1162 ◽  
pp. 65-73
Author(s):  
Rakhmawati Farma ◽  
Ona Lestari ◽  
Erman Taer ◽  
Apriwandi ◽  
Minarni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
Batch Adsorption ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Turbidity Level ◽  
Adsorption Desorption

Heavy metal such as Cu, Fe, and Zn are the most serious contributers to environmental problems. The removal of heavy metal from the environment is the research interest nowdays. The adsorption of Cu, Fe and Zn from wastewater was investigated with various activated carbons as adsorbents. The activated carbons were produced from oil palm leaves by using multi-activation methods. The H3PO4, NaOH, ZnCl2 and KOH were chosen as chemical activating agents. Batch adsorption experiment was used to test the ability of activated carbon to remove Cu, Fe, and Zn from wastewater. The surface characteristics of activated carbon were evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms. The Activated carbons were able to purify wastewater with a maximum turbidity level of 2.83 NTU. The AC-H3PO4 activated carbon showed the highest absorbability of Cu metal as 91.540%, while the highest absorbabilities of Zn and Fe metals were indicated by AC-KOH activated carbon of 22.853% and 82.244% absorption respectively. Therefore, these results enable the oil palm leaves to become a high potential for activated carbon as removal the heavy metals.

scholarly journals Activated Carbon from Winemaking Waste: Thermoeconomic Analysis for Large-Scale Production

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 6462
Author(s):  
Isaac Lorero ◽  
Arturo J. Vizcaíno ◽  
Francisco J. Alguacil ◽  
Félix A. López
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Heat Exchangers ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽  
Thermodynamic Efficiency ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Production Scale ◽  
Costs Analysis

An activated carbon manufacturing process from winemaking waste is analyzed. In that way, vine shoots conversion is studied as a basis for plant designing, and mass and energy balances of hydrothermal carbonization and physical activation are fulfilled. To develop an energy-integrated plant, a network of heat exchangers is allocated to recover heat waste, and a cogeneration cycle is designed to provide electricity and remaining heat process demands. Furthermore, thermoeconomic analysis is applied to determine the thermodynamic efficiency and the economic viability of the plant. Energy balance indicates that heat exchangers energy integration covers 48.9% of the overall demands by crossing hot and cold streams and recovering heat from residual flue gas. On the other hand, the exergy costs analysis identifies combustion of pruning wood as the main source of exergy destruction, confirming the suitability of the integration to improve the thermodynamic performance. Attending to economic costs analysis, production scale and vineyard pruning wood price are identified as a critical parameter on process profitability. With a scale of 2.5 ton/h of pruning wood carbonization, a break-event point to compete with activated carbons from biomass origin is reached. Nevertheless, cost of pruning wood is identified as another important economic parameter, pointing out the suitability of wet methods such as hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) to treat them as received form the harvest and to contribute to cutting down its prices.

scholarly journals Optimization of Activated Carbons Prepared byH3PO4and Steam Activation of Oil Palm Shells

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daouda Kouotou ◽  
Horace Ngomo Manga ◽  
Abdelaziz Baçaoui ◽  
Abdelrani Yaacoubi ◽  
Joseph Ketcha Mbadcam
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Steam Activation ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Activation Temperature ◽  
Impregnation Ratio ◽  
Preparation Conditions ◽  
Two Factors

In this study, activated carbons were prepared from oil palm shells by physicochemical activation. The methodology of experimental design was used to optimize the preparation conditions. The influences of the impregnation ratio (0.6–3.4) and the activation temperature between 601°C and 799°C on the following three responses: activated carbon yield (R/AC-H3PO4), the iodine adsorption (I2/AC-H3PO4), and the methylene blue adsorption (MB/AC-H3PO4) results were investigated using analysis of variance (ANOVA) to identify the significant parameters. Under the experimental conditions investigated, the activation temperature of 770°C and impregnation ratio of 2/1 leading to the R/AC-H3PO4of 52.10%, theI2/AC-H3PO4of 697.86 mg/g, and the MB/AC-H3PO4of 346.25 mg/g were found to be optimum conditions for producing activated carbon with well compromise of desirability. The two factors had both synergetic and antagonistic effects on the three responses studied. The micrographs of activated carbons examined with scanning electron microscopy revealed that the activated carbons were found to be mainly microporous and mesoporous.

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