Optimization of Activated Carbons Prepared byH3PO4and Steam Activation of Oil Palm Shells

In this study, activated carbons were prepared from oil palm shells by physicochemical activation. The methodology of experimental design was used to optimize the preparation conditions. The influences of the impregnation ratio (0.6–3.4) and the activation temperature between 601°C and 799°C on the following three responses: activated carbon yield (R/AC-H3PO4), the iodine adsorption (I2/AC-H3PO4), and the methylene blue adsorption (MB/AC-H3PO4) results were investigated using analysis of variance (ANOVA) to identify the significant parameters. Under the experimental conditions investigated, the activation temperature of 770°C and impregnation ratio of 2/1 leading to the R/AC-H3PO4of 52.10%, theI2/AC-H3PO4of 697.86 mg/g, and the MB/AC-H3PO4of 346.25 mg/g were found to be optimum conditions for producing activated carbon with well compromise of desirability. The two factors had both synergetic and antagonistic effects on the three responses studied. The micrographs of activated carbons examined with scanning electron microscopy revealed that the activated carbons were found to be mainly microporous and mesoporous.

Download Full-text

Preparation of activated carbons from wet activated sludge by direct chemical activation

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2009.310 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 59 (12) ◽

pp. 2387-2394 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

X. Wang ◽

N. Zhu ◽

J. Xu ◽

B. Yin

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Activated Sludge ◽

Water Content ◽

Iodine Value ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Total Pore Volume ◽

Processing Parameters ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Activation Temperature

An improved method for preparing activated carbons from wet waste activated sludge (WAS) by direct chemical activation was studied in this paper. The effects of processing parameters on iodine adsorption capacity of the product were investigated. Results show that sludge-based activated carbon prepared with KOH had a larger iodine value than those activated with ZnCl2 and KCl. The maximum iodine value was observed at the KOH concentration of 0.50 M. Increasing the impregnation time from 10 to 20 h resulted in a 20% increase in the iodine value. The highest iodine value was obtained at the activation temperature of 600°C and holding time of 1 h. Sludge water content had insignificant effects on the iodine value of products. Raw WAS with a water content of 93.2% can be converted into an activated carbon with a high specific surface area of 737.6 m2 g−1 and iodine value of 864.8 mgg−1 under optimum experimental conditions. Other physical properties such as total pore volume, micropore volume and mean pore diameter of the product were also reported and compared with those of commercial activated carbon.

Download Full-text

Integrated approach in treatment of solid olive residue and olive wastewater

Materials Research Express ◽

10.1088/2053-1591/ac34b9 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Tariq Altalhi ◽

A. Abd El-moemen ◽

Mohamed M. Ibrahim ◽

Amine Mezni ◽

Ibrahim Hotan Alsohaimi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Surface Area ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

Integrated Approach ◽

Polyphenolic Compounds ◽

Steam Activation ◽

Activation Temperature ◽

Removal Capacity ◽

Olive Residue ◽

By Products

Abstract Olive oil production processes breed two kinds of environmentally detriment waste by-products; the solid olive residue (SOR) and olive waste water (OWW) by-products. The current work aims to treat simultaneously both wastes in the same location. The solid olive residue was converted to activated carbon with pyrolysis at 600°C, followed by steam activation at 600, 700 and 800°C. The produced activated carbons were investigated by FTIR, SEM, BET surface areas analyzer and iodine number. The surface area increases with increasing stream activation temperature up to 800°C (1020 m2/g BET). However, steam activation at 700°C is most environmental and economically feasible, because increasing the activation temperature from 700 to 800°C increases the surface area only from 979 to 1020 m2/g. Activated carbon steam cured at 700°C shows high removal capacity of both polyphenolic compounds and COD of OWW. 95.5% of COD and 84.2% of polyphenolic compounds was removed after equilibrium with activated carbon for 2 hours at room temperature.

