scholarly journals The influence of ammonia on groundwater quality during wastewater irrigation

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 161-169
Author(s):  
Kriška Michal ◽  
Němcová Miroslava ◽  
Hyánková Eva
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Significant Information ◽  
Alternative Sources

Currently, agriculture in many countries including the Czech Republic is increasingly facing the problem of drought. The lack of precipitation results in a reduced harvest, which implies added irrigation and freshwater requirements. One of the ways to overcome the scarcity of fresh water is to search for alternative sources of irrigation water. The paper deals with a water source, which has not been preferred yet, but theoretically provides a wide application - treated municipal wastewater. Under a pilot plant, several selected soils were tested, placed in 2.0 m high filtration columns. Our observation was focused on ammonia nitrogen and its gradual decline during the flow through the soil profile. Samples from the filtration columns (inflow = irrigation; outflow = drainage water) were periodically taken, while the collected data were used for calibration of the numerical model. The model was calibrated in two successive separate steps, both were compiled in HYDRUS-2D. In the first step the model was calibrated according to the measured soil water content of materials. Subsequently, a second calibration was performed using the measured seepage concentrations of ammonia. Despite certain simplifications caused by the focus only on ammonia nitrogen, the model shows very favourable results. The hydraulic model’s goodness of fit (between observed vs. measured values of water content) is R<sup>2</sup> = 0.88 for sand, 0.76 for loam, 0.72 for sandy-loam with vegetation on surface and 0.74 for sandy-loam without vegetation. The calibrated hydraulic model for solute transport (between observed vs. measured values of NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>-N concentration) showed the value of R<sup>2</sup> = 0.89 for sand, 0.95 for loam, 0.95 for sandy-loam with vegetation on surface and 0.92 for sandy-loam without vegetation. The model provides significant information on the dependence of decrease of ammonia pollution by the depth. Inflow concentration of ammonia on surface 17 ± 1 mg/l is reduced to the value of 2.0 mg/l at a depth of 110 cm. It is crucial for real application to maintain the hydraulic criteria - the field capacity should not be exceeded in praxis. The value of field capacity was deliberately slightly exceeded because of understanding of the situation: how the pollution proceeds below if this rule is not followed. As a result, if wastewater is applied, the groundwater level should not be at a depth of less than 1.5 m.

Distribution of heterotrophic and autotrophic organisms in a biological aerated filter

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
O. González-Barceló ◽  
S. González-Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Organic Load ◽  
Homogeneous Distribution ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Filter Media ◽  
Aerated Filter ◽  
Secondary Settling

Biological aerated filtration is a viable option for small municipal wastewater treatment plants. A low cost filter media was obtained by triturating volcanic rock. An apparent porosity of 46 % and a specific surface area of 395 m2/m3·d were obtained once the filter was packed by using a grain size of 8.2 mm. The performance of the system, operated as a biological filter, was evaluated under an average organic load of 2.6±0.4 kgCODT/m3·d (6.7±1.1 gCODT/m2·d) without primary and secondary settling. The average CODT decreased from 220 mg/l in the influent to 88 mg/l in the effluent and the CODD was decreased from 148 mg/l in the influent to 50 mg/l in the effluent. The filter media, in combination with the biofilm, allowed a 75 % TSS removal. The ammonia nitrogen decreased from 51 mg/l in the influent to 33 mg/l in the effluent. The maximum flux coefficients of 9.3gCODdissolved/m2·d and 2.9gNH4-N/m2·d at the biofilm surface were used to simulate, with the Michaelis-Menten model, the profiles of dissolved COD, ammonium and nitrates through the aerated filter. It was possible to conclude that the backwashing procedure removed the excess biomass and was responsible for a homogeneous distribution of heterotrophic and autotrophic microorganisms along the filter depth.

