The Potential of Common Cereals to form Retrograded Resistant Starch

Resistant starch (RS) has been recognised as a functional fibre with many health-promoting effects. RS exists in four forms – RS1, RS2, RS3, and RS4. The RS3 type is generated by amylose retrogradation typically resulting from food processing procedures. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the potential ability of six agriculturally important cereals to generate type RS3 resistant starch after retrogradation of their amylose. In comparison with all tested cereals, the statistically significant highest level of RS3 (5.28% ± 0.68) was detected in triticale, mainly in the Pinokio, Presto, Tricolor, and Kendo cultivars. Significant highly content was also found in rye (4.93% ± 0.73), especially in Selgo, Esprit, Dankowskie Nowe, and Apart cultivars, in comparison with wheat, spring and winter barley, tritordeum and oat. There were unsignificant differences between triticale and rye in RS3 levels. Wheat contained less RS3 (3.87% ± 0.55) in comparison to triticale and rye. The best wheats with this trait were the Athlet, Boka, Trane, Versailles, and Torysa cultivars. The content of RS3 in barley was not high (2.35% ± 0.45 in winter barley, 2.51% ± 0.25 in spring barley), similar to tritordeum (2.26% ± 0.36). The RS3 content in high amylose barley mutant Glacier was two-fold higher than in other tested barley cultivars (P < 0.01). Only minimal level of RS3 can be generated from oat seed starch (0.41% ± 0.09). These results indicate that plant species as well as crop cultivar screening are important for the identification of suitable natural sources of resistant starch. Concerning the production of functional foods, it is important to recognize that valuable bread cereals such as wheat and rye are superior sources of this type of dietary fibre and are highly beneficial to the human health. However, it is advisable to continue for other years in these annual results and localities too.

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Virulence frequencies to powdery mildew resistance genes of winter barley cultivars

Plant Protection Science ◽

10.17221/466-pps ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 40 (No. 4) ◽

pp. 135-140 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

A. Dreiseitl

Keyword(s):

Czech Republic ◽

Powdery Mildew ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Powdery Mildew Resistance ◽

Spring Barley ◽

Winter Barley ◽

The Czech Republic ◽

Mildew Resistance ◽

Barley Cultivars ◽

Random Samples

The virulence frequencies to powdery mildew resistance genes possessed by winter barley cultivars registered and newly tested in the Czech Republic were studied in 2000, 2002 and 2004. Random samples of the populations originating from winter and spring barley fields were obtained from the air by a mobile version of a jet spore sampler mounted on a car roof. Conidia were sampled by driving across the Czech Republic. Fourteen differentials, carrying 18 out of 20 currently identified resistance genes present in winter barley cultivars, were used. High virulence frequencies (85–100%) to most resistance genes were found. Lower virulence frequencies (14.1–40.1%) were found to only three resistance genes that have not been described yet; their preliminary designations are Ml(Va), Ml(Dt) and Ml(Ca). The importance of resistance of winter barley cultivars is discussed with respect to limiting the speed with which the pathogen adapts to genetic resistances possessed by commercial cultivars of both winter and spring barley, and to the necessity of lowering the costs for powdery mildew control in barley.

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Managing Fusarium Head Blight in Winter Barley With Cultivar Resistance and Fungicide

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-09-18-1582-re ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 103 (8) ◽

pp. 1858-1864 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Christina Cowger ◽

Consuelo Arellano ◽

David Marshall ◽

Joshua Fitzgerald

Keyword(s):