Download Full-text

Preparation of Activated Carbon from Waste Particle Board by K2CO3 Activation Treatment

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.44-47.2562 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 44-47 ◽

pp. 2562-2568

Author(s):

Wu Yu ◽

Ming Yu Zhi ◽

Xiao Juan Jin

Keyword(s):

Methylene Blue ◽

Activated Carbon ◽

Iodine Number ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

Bet Surface Area ◽

Particle Board ◽

Optimum Conditions ◽

Activation Time ◽

Activation Temperature ◽

Methylene Blue Adsorption

Activated carbons were prepared from waste particle board (WPB) by K2CO3 activation. The effects of different parameters, such as chemical/WPB ratio, activation time and activation temperature on yield, the methylene blue adsorption, Iodine number of activated carbon were investigated. The optimum conditions were determined by the method of factor analysis and the orthogonal design as follows: activation temperature 900°C, K2CO3 (50% concentration)/ WPB 4.0, activation time 60 min. Amount of methylene blue adsorption, Iodine number, phenol adsorption, BET surface area and the yield of activated carbon prepared under optimum conditions were 82.5mg/g, 1234mg/g, 185mg/g, 1026m2/g and 30.4%, respectively.

Download Full-text

Synthesis and Characterization of Natural Extracted Precursor Date Palm Fibre-Based Activated Carbon for Aluminum Removal by RSM Optimization

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr7050249 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (5) ◽

pp. 249 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Alfarooq O. Basheer ◽

Marlia M. Hanafiah ◽

Mohammed Abdulhakim Alsaadi ◽

Y. Al-Douri ◽

M.A. Malek ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Date Palm ◽

Isotherm Models ◽

Koh Activation ◽

Optimum Conditions ◽

Uptake Capacity ◽

Activation Temperature ◽

Impregnation Ratio ◽

Rsm Optimization ◽

Palm Fibre

The Powder-Activated Carbon (PAC) under optimum conditions from a new low-cost precursor Date Palm Fibre (DPF) biomass through a carbonization followed by KOH activation has been synthesized by response surface methodology (RSM) combined with central composite design (CCD). The special effects of activation temperature, time, and impregnation ratio on bio-PAC Aluminum (Al3+) removal and uptake capacity were examined. The optimum conditions for synthesized bio-PAC were found to be 99.4% and 9.94 mg·g−1 for Al3+ removal and uptake capacity, respectively at activation temperature 650 °C, activation time 1h and impregnation ratio 1. The optimum bio-PAC was characterized and analyzed using FESEM, FTIR, XRD, TGA, BET, and Zeta potential. RSM-CCD experimental design was used to optimize removal and uptake capacity of Al3+ on bio-PAC. Optimum conditions were found to be at bio-PAC dose of 5 mg with pH 9.48 and contact time of 117 min. Furthermore, at optimized conditions of Al3+ removal, kinetic, and isotherm models were investigated. The results reveal the feasibility of DPF biomass to be used as a potential and cost-effective precursor for synthesized bio-PAC for Al3+ removal.

Download Full-text

Activated Carbon Preparation from Eucalyptus Wood Chips using Continuous Carbonization - Steam Activation Process in a Batch Intermittent Rotary Kiln

10.21203/rs.3.rs-128184/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Sumrit Mopoung ◽

Nuchjira Dejang

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Rotary Kiln ◽

Carbon Materials ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

Wood Chips ◽

Bet Surface Area ◽

Activation Process ◽

Steam Activation ◽

Activation Temperature ◽

Eucalyptus Wood

Abstract The production of activated carbon from eucalyptus wood chips by steam activation in a 2000 kg batch intermittent rotary kiln with continuous carbonization - steam activation process at 500°C to 700 °C was studied. The activated carbon products were characterized by FTIR, SEM-EDS, Raman spectroscopy, and BET analyzer. Percent yields, iodine number, and methylene number of the produced activated carbon materials were also measured. It was shown that the percent yield of the activated carbon materials made in the temperatures range of 500°C to 700 °C are 21.63 ± 1.52% − 31.79 ± 0.70% with capacities of 518–737 mg I2/g and 70.11–96.93 mg methylene blue /g. The BET surface area and micropore volume of the activated carbons are 426.8125-870.4732 m2/g and 0.102390–0.215473 cm3/g, respectively. The steam used in the process could create various oxygen containing surface functional groups such as –CO and –COC groups. In addition, it could also increase the amorphous nature of the activated carbon product. These properties of the activated carbon products are increased with increasing steam activation temperature from 500°C to 700°C. As a result, the activated carbon materials produced at activation temperatures of 600 °C and 700 °C have higher adsorption

