scholarly journals Pollinators communities differ across years and crops

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danilo Bevk ◽  
Janez Prešern
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Solitary Bees ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Pesticide Application ◽  
Insect Pollination ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Application Management ◽  
Pollinator Community ◽  
Temperature Preferences

Insect pollination is one of the most important ecosystem services. Pollinator communities are rarely studied across years and crops in the same location. The aim of this study was to investigate the pollinator community structure on five different fruit crops, as well as the activity of different pollinator groups during the day and their temperature preferences. Pollinator activity was observed across two years on apple trees and blueberry, strawberry, blackcurrant and raspberry bushes. Pollinator community structure varied by plant and year. Honeybees were the most numerous pollinators on all plants except blueberry bushes (39–95% of visits). Bumblebee numbers were high on blackcurrant (up to 28%) and blueberry bushes (up to 61%). Solitary bees visited all plants except blueberries. Honeybees, solitary bees, and hoverflies were most active in the middle of the day, while bumblebees became active earlier in the morning and remained active later in the evening. Pollinators also differed greatly in their temperature preferences. This knowledge gained is necessary for less harmful pesticide application management and the development of more sustainable agriculture to maintain pollinator diversity and thus reliable pollination in extreme weather conditions.  

Process simulation modeling of phytophagans' influence on the yield of seed fruit crops

2019 ◽  
pp. 138-143
Author(s):  
V. A. Shishkin ◽  
E. P. Rybalkin ◽  
E. B. Balykina
Keyword(s):  
Process Simulation ◽  
Simulation Modeling ◽  
Software Package ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Generational Change ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Nonlinear Characteristics

Simulation modeling of phytophagans’ influence on the yield of seed fruit crops, in particular apple trees, was carried out. By means of simulation models the importance of phytophagans’ influence at different stages of the vegetation period and the period of fruit ripening was revealed. The software package Matlab was used to build simulation models. As a result, simulation models with nonlinear characteristics were obtained, which maximally reflected the studied processes. The developed models imitate the process of phytophagans’ development. Generation change of pests and all stages of their development are simulated. Their respective numbers are recorded at each stage for all generations. The development process at each stage is modeled by separate subsystems of the simulation model. To simulate the development of one generation of pests, these subsystems are connected by external links. In addition, part of the relationships provides a simulation of generational change. There are a number of input parameters that allow to configure the simulation of the process of changing generations, taking into account the peculiarities of the development of various phytophagans.

scholarly journals Examination of soils and crops after the inundations of 1st February, 1953. III. Sensitivity to salt of inundated fruit crops.

1955 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-34
Author(s):  
W.G. Beeftink
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Growth Condition ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Flood Damage ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Tree Resistance

Characteristic symptoms of salt water flood damage are described for apples, pears, plums, cherries, currants, gooseberry, walnuts, grapes and mulberries. In general the crops showed symptoms of drying out, indicating their inability to absorb enough water. A table of the approximate sensitivity of the fruit crops, and also of apple and pear varieties was compiled; there was a wider range of sensitivity in apples than in pears. The sensitivity of the chief Malling rootstocks did not appear to run parallel to their vigour. The salt content of the soil moisture was the limiting factor for apple and pear recovery; 7-8 g. per litre for apples, and 11-12 g. for pears were the limits beyond which trees could not be saved. Flooding had no influence on the growth condition of apples and pears until after it had lasted 8 or 9 weeks. Tree age had no clear effect on sensitivity, though apple trees of 25 years and over had less resistance. Deep cultivation before flooding, soil exhaustion, and general neglect had detrimental effects on tree resistance. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

scholarly journals Effects of the Fall Foliar Urea Application on N Reserves and Fruiting Performance of Gala/M26 Apple Trees in Pot-in-Pot System

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 796A-796
Author(s):  
Pinghai Ding* ◽  
Minggang Cui ◽  
Leslie H. Fuchigami
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Fruit Thinning ◽  
Tree Fruit ◽  
Dormant Season ◽  
Foliar Urea

Reserve nitrogen is an important factor for plant growth and fruiting performance in tree fruit crops. The fall foliar urea application appears to be an efficient method for increasing N reserves. The effect of fall foliar urea application on N reserves and fruiting performance were studied with four year old `Gala'/M26 trees grown in 20 gallon containers in a pot-in-pot system from 2001 to 2003 at the Lewis-Brown Horticulture Farm of Oregon State Univ.. The trees were either sprayed with 0 or 2 times 3% urea after harvest in October. Shoot and spur samples were taken at the dormant season for reserve N analysis. Fruit performance was recorded in the following growing season. The fall foliar application significantly increased spur N reserve and had the trend to increase shoot N reserve but not significantly. The fall foliar application significantly increased tree fruit set and cluster fruit set. With normal fruit thinning, fall foliar urea application has the trend to increase both tree yield and average fruit size; without fruit thinning, fall foliar urea application has the trend to increase tree yield. These results indicate that fall foliar urea application an effective method to increase reserve N for maintaining tree yield.

scholarly journals Experimental approach in apple tree nutrition

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Kállay ◽  
E. Szűcs
Keyword(s):  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Bitter Pit ◽  
Apple Fruits ◽  
Npk Fertilization

