scholarly journals Bacterial spot and blight diseases of ornamental plants caused by different Xanthomonas species in Turkey

2018 ◽  
Vol 54 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 240-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirik Mustafa ◽  
Aysan Yesim ◽  
Baysal-Gurel Fulya

Putative strains belonging to Xanthomonas spp. causing leaf spot and blight diseases on geranium (Pelargonium peltatum and P. hortorum), begonia (Begonia × tuberhybrida), anthurium (Anthurium andraeanum), Chinese hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis), and English ivy (Hedera helix) growing in Turkey were isolated. All bacterial strains were classified as Gram-negative, oxidase negative, catalase, levan and starch hydrolysis positive, with hypersensitive reaction positive on tobacco and pathogenic to host plants. Identification of these strains was further confirmed by serological method using ELISA kits, conventional PCR, carbon utilisation, and FAME. Results of the identification showed that 28, 24, 10, 2, and 1 strains were identified as X. axonopodis pv. begoniae, X. hortorum pv. pelargonii, X. axonopodis pv. dieffenbachiae, X. hortorum pv. hederae, and Xanthomonas sp., respectively. This is the first report of X. hortorum pv. hederae on English ivy in Turkey.

Plant Disease ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-198
Author(s):  
C. Nali

A powdery mildew disease of variegated ivy (Hedera canariensis L. var. azorica) was observed on the Tyrrhenian coast in Tuscany (Italy) in spring 1998. Symptoms began as small, nearly circular reddish spots that later enlarged and coalesced. The hyaline mycelium produced abundant, ellipsoid conidia in long chains that ranged from 20 to 40 μm in length and from 12 to 25 μm in width. Cleistothecia were globose (100 to 120 μm diameter), dark brown (when mature) with a basal ring of mycelioid appendages, and contained several (up to 20) ovate asci, each generally containing two ascospores. Ascospores were hyaline, one-celled, ellipsoid (20 to 35 μm in length and 10 to 20 μm in width). The morphological characteristics of this fungus were those given for Erysiphe cichoracearum DC. Infection also was found on English ivy (Hedera helix L.). It is reported that this species is, occasionally, subject to powdery mildew caused by E. cichoracearum (1). Conidia from infected leaves were shaken onto leaves of melon (Cucumis melo L.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), watermelon (Citrullus lanatus [Thunb.] Matsum. & Nakai), lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) and variegated and English ivy. After 7 days, the disease was observed on cucumber, melon, watermelon, tobacco, and variegated ivy. Examination confirmed that test plants were infected with E. cichoracearum. This is the first report of E. cichoracearum on variegated ivy in Italy. Reference: (1) P. P. Pirone. 1970. Diseases and Pests of Ornamental Plants. The Ronald Press, New York.