Download Full-text

CHARACTERIZATION AND KINETIC ADSORPTION OF THE DIFFERENT SOURCES ACTIVATED CARBON FOR LIQUID-PHASE ADSORPTION

Jurnal Riset Kimia ◽

10.25077/jrk.v2i1.107 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 58

Author(s):

Sutrisno ◽

Yusnaidar

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Coal Mining ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

Hold Time ◽

Adsorptive Capacity ◽

Activation Temperature ◽

Kinetic Adsorption ◽

Coconut Shells ◽

Adsorptive Properties

ABSTRACT The activated carbon from oil-palm stones of agriculural by-products from palm-oil mills in several tropical countries, a coconut shells and a solid waste exploring coals mining (ex-coal mining) were studied in this paper. The activated and characterized carbon are carried out both chemical and adsorptive properties. The different chemical activators such as H3PO4, KOH, H2SO4 in the different ratio and also different temperature from 550° to 850°C was done. The adsorptive properties are including the textural properties of the activated carbons are investigated. It was found that the temperature and hold time had significantly influences on the surface area and pore size in the distribution of the activated carbon. The optimum conditions for preparing these activated carbons from chars. paralyzed at 600°C to derive the highest specific surface areas were found to be an activation temperature of 750°C for phenol adsorption of KOH for carbon from coconut shells, H3PO4 for oil palm stone and ex-coal mining activator in 850°C. For chemical characterization, AAS and a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used to identify the inorganic components and surface organic functional groups of the activated carbons, respectively. For the determination of the adsorptive capacity of the activated carbons, adsorption of phenol was carried out using spectrophotometric analyses. Experimental results showed that phenol and iodine could be adsorbed effectively by the three different activated carbons. The adsorptive capacity of these activated carbons was comparable with those of some commercial activated carbons by using Juan, R-S et al’s model[1]. Keywords: activated carbon, oil palm stone, coconout shell, ex-coal maining, phenol reduction, kinetic adsorption, adsorptive capacity

Download Full-text

Preparation of Activated Carbons based Balanites Aegyptiaca Shells by Chemical Activation: Optimization Conditions Using the Methodology of Experimental Design

European Journal of Advanced Chemistry Research ◽

10.24018/ejchem.2020.1.6.33 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (6) ◽

Author(s):

Rene B. N. Lekene ◽

Naphtali O. Ankoro ◽

Ndi J. Nsami ◽

Daouda Kouotou ◽

Abdoul N. Rahman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Methylene Blue ◽

Activated Carbon ◽

Experimental Design ◽

Residence Time ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Carbon Yield ◽

Activation Temperature ◽

Impregnation Ratio ◽

Methylene Blue Number

The optimization conditions of preparation of activated carbons based Balanites aegytiaca shells by chemical activation was investigated. The effects of three parameters of preparation namely, the activation temperature (600-800 °C), impregnation ratio (1:4-3:8) and residence time (60-120 min) were thoroughly studied on the activated carbon yield (Yld, Y1), iodine number (ION,Y2) and methylene blue number (MBN, Y3) using the Methodology of Experimental Design (MED). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) under the experimental domain revealed that, the activation temperature of 800 °C, residence time of 02hrs and impregnation ratio of 1:2 were the optimum conditions of preparation leading to activated carbon yield of 23.0%, iodine number of 889.0 mg/g and methylene blue number of 9.7 mg/g. The polynomial equation showed that the three parameters were both synergetic and antagonistic on the responses retained. The higher values of iodine numbers obtained alongside the experimental matrix is an indication that the activated carbons so prepared were mainly microporous.