New Method for Estimation of Contaminant Travel Rate in Unsaturated Zone under Irrigated Soils

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 173-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Zilberbrand
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Unsaturated Zone ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Chestnut Soil ◽  
Deep Penetration ◽  
Groundwater Recharge Rate ◽  
Capillary Tension ◽  
Travel Rate ◽  
Tracer Experiments ◽  
Irrigated Soils

In a thick unsaturated zone, when quick deep penetration of rain and irrigation water is absent, at the depths below 3-5 m there exists a zone of downwards quasi-steady water flow. Darcy's water velocity in this zone remains constant with depth and equal to the groundwater recharge rate; unit hydraulic head gradient occurs above the capillary fringe. Therefore, contaminant travel rate is equal to the ratio of hydraulic conductivity (K) and effective volumetric water content (θef). Field tracer experiments and laboratory K and θef determinations were carried out for several representative irrigated lots in the South Ukraine. The dependence of θef on capillary tension was studied for the first time. For loess loam with a capillary tension decreasing from 46 kPa to 0, θef nonlinearly increases from 12% to 27-28%. The effective water content portion (β1) of the total water content increases nonlinearly from 0.38 to 0.65-0.7. The β1 values were estimated for different unsaturated sedimentary rocks. For a capillary tension of about 5 kPa β1 values were: 0.88-0.99 for sands, about 0.65 for loess loam and chestnut soil, about 0.6 for sandy loam, about 0.32 for limestone and about 0.07 for clay. Calculated chloride travel rates in loess loams under irrigated soils fit the values of 0.001-0.003 m/day, determined by the results of field tracer experiments.

scholarly journals Determination of Dose–Response Relationship to Derive Odor Impact Criteria for a Wastewater Treatment Plant

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 371
Author(s):  
Yan Zhang ◽  
Weihua Yang ◽  
Günther Schauberger ◽  
Jianzhuang Wang ◽  
Jing Geng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Response Relationship ◽  
Dose Response Relationship ◽  
Odor Annoyance ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Odor Exposure

Municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) inside cities have been the major complained sources of odor pollution in China, whereas there is little knowledge about the dose–response relationship to describe the resident complaints caused by odor exposure. This study explored a dose–response relationship between the modelled exposure and the annoyance surveyed by questionnaires. Firstly, the time series of odor concentrations were preliminarily simulated by a dispersion model. Secondly, the perception-related odor exposures were further calculated by combining with the peak to mean factors (constant value 4 (Germany) and 2.3 (Italy)), different time periods of “a whole year”, “summer”, and “nighttime of summer”, and two approaches of odor impact criterion (OIC) (“odor-hour” and “odor concentration”). Thirdly, binomial logistic regression models were used to compare kinds of perception-related odor exposures and odor annoyance by odds ratio, goodness of fit and predictive ability. All perception-related odor exposures were positively associated with odor annoyance. The best goodness of fit was found when using “nighttime of summer” in predicting odor-annoyance responses, which highlights the importance of the time of the day and the time of the year weighting. The best predictive performance for odor perception was determined when the OIC was 4 ou/m3 at the 99th percentile for the odor exposure over time periods of nighttime of summer. The study of dose–response relationship could be useful for the odor management and control of WWTP to maximize the satisfaction of air quality for the residents inside city.

Determination of water content in drying soils: incorporating transition from liquid phase to vapour phase

Soil Research ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Konukcu ◽  
A. Istanbulluoglu ◽  
I. Kocaman
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Transition Zone ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Vapour Phase ◽  
Coarse Sand ◽  
Arid Environments ◽  
Evaporation Front ◽  
Matric Potential ◽  
Silty Loam

In arid and semi-arid environments, soil profiles often exhibit a liquid–vapour displacement known as evaporation front characterised by a critical matric potential (ψme) or water content (θe) located somewhere inside the unsaturated zone above a watertable (WT). The objective of this study was to determine the θe including the range of water content (θ) in the transition zone from liquid to vapour both theoretically and experimentally for different soil textures under saline and non-saline WTs. Characteristic shapes of water content and salt concentration profiles were the criteria to obtain θe experimentally, and the θ–diffusivity relationship was used to compute the θe and θ range in the transition zone. Measured θe values of 0.05 and 0.12 m3/m3 under non-saline WT and 0.07 and 0.15 m3/m3 under saline WT were in agreement with the computed values of 0.05 and 0.10 m3/m3 for sandy loam and clay loam soils, respectively. The model calculates roughly the same θe for saline and non-saline conditions. Besides experimental soils, θe and range of θ in the transition zone were calculated for silty loam and coarse sand. The lighter the soil texture, the smaller is θe and the steeper the transition zone. The results were further compared with those calculated by different authors.

scholarly journals The influence of rock fragments on field capacity water content in stony soils from hard sandstone alluvium