Authors present synthesis of experimental work, performed in the last decades, for better understanding nutritional behaviour of apple trees and related problems in fruit quality. There were evidences supporting possible deteriorating role of potassium in feeble physiological status of apples, if applied in excess. More intensive studies proved that higher potassium uptake into leaves and fruits might be also the result of increased sink power of individual fruits. Nevertheless early senescence of apples during storage and also sensibility to bitter pit were successfully related to the increased sink power of fruits, casual relations in excessive NPK fertilization, although increase in sink power need further investigations. Impaired weather conditions during early development of fruits, hostile orchard practices in pruning, thinning, irrigation and also unskilled application of growth regulators may also contribute in the enhancement of sink power and in weakened physiological status of apple fruits.

scholarly journals Effects of morning vs. evening inoculation on the development of Neonectria ditissima lesions

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 ◽  
pp. 353
Author(s):  
Emma Patrick ◽  
Anthea Garmey ◽  
Lauren Turner ◽  
Rebecca E. Campbell ◽  
Monika Walter
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Symptom Expression ◽  
Symptom Development ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Successful Development ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Average Daily Temperature ◽  
Daily Relative Humidity

The study of Neonectria ditissima causing European canker in apple trees is often dependent on controlled inoculation of tree wounds and development of canker lesions. This makes the success of the initial inoculation crucial for time-efficient research. The effect of morning vs. evening inoculation on the successful development of canker lesions was investigated. Ninety-six ‘Royal Gala’ trees were inoculated on six different days (February—March 2017), which covered several different weather conditions. On each inoculation day, 16 trees were inoculated on four rasp and four picking wounds, at 10:00 and 19:00 hours. These were then assessed over the following 8 months for presence of disease symptoms. Irrespective of rain (0—4.5 mm rainfall at the day of inoculation), temperature (average daily temperature of 14.8—21.3˚C), and humidity (average daily relative humidity of 59.8—94.2% rH), neither the day nor the hour of inoculation affected symptom development. However, more inoculated wounds developed symptoms in rasp wounds (91%) than in picking wounds (63%). Under the environmental conditions tested, inoculation timing (date and hour) had little effect on N. ditissima symptom expression.

Influence of Weather and Time of Day on Plum Curculio (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Tree Canopy Entry Behaviors and Evaluation of Traps for Predicting Fruit Injury

1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bonnie M. Dixon ◽  
Ronald J. Prokopy ◽  
Brian B. Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Barometric Pressure ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Conotrachelus Nenuphar ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Plum Curculio ◽  
Local Weather

In the spring of 1997, tree canopy entry behaviors of adult plum curculios, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst), were estimated by three types of traps examined five times each day from 24 May (bloom) until 15 June in an unmanaged apple orchard. In addition, presence of plum curculios in the canopy, ovipositional injury to fruit, and local weather conditions (temperature, barometric pressure, relative humidity, and wind speed) were monitored. The principal means of entry into apple trees by plum curculios appeared to be direct flights from outside the canopy into the canopy. However, the major means of tree entry on days when large amounts of oviposition occurred appeared to be crawling up or flying onto the trunk. Ovipositional injury to fruit was correlated with high temperature and low barometric pressure. The greatest amount of tree entry occurred between 1800 and 2100h. The strongest correlation found between daily trap captures and daily occurrence of injury was between captures by flight interception traps placed just outside the canopy and injury occurring the following day. Based on this, captures by flight interception traps just outside the canopies of fruit trees may have potential for predicting episodes of plum curculio damage to fruit.

scholarly journals Daily Dynamics of Sugar and Phenol Contents in Apple Fruitlets during June Drop

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerneja JAKOPIC ◽  
Franci STAMPAR ◽  
Robert VEBERIC
Keyword(s):  
Total Phenolic Content ◽  
Phenolic Content ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Alternate Bearing ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Phenolic Contents ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
June Drop

The occurrence of the abscission signal in young developing fruits on apple trees (Malus domestica) was studied. Apple has a natural system of fruitlet shedding, so called June drop. Although physiological fruit drop is unable to guarantee production of marketable apples and avoid alternate bearing, knowledge of this is a key background for successful fruit thinning. A study was carried out on apple trees cv. ‘Golden Delicious’ during June drop. On three dates (beginning, middle and after June drop), the daily dynamics of HPLC detected individual sugar and spectrophotometrically detected total phenolic contents were investigated in central (K) and lateral (L) fruitlets. The results of daily dynamics showed the highest sugar contents at 2 p.m. On the final sampling date, on 2nd July 2015, we observed a significant difference between sugar contents at 2 p.m. and the morning and afternoon measurements. Contents of sugars in K and L fruitlets were not significantly different. Total phenolic content at the beginning of June drop was higher than at the end. There was no statistically significant difference between K and L in an individual time period, while there were statistically significant differences in total phenolic content among the sampling dates. Although sugar and phenolic contents in K and L fruitlets were rarely statistically different, their contents changed during June drop. In general, sugar contents increased and phenolic contents decreased during the process, while the daily dynamic depended on weather conditions.

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