2019 ◽  
pp. 13-18

CARACTERES EPIDÉRMICOS FOLIARES DE PLANTAS ORNAMENTALES, TÓXICAS PARA ANIMALES DOMÉSTICOS. LEAF EPIDERMAL CHARACTERS OF ORNAMENTAL PLANTS, TOXIC FOR DOMESTIC ANIMALS. Patricia Nasca de Zamora DOI: https://doi.org/10.33017/RevECIPeru2009.0003/ RESUMEN El tejido epidérmico de los vegetales presenta un diseño característico para cada especie, de manera que muchas plantas pueden reconocerse a través de su estudio microscópico. Además, este tejido resiste el pasaje por el tracto digestivo de los animales, permaneciendo prácticamente inalterable. Basados en este hecho, los investigadores Baungartder y Martin (1939) idearon la técnica microhistológica, que consiste en estudiar la composición botánica de la dieta de animales herbívoros a través del análisis microscópico de fragmentos de epidermis vegetales encontrados en la materia fecal de los mismos. A lo largo de los años, el uso de esta técnica se extendió ampliamente, adaptándose a diferentes objetivos, tanto ecológicos como económicos. El objetivo del presente trabajo, que se llevó a cabo en la provincia de Tucumán, República Argentina, es describir las epidermis foliares de cuatro especies ornamentales tóxicas, a fin de aportar datos para la confección de una clave dicotómica de identificación de las mismas, para ser usada como elemento de diagnóstico en medicina veterinaria. Se extrajeron en laboratorio - con diversas técnicas - epidermis foliares de Evonymus japonicus, Hedera helix, Ficus benjamina y Vinca difformis; especies ornamentales citadas como tóxicas en la bibliografía veterinaria y cultivadas habitualmente en jardines particulares y espacios públicos de la Provincia. Se confeccionaron preparados microscópicos permanentes, se tomaron registros fotográficos y se describieron las características epidérmicas de cada especie, teniendo en cuenta la forma de las células, la presencia o ausencia de estomas, presencia de tricomas, tipos de estomas, tipos de tricomas, etc. Hedera helix y Vinca difformis presentan células epidérmicas de contorno lobulado, mientras que las células epidérmicas de Evonymus japonicus. y Ficus benjamina son isodiamétricas y poligonales. Las cuatro especies descriptas presentan estomas sólo en la zona internerval de la cara abaxial de sus hojas. Se encontraron tricomas simples solamente en la zona nerval de la epidermis adaxial de Vinca difformis, las demás epidermis son completamente glabras. Los caracteres encontrados en las especies estudiadas y volcados en las descripciones, constituyen un aporte de utilidad para la confección de una clave dicotómica de indentificación de estas plantas tóxicas a través de sus epidermis. Palabras clave: epidermis foliar, plantas ornamentales, tóxicas, medicina veterinaria. ABSTRACT The epidermal tissue of the vegetables presents a typical design for every species so that many plants can be recognized across its microscopic study. In addition, it resists the passage for the digestive tract of the animals, remaining practically inalterable. Based on this fact, Baungartder and Martin (1939) designed the microhistological technique, which consists of studying botanical composition of diet of herbivorous animals across the microscopic analysis of plant´s epidermis fragments found in the fecal matter. Throughout the years, the use of this technique spread widely, adapting to different aims, both ecological and economic. The aim of the present work, realized in Tucumán's province, Argentina, is to characterize epidermis of ornamental, toxic plants for domestic animals, in order to be used as element of diagnosis in veterinary medicine. Epidermis of Evonymus japonicus, Hedera helix, Ficus benjamina and Vinca difformis were extracted in laboratory. All of them are ornamental species, mentioned like toxic in the bibliography veterinary and cultivated habitually in particular gardens and public spaces of the Province. They were made prepared microscopic permanent, photographic records took and there were described the epidermal characteristics of every species, bearing in mind the form of the cells, the presence or absence of stomata and trichomes, and types of stomata and trichomes. Hedera helix and Vinca difformis present lobulated epidermal cells, whereas Evonymus japonicus and Ficus benjamina ones are isodiametrics and polygonal. Four species present stomata only in the internerval zone of abaxial epidermis. They were trichomes only in the nerval zone of adaxial epidermis of Vinca difformis. The epidermal characters found in the studied species, constitute an usefull contribution for the confection of a dichotomous indentification key of these toxic plants. Keywords: epidermis, ornamental toxic plants, veterinary medicine.


2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1029-1037 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lijin Xia ◽  
Scott C. Lenaghan ◽  
Mingjun Zhang ◽  
Yu Wu ◽  
Xiaopeng Zhao ◽  
...  

1995 ◽  
Vol 50 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 543-551
Author(s):  
Bernhard Epping ◽  
Alexander P. Hansen ◽  
Peter Martin

Abstract Nodules of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli in symbiosis with Phaseolus vulgaris were compared with regard to their nitrogenase activity and activities of enzymes involved in the removal of O2·- and H2O2 as well as total ascorbate content. Activities of catalase (EC 1.11.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.11), and total ascorbate content were consist­ently higher in nodules inhabited by bacterial strains with higher nitrogenase activity. Values for superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.11), and guaiacol peroxidase activity did not differ for the bacterial strains compared. On the other hand, when different plant cultivars were inoculated with the same bacterial strain, high nitrogenase activity did not correlate with a higher activ­ity of the oxygen scavenging enzyms or a higher content of total ascorbate. In this case, values for guaiacol peroxidase activity were greatly enhanced in nodules with lower nitrogen­ ase activity. This may be part of a hypersensitive reaction of the plant cultivar against the bacterial symbiotic partner. Inhibition of catalase activity in the nodules by addition of triazole to the nutrient solution did not alter nitrogenase activity within the first nine hours after addition. It can be concluded that the activity of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase is not generally coupled to nitrogenase activity in root nodules of P. vulgaris.