North Carolina ◽

Fusarium Head Blight ◽

Spring Barley ◽

Winter Barley ◽

Optimal Timing ◽

Cultivar Resistance ◽

Head Blight ◽

Fungicide Application ◽

Barley Cultivars ◽

Moderate Resistance

Although there has been research on managing Fusarium head blight (FHB) in spring barley, little has been published on cultivar resistance and optimal fungicide timing for FHB management in winter barley. A 3-year (2015 to 2017) field experiment was conducted to measure FHB resistance of winter barley varieties, gauge the potential benefit from a fungicide, and help determine the optimal timing for fungicide application. The split-plot experiment took place in a misted, inoculated nursery in Raleigh, North Carolina using main plots of four winter barley cultivars (Atlantic, Endeavor, Nomini, and Thoroughbred). Three fungicide treatments were applied to subplots: prothioconazole + tebuconazole at full spike emergence, the same fungicide 6 days later, or no fungicide. The late applications significantly reduced FHB index in each of 3 years and significantly reduced deoxynivalenol (DON) in harvested grain in 2 of the 3 years. Applications at full spike emergence also yielded significant benefit in 1 of the 3 years for each parameter. Neither disease symptoms nor DON gave reason to prefer one of the fungicide timings over the other. Across the 3 years, DON ranked the cultivars Endeavor < Nomini = Thoroughbred < Atlantic. Combining the moderate resistance of Endeavor with a fungicide application and averaging the two timings resulted in a 75% DON reduction compared with unsprayed Atlantic. Taken together, our results indicate that barley growers concerned about minimizing DON should both plant moderately resistant varieties and apply fungicide if there is scab risk. During the same period, 16 commercial winter barley cultivars were tested in from three to seven Virginia and North Carolina environments each, and the DON results were compared after standardization across environments. The winter two-row malting barley cultivars Endeavor and Calypso displayed superior and robust DON resistance across environments.

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Resistance To Powdery Mildew In Selected Czech Winter Barley Breeding Lines

Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding ◽

10.17221/6076-cjgpb ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 41 (No. 2) ◽

pp. 45-50 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

A. Dreiseitl

Keyword(s):

Powdery Mildew ◽

Virulence Genes ◽

Spring Barley ◽

Practical Importance ◽

Farming Systems ◽

Winter Barley ◽

Substantial Part ◽

Breeding Lines ◽

Barley Cultivars ◽

Barley Breeding

Powdery mildew resistances in Czech winter barley breeding lines were postulated on the basis of their reaction types to 32 pathotypes of the pathogen with different combinations of virulence genes. The results from testing 38 lines represent a substantial part of found variability in the examined trait with 13 found resistances. The resistances typical of winter barley cultivars dominated in six-row lines whereas the resistances typical of spring barley cultivars were more frequent in two-row lines. None of these resistances was effective enough to all used pathotypes. Desired effectiveness is present neither in the lines with a combination of corresponding resistances nor in the cases when their resistance is controlled by more (up to six) postulated genes. Resistances “Ch” (detected in the line CH 669) and “Lu” (detected in the line LU 1258/A/02) are novel, the former without any practical importance. A need of breeding winter barley cultivars resistant to powdery mildew is discussed since they are required for both conventional and particularly low-input farming systems.

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Stability of spring barley varieties to the pathogen Ustilaho nuda Kell. et Swing

Agroecological journal ◽

10.33730/2077-4893.3.2016.249076 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 159-161

Author(s):

Yasser Al-Husam Mohanad

Keyword(s):

High Resistance ◽

Spring Barley ◽

Winter Barley ◽

Loose Smut ◽

Barley Cultivars ◽

Indirect Losses

Basend on these studies it has been found a clear manifistation of the hidden losses evident and latent spring barley varieties from the dusty smut. All studied varieties, except for Votograis, had significant losses from smut that expressed lower elements of the structure and field. The cultivars Vodogray and Eney were not affected by loose smut. Maximum infection was observed on cultivar Sebastyan. Parameters of productivity of this cultivar were significantly de- creased in result of disease in compare with cultivars Vodogray and Eney. The differences in number of heads were 65 and 45, respectively, in weight of 1000 seed — 11.74 and 8.53 g, in yield — 0.53 and 0.45 t/ha. Winter barley cultivars Fenix and Eney were recorded to have direct and indirect losses as result of loose smut infection. The productivity parameters and yield of these cultivars were also decreased. Vodograi, spring borley variety has shown high resistance to loose smut, evident and latent hidden losses, and can be recommended for production.

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Frequency of powdery mildew resistances in winter barley cultivars tested in domestic variety trials

Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis ◽

10.11118/actaun201159030023 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 59 (3) ◽

pp. 23-28 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Antonín Dreiseitl

Keyword(s):

Powdery Mildew ◽

Spring Barley ◽

Winter Barley ◽

Variety Trials ◽

Barley Cultivars ◽

Powdery Mildew Pathogen ◽

Domestic Variety ◽

Domestic Breeding

In 2006–2010, resistance to the powdery mildew pathogen was studied in 225 winter barley cultivars of which 86 two-rowed and 139 six-rowed. The examined set included 59 cultivars tested in the official variety trials and 166 cultivars in variety trials conducted by domestic breeding stations in that period. Thirteen known resistances were identified (Ar, Bw, Dr2, Ha, HH, IM9, La, Ly, Ra, Ru, Sp, St and We). No resistance was found in one cultivar only. The most frequent resistance was Ra detected in 114 cultivars (= 50.7%). The resistance Bw was found in 54 cultivars (24.0%). Resistances typical for spring barley cultivars (Ly, Sp, Ru and We) were also frequent (4.0% to 23.6%). Unknown resistances were found in 20 cultivars, in nine of which they were effective to all used pathotypes of the pathogen. Thirty-six cultivars (16.0%) exhibited heterogeneity in the examined trait, i.e. they were mostly composed of lines with different resistances. Research on cultivars possessing unknown resistances continues.