Download Full-text

ACTIVATED CARBON FROM DURIAN SEED BY H3PO4 ACTIVATION: PREPARATION AND PORE STRUCTURE CHARACTERIZATION

Indonesian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.22146/ijc.21495 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 36-40 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Amri Ismail ◽

Hanggara Sudrajat ◽

Desi Jumbianti

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Phosphoric Acid ◽

Heating Rate ◽

Surface Area ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

Acid Activation ◽

Activation Temperature ◽

Impregnation Ratio ◽

Durio Zibethinus ◽

Durian Seed

Activated carbons have been produced from the natural biomaterial durian (Durio zibethinus) seed, using phosphoric acid (H3PO4) as the activating agent. The effects of impregnation ratio, activation temperature, heating rate on the carbon surface area, porosity and mass yield are presented. A two step process has been used, the first step was a low temperature impregnation at 150 °C using phosphoric acid and the second step was the carbonization at high temperatures, namely, 600 and 900 °C. The most outstanding carbon with the highest surface area of 2123 m2/g was prepared using an impregnation ratio of 2, an activation temperature of 600 °C for 4 h and a heating rate of 1 °C/min. Keywords: activated carbon, durian seed, phosphoric acid activation

Download Full-text

Computer Analysis of the Effect of Activation Temperature on the Microporous Structure Development of Activated Carbon Derived from Common Polypody

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14112951 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (11) ◽

pp. 2951

Author(s):

Mirosław Kwiatkowski ◽

Jarosław Serafin ◽

Andy M. Booth ◽

Beata Michalkiewicz

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Porous Structure ◽

Computer Analysis ◽

Density Functional ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Geometrical Parameters ◽

Activation Process ◽

Microporous Structure ◽

Activation Temperature

This paper presents the results of a computer analysis of the effect of activation process temperature on the development of the microporous structure of activated carbon derived from the leaves of common polypody (Polypodium vulgare) via chemical activation with phosphoric acid (H3PO4) at activation temperatures of 700, 800, and 900 °C. An unconventional approach to porous structure analysis, using the new numerical clustering-based adsorption analysis (LBET) method together with the implemented unique gas state equation, was used in this study. The LBET method is based on unique mathematical models that take into account, in addition to surface heterogeneity, the possibility of molecule clusters branching and the geometric and energy limitations of adsorbate cluster formation. It enabled us to determine a set of parameters comprehensively and reliably describing the porous structure of carbon material on the basis of the determined adsorption isotherm. Porous structure analyses using the LBET method were based on nitrogen (N2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4) adsorption isotherms determined for individual activated carbon. The analyses carried out showed the highest CO2 adsorption capacity for activated carbon obtained was at an activation temperature of 900 °C, a value only slightly higher than that obtained for activated carbon prepared at 700 °C, but the values of geometrical parameters determined for these activated carbons showed significant differences. The results of the analyses obtained with the LBET method were also compared with the results of iodine number analysis and the results obtained with the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Dubinin–Radushkevich (DR), and quenched solid density functional theory (QSDFT) methods, demonstrating their complementarity.

Download Full-text

Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon Fibers from Jute Fibers by Phosphoric Acid Activation

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.184-185.1110 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 184-185 ◽

pp. 1110-1113 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Li Fen He ◽

Qi Xia Liu ◽

Tao Ji ◽

Qiang Gao

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Carbon Fiber ◽

Phosphoric Acid ◽

Carbon Fibers ◽

Activated Carbon Fibers ◽

Optimum Conditions ◽

Activation Time ◽

Activation Temperature ◽

Jute Fibers ◽

Activating Agent

Various jute-based activated carbon fibers were prepared by using jute fibers as raw materials and phosphoric acid as activating agent. The effects of three main factors such as concentration of activating agent, activation temperature and activation time on the yield and adsorptive properties of active carbon fibers were investigated via orthogonal experiments. The surface physical morphology of jute-based activated carbon fiber was also observed by using Scanning Electron Microscope. Results showed that the optimum conditions were phosphoric acid concentration of 4 mol/L, activation temperature of 600 °C and activation time of 1h. The yield, iodine number and amount of methylene blue adsorption of the active carbon fiber prepared under optimum conditions were 37.99 %, 1208.87 mg/g and 374.65 mg/g, respectively.

Download Full-text