2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 389-394
Author(s):  
Timothy K. Broschat ◽  
Kimberly Anne Moore

The roots of container-grown ornamental plants primarily are concentrated within the original container substrate root ball during the establishment period following transplanting into the landscape. Plants growing in container substrates containing pine bark or peatmoss have higher nitrogen (N) requirements than in most landscape soils due to microbial immobilization of N by these organic components. However, use of high-N fertilizers, such as those used in container production of ornamentals, can cause imbalances with potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg) when used on palms in sandy landscape soils. Areca palm (Dypsis lutescens) and chinese hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis ‘President’) that had been growing in containers were transplanted into a landscape soil to determine if high N fertilization during the establishment period could accelerate the rate of establishment without exacerbating K and Mg deficiencies. Although plants of both species had the darkest green color and largest size when continuously fertilized with high N fertilizer, this treatment did induce Mg deficiency in both species. Plant size and color for both species were highly correlated with cumulative N application rates, but also with initial N application rates, suggesting that high N fertilization during the first 6 months affected plant quality at 12 and 24 months after planting, even if high N fertilization was discontinued. However, continued use of a moderate N landscape palm maintenance fertilizer ultimately produced areca palm plants as good as those receiving high N during the establishment period.


2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy K. Broschat

Chinese hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-chinensis), shooting star (Pseuderanthemum laxiflorum), downy jasmine (Jasminum multiflorum), areca palm (Dypsis lutescens), and `Jetty' spathiphyllum (Spathiphyllum) were grown in containers using Osmocote Plus 15-9-12 (15N-3.9P-10K), which provided phosphorus (two experiments), or resin-coated urea plus sulfur-coated potassium sulfate, which provided no phosphorus (one experiment). Plants were treated with water drenches (controls), drenches with metalaxyl fungicide only, drenches with phosphoric acid (PO4-P), drenches with metalaxyl plus phosphorus from phosphoric acid, drenches with PhytoFos 4-28-10 [4N-12.2P-8.3K, a fertilizer containing phosphorous acid (PO3-P), a known fungicidal compound], or a foliar spray with PhytoFos 4-28-10. Plants receiving soil drenches with equivalent amounts of P from PhytoFos 4-28-10, PO4-P, or PO4-P+metalaxyl generally had the greatest shoot and root dry weights and foliar PO4-P concentrations. There were no differences between the control and metalaxyl-treated plants, indicating that root rot diseases were not a factor. Therefore, responses from PhytoFos 4-28-10 were believed to be due to its nutrient content, rather than its fungicidal properties. Foliar-applied PhytoFos 4-29-10 produced plants that were generally similar in size to control plants or those receiving metalaxyl only drenches. Fertilizers containing PO3-P appear to be about as effective as PO4-P sources when applied to the soil, but are relatively ineffective as a P source when applied as a foliar spray. A distinct positive synergistic response for shoot and root dry weights and foliar PO4-P concentrations was observed for the PO4-P+metalaxyl treatment when no P was applied except as a treatment.


2006 ◽  
Vol 131 (4) ◽  
pp. 452-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mung Hwa Yoo ◽  
Youn Jung Kwon ◽  
Ki-Cheol Son ◽  
Stanley J. Kays

Foliage plants of Hedera helix L. (english ivy), Spathiphyllum wallisii Regal (peace lily), Syngonium podophyllum Schott. (nephthytis), and Cissus rhombifolia Vahl. (grape ivy) were evaluated for their ability to remove two indoor volatile organic air pollutants, benzene and toluene. Removal was monitored when the aerial portion of plants was exposed singly to 1 μL·L-1 or to 0.5 μL·L-1 of each gas in a closed environment over 6-hour periods during the day and the night. Selected physiological processes were assessed before and immediately after treatment to determine the effect of the gases on the plants. The effectiveness of plants in the removal of air pollutant(s) varied with species, time of day, and whether the gases were present singly or as a mixture. When exposed to a single gas, S. wallisii, S. podophyllum, and H. helix displayed higher removal efficiencies (ng·m-3·h-1·cm-2 leaf area) of either gas than C. rhombifolia during the day. The efficiency of removal changed when both gases were present; H. helix was substantially more effective in the removal of either benzene or toluene than the other species, with the removal of toluene more than double that of benzene. When exposed singly, the removal of both compounds was generally higher during the day than during the night for all species; however, when present simultaneously, H. helix removal efficiency during the night was similar to the day indicating that stomatal diffusion for english ivy was not a major factor. The results indicated an interaction between gases in uptake by the plant, the presence of different avenues for uptake, and the response of a single gas was not necessarily indicative of the response when other gases are present. Changes in the rates of photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration before and after exposure indicated that the volatiles adversely affected the plants and the effects were not consistent across species and gases. Deleterious effects of volatile pollutants on indoor plants may be critical in their efficacy in improving indoor air quality and warrant further study.


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