scholarly journals The demand for beer in Czech Republic: inderstanding longrun on- and off-trade price elasticities

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 165-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grosová Stanislava ◽  
Masár Michal ◽  
Kutnohorská Olga ◽  
Kubeš Vladimír
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Income Elasticity ◽  
Econometric Models ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
Income Elasticities ◽  
Beer Consumption ◽  
Price And Income Elasticities

We provided estimates of price, cross-price, and income elasticities for on- and off-trade beer consumption using econometric models on time series data from 1994 to 2014. The empirical results indicate that the most important determinants of on-trade demand are the price of off-trade beer, the price of substitutes and past consumption, while the income elasticity was not found to be important. The most important determinants of off-trade beer demand were the price of on-trade beer and the price of substitutes.

scholarly journals Determinants of Exports of Pakistan: A Country-wise Disaggregated Analysis.

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (4II) ◽  
pp. 715-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naseeb Zada ◽  
Malik Muhammad ◽  
Khan Bahadar
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Export Performance ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Empirical Bayesian ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Price And Income Elasticities ◽  
Trade Partners

Given the importance of international trade and export performance in economic growth, this study attempts to examine the determinants of exports of Pakistan, using a time series data over the period 1975-2008. A simultaneous equation approach is followed and the demand and supply side equations are specified with appropriate variables. This is a country-wise disaggregated analysis of Pakistan versus its trade partners and the estimation strategy is based on two approaches. First we employ the Generalised Methods of Moments (GMM), which is followed by the Empirical Bayesian technique to get consistent estimates. The GMM technique is believed to be efficient for time series data provided the sample size is sufficiently large. In case of small samples, the estimates might not be precise and might appear with unbelievable sign and insignificant magnitudes. To avoid the sample bias and other problems, we employ the Empirical Bayesian technique which provides much precise estimates. The factual results obtained via the GMM technique are a little bit mixed, although most of the coefficients are found to be statistically significant and carry their expected signs. In order to compare and validate these results, the Empirical Bayesian technique is employed. This offers considerable improvement over the previous results and all the variables are found to be highly significant with correct sign across the countries concerned with the exception of a few cases. The price and income elasticities in both the demand and supply side equations carry their expected signs and significant magnitudes for the trading partners. The findings suggest that exports of Pakistan are much sensitive to changes in the world demand and world prices. This establishes the importance of demand side factors like world GDP, Real exchange rate, and world prices to determine the exports of Pakistan. On the supply side, we find relatively small price and income elasiticities. The results reveal that demand for exports is relatively higher for countries in NAFTA, European Union and Middle East regions. The study recommends particular concentration on the trade partners in these regions to improve the export performance of Pakistan. Keywords: Exports, GMM, Empirical Bayesian Method, Pakistan

The Demand for Alcoholic Beverages: An Aggregate Time-Series Analysis

1985 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Levy ◽  
Neil Sheflin
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Income Elasticity ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Sample Period ◽  
Weak Evidence ◽  
Price Effects ◽  
Alternative Measures

We estimate the total demand for alcoholic beverages with annual U. S. time-series data from 1940–80 using two alternative measures of alcohol consumption. By concentrating on the total demand for alcoholic beverages we subsume the cross-price effects. Our results indicate a price elasticity of (minus)0.5 and an income elasticity of 0.4 and weak evidence of a somewhat higher propensity to consume alcoholic beverages by those under 21. After correcting for heteroskedasticity, the estimates are found to be statistically stable over the sample period.

Has Social Mobilization Caused Political Instability in Africa? A Granger-Causality Test

1993 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-54
Author(s):  
Bedford N. Umez
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Granger Causality ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Political Instability ◽  
Granger Causality Test ◽  
Social Mobilization ◽  
Series Data ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Causality Test ◽  
Empirical Results

A Granger-causality test is used to examine whether social mobilization causes political instability. This test allows serious problems encountered in correlation-based analyses to be overcome. Time-series data from seven African countries are used. The empirical results (which vary by country) generally suggest that there is usually a feedback relationship between social mobilization and political instability.

Testing Increasing Sensitivity of Enrollment at Private Institutions to Tuition and other Costs

1996 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Hsing ◽  
Hui S. Chang
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Functional Form ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Standard Errors ◽  
Private Institutions ◽  
Test Statistics ◽  
Sample Period ◽  
Income Elasticities

This paper re-examines the demand for higher education at private institutions and tests if in recent years enrollment has become more sensitive to rising tuition and other related costs. Time series data between FY 1964–65 and FY 1990–91 are used as the sample. Major findings are interesting. The general functional form yields coefficients with smaller standard errors and larger value of the test statistics. The logarithmic form can be rejected at the 5% level. Tuition elasticities rose from −0.261 to −0.557 and income elasticities also increased from 0.493 to 1.093 during the sample period. Thus, enrollment has become more sensitive to changes in tuition and other costs. However, part of the loss of enrollment due to tuition increases can be recovered by rising income elasticities.

scholarly journals Estimating the Determinants of Food Import Demand in Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-252
Author(s):  
Saada Abdullahi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series Data ◽  
Import Demand ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Bounds Testing ◽  
Income Elasticities ◽  
Price And Income Elasticities ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Equilibrium Relationship ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Annual Time Series

This paper examines the determinants of food import demand in Africa taking the case of Nigeria using the ARDL bounds testing approach. Specifically, the study aims to estimates the short run and long run price and income elasticities of food import demand in Nigeria. The paper used annual time series data over the period 1981 to 2019. The empirical result indicates the existence of a long run equilibrium relationship between food import demand and its determinants. The long run price and income elasticities are -4.57% and 5.57%, respectively. The result shows that population and food production exert significant influence in determining food import demand in both the short run and long run while exchange rate is insignificant in the long run. The paper recommends that price and income-oriented policies will be effective measures in controlling food import demand in Nigeria.

scholarly journals Does Dodd Frank Act Affect Macroeconomic Variables?

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-100
Author(s):  
Nahid Kalbasi Anaraki
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Private Investment ◽  
Econometric Models ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
Macroeconomic Variables ◽  
Financial Regulations

The introduction of Dodd Frank Act has induced lots of controversy among economists on its macroeconomic outcomes; though some see it is a necessary piece of legislation, which can avoid future financial crisis, many think it is detrimental to private investment and employment. To see how the Act affect real macroeconomic variables such as GDP growth, investment, and unemployment rate, this study implements econometric models with time series data over the period of 1990-2015 to estimate how financial regulations in general and Dodd Frank Act in particular affects the above-mentioned variables. The results of this study suggest that the Act has a negative significant impact on GDP growth, private investment, and unemployment rate.    

scholarly journals ANALISIS PERMINTAAN TELUR AYAM DI KABUPATEN MAGETAN

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Nia Fridayanti ◽  
Siti Marwanti ◽  
Ernoiz Antriyandarti
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Income Elasticity ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Meat Price ◽  
Chicken Egg ◽  
Rice Price ◽  
Inferior Good ◽  
Per Capita

This research aims to identify and to analyze the variables which influenced the chicken egg demand in Magetan District and to know its elasticity. This research used descriptive and analytical method. The research location was chosen purposively in Magetan. By using 27 years time series data, this study applied Cobb Douglass demand functing with OLS method. The results showed that the price of chicken egg race, chicken meat price