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Virulence frequency to powdery mildew resistances in winter barley cultivars

Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding ◽

10.17221/39/2008-cjgpb ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 44 (No. 4) ◽

pp. 160-166 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

A. Dreiseitl

Keyword(s):

Czech Republic ◽

Powdery Mildew ◽

Spring Barley ◽

Winter Barley ◽

The Czech Republic ◽

Barley Cultivars ◽

Random Samples ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Given ◽

Lower Population

Virulence frequencies to powdery mildew resistances in winter barley cultivars mostly registered in the Czech Republic were studied in 2007 and 2008. Random samples of the air populations originating from winter and spring barley fields were obtained by means of a mobile version of a jet spore sampler. Conidia were sampled by driving across the Czech Republic. In total 349 isolates were studied and 17 differentials were used. The virulence frequencies to specific resistances of given cultivars showed wide range from 0% to 100%. Nine differentials were used to distinguish 134 pathotypes, of which 32 representing 63.9% of isolates were detected in both years. Pathotype 773, which broke down the resistance of eight differentials, was the most abundant. In 2008, lower virulence frequencies to all differentials, and thus lower population complexity, were determined, which may be caused by different regional origins of the isolates examined. Importance of the study of the given pathogen population is discussed in terms of successful breeding of resistant barley cultivars.

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Structure of polish isolates ofBipolaris sorokinianaand effect of different pathotypes on spot blotch severity of selected spring barley cultivars

Cereal Research Communications ◽

10.1556/0806.47.2019.007 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

M. Cegiełko ◽

M. Wit ◽

I. Kiecana ◽

W. Wakuliński ◽

E. Mielniczuk

Keyword(s):

Spring Barley ◽

Spot Blotch ◽

Barley Cultivars

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Grapes and Their Derivatives in Functional Foods

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10030672 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 672

Author(s):

Panagiotis Kandylis

Keyword(s):

Human Health ◽

Functional Foods ◽

Consumer Interest ◽

Health Promoting

Consumer interest in the consumption of health promoting foods is growing worldwide due to the realization of the link between diet and human health [...]

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Referencing laser and ultrasonic height measurements of barleycultivars by using a herbometre as standard

Crop and Pasture Science ◽

10.1071/cp16238 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 67 (12) ◽

pp. 1215 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Gero Barmeier ◽

Bodo Mistele ◽

Urs Schmidhalter

Keyword(s):

Plant Height ◽

Spring Barley ◽

Operating Time ◽

Reference Method ◽

Fold Increase ◽

Barley Cultivars ◽

Coefficients Of Variation ◽

Field Phenotyping ◽

High Throughput Phenotyping ◽

Distance Sensor

Assessment of plant height is an important factor for agronomic and breeder decisions; however, current field phenotyping, such as visual scoring or using a ruler, is time consuming, labour intensive, costly and subjective. For agronomists and plant breeders, the most common method used to measure plant height is still a meter stick. In a 3-year study, we have adopted a herbometre similar to a rising plate meter as a reference method to obtain the weighted plant height of barley cultivars and to evaluate vehicle-based ultrasonic and laser distance sensors. Sets of 30 spring barley cultivars and 14 and 60 winter barley cultivars were tested in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. The herbometre was well suited as a reference method allowing for an increased area and was easy to handle. The herbometre measurements within a plot showed very low coefficients of variation. Good and close relationships (R2 = 0.59, 0.76, 0.80) between the herbometre and the ultrasonic distance sensor measurements were observed in the years 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively, demonstrating also increased values of heritability. Hence, both sensors were able to differentiate among barley cultivars in standard breeding trials. For the sensors, we observed a 4-fold faster operating time and 6-fold increase of measurement points compared with the herbometre measurement. Based on these results, we conclude that distance sensors represent a powerful and economical high-throughput phenotyping tool for breeders and plant scientists to estimate plant height and to differentiate cultivars for agronomic decisions and breeding activities potentially being also applicable in other small grain cereals with dense crop stands. Particularly, ultrasonic distance sensors may reflect an agronomically and physiologically relevant plant height information.

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