Geoderma ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 389 ◽  
pp. 114912
Author(s):  
Balin B. Robertson ◽  
Peter C. Almond ◽  
Sam T. Carrick ◽  
Veronica Penny ◽  
Andre Eger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Rock Fragments

MITIGATION YIELD SCALED METHANE EMISSION FROM RICE GROWN IN WATER STRESS CONDITIONS WITH BIOCHAR AND SILICATE AMENDMENTS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
MUHAMMAD ASLAM ALI ◽  
SANJIT CHANDRA BARMAN ◽  
MD. ASHRAFUL ISLAM KHAN ◽  
MD. BADIUZZAMAN KHAN ◽  
HAFSA JAHAN HIYA
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Saturated Soil ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Standing Water ◽  
Water Contents ◽  
Soil Water Contents

Climate change and water scarcity may badly affect existing rice production system in Bangladesh. With a view to sustain rice productivity and mitigate yield scaled CH4 emission in the changing climatic conditions, a pot experiment was conducted under different soil water contents, biochar and silicate amendments with inorganic fertilization (NPKS). In this regard, 12 treatments combinations of biochar, silicate and NPKS fertilizer along with continuous standing water (CSW), soil saturation water content and field capacity (100% and 50%) moisture levels were arranged into rice planted potted soils. Gas samples were collected from rice planted pots through Closed Chamber technique and analyzed by Gas Chromatograph. This study revealed that seasonal CH4 emissions were suppressed through integrated biochar and silicate amendments with NPKS fertilizer (50–75% of the recommended doze), while increased rice yield significantly at different soil water contents. Biochar and silicate amendments with NPKS fertilizer (50% of the recommended doze) increased rice grain yield by 10.9%, 18.1%, 13.0% and 14.2%, while decreased seasonal CH4 emissions by 22.8%, 20.9%, 23.3% and 24.3% at continuous standing water level (CSW) (T9), at saturated soil water content (T10), at 100% field capacity soil water content (T11) and at 50% field capacity soil water content (T12), respectively. Soil porosity, soil redox status, SOC and free iron oxide contents were improved with biochar and silicate amendments. Furthermore, rice root oxidation activity (ROA) was found more dominant in water stress condition compared to flooded and saturated soil water contents, which ultimately reduced seasonal CH4 emissions as well as yield scaled CH4 emission. Conclusively, soil amendments with biochar and silicate fertilizer may be a rational practice to reduce the demand for inorganic fertilization and mitigate CH4 emissions during rice cultivation under water stress drought conditions.

scholarly journals Soil resistance to penetration and least limiting water range for soybean yield in a haplustox from Brazil

2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 863-871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amauri Nelson Beutler ◽  
José Frederico Centurion ◽  
Alvaro Pires da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Soil Resistance ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Randomized Experimental Design ◽  
Least Limiting Water Range ◽  
Dry Matter Weight ◽  
Resistance To Penetration

The objective of this study was determine the resistance to penetration (PR), least limiting water range (LLWR) and critical bulk density (Db-crit) for soybean yield in a medium-textured oxisol (Haplustox). The treatments represented the soil compaction by passing a tractor over the site 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 times, with 4 replications in a randomized experimental design. Samples were collected from 0.02-0.05, 0.07-0.10 and 0.15-0.18 m depths. Soybean (Glycine max cv. Embrapa 48) was sowed in December 2002. Plant height, number of pods, aerial dry matter, weight of 100 seeds, and the yield in 3.6 m² plots were recorded. Soybean yield started reduction at the PR of 0.85 MPa and Db of 1.48 Mg m-3. The LLWR was limited in highest part by water content at field capacity (0.01 MPa tension) and in lowest part by water content at PRcrit, achieved the Db-crit to yield at 1.48 Mg m-3.

scholarly journals Enhancing Water Productivity for Agriculture and Adapting to Climate Change in Food Insecure Areas - Practical Experiences from Far and Mid West Nepal

2012 ◽  
pp. 54-58
Author(s):  
Kaisa Seppänen ◽  
Chakra Bahadur Chand
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Soil Protection ◽  
Practical Experiences ◽  
Water Scarce

The Rural Village Water Resources Management Project Phase II (RVWRMP-II) works in some of the most remote, food insecure and water scarce areas of Nepal, where the impacts and effects of climate change are already visible. The farmers of the project region are dependent on rain-fed agriculture. Large parts of the project area (parts of Humla and Bajura Districts, for instance) depend on food aid.In Phase II, specific attention is being paid to climate change adaptation, efficient use of water for agriculture, and food security and nutrition.RVWRMP facilitates communities to design and implement Water Use Master Plans (WUMP). One of the objectives of a WUMP is to optimize the use of water for agriculture. Micro-irrigation, rain water harvesting, multi-use schemes, using drainage water from tap stands for home gardens and organic fertilizers are some of the ways to improve the food security in the communities. Water source protection, watershed conservation, soil protection and crop selection are key technical areas of interest to enable adaptation to the anticipated changes in climate.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v11i1.7205 Hydro Nepal Special Issue: Conference Proceedings 2012 pp.54-58

scholarly journals Growth and physiological response of two biomass sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) genotypes bred for different environments, to contrasting levels of soil moisture

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Barbanti ◽  
Ahmad Sher ◽  
Giuseppe Di Girolamo ◽  
Elio Cirillo ◽  
Muhammad Ansar
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Relative Water Content ◽  
Physiological Response ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Biomass Sorghum ◽  
Relative Water

A better understanding of plant mechanisms in response to drought is a strong premise to achieving high yields while saving unnecessary water. This is especially true in the case of biomass crops for non-food uses (energy, fibre and forage), grown with limited water supply. In this frame, we investigated growth and physiological response of two genotypes of biomass sorghum (<em>Sorghum bicolor</em> (L.) Moench) to contrasting levels of soil moisture in a pot experiment carried out in a greenhouse. Two water regimes (high and low water, corresponding to 70% and 30% field capacity) were applied to JS-2002 and Trudan-8 sorghum genotypes, respectively bred for dry sub-tropical and mild temperate conditions. Two harvests were carried out at 73 and 105 days after seeding. Physiological traits (transpiration, photosynthesis and stomatal conductance) were assessed in four dates during growth. Leaf water potential, its components and relative water content were determined at the two harvests. Low watering curbed plant height and aboveground biomass to a similar extent (ca. 􀀀70%) in both genotypes. JS-2002 exhibited a higher proportion of belowground to aboveground biomass, <em>i.e</em>., a morphology better suited to withstand drought. Despite this, JS-2002 was more affected by low water in terms of physiology: during the growing season, the average ratio in transpiration, photosynthesis and stomatal conductance between droughty and well watered plants was, respectively, 0.82, 0.80 and 0.79 in JS-2002; 1.05, 1.08 and 1.03 in Trudan-8. Hence Trudan-8 evidenced a ca. 20% advantage in the three traits. In addition, Trudan-8 could better exploit abundant moisture (70% field capacity), increasing aboveground biomass and water use efficiency. In both genotypes, drought led to very low levels of leaf water potential and relative water content, still supporting photosynthesis. Hence, both morphological and physiological characteristics of sorghum were involved in plant adaptation to drought, in accordance with previous results. Conversely, the common assumption that genotypes best performing under wet conditions are less suited to face drought was contradicted by the results of the two genotypes in our experiment. This discloses a potential to be further exploited in programmes of biomass utilization for various end uses, although further evidence at greenhouse and field level is needed to corroborate this finding.

scholarly journals STUDY OF GELATIN FROM DUCK BONE AS AN ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF HALAL GELATIN

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Muhammad Habbib Khirzin
Keyword(s):  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Extraction Method ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Acid Extraction ◽  
Alternative Sources

Gelatin is an intermediate ingredient which is oftenly used in many field such as food, pharmacy, and cosmetics. It is usually extracted from pig and cow. Halal issue of gelatin sources and the outbreaks of mad cow diseases encouraged people to find an alternative sources of gelatin. One of the alternative sources of gelatin was duck bone. The aim of this research was to describe physicochemical properties of duck bone gelatin which is extracted by using acid extraction method as an alternative sources of halal gelatin. The extraction of duck bone gelatin used 5% concentration of HCl (hydrochloric acid). The extraction process consisted of four steps, they were degreassing, defating, demineralization, and acid extraction. The result showed that gelatin which was extracted from duck bone had these several characteristic: yield of 6.24%, pH 4.0, water content of 13.43%, ash content of 13.42%, protein content of 65.43%, and whiteness degree of 30.35%. Generally, gelatin which was extracted from duck bone had similar characteristic with commercial gelatin and SNI standard. Further researcher had been suggested to reoptimized extraction method in order to reduce ash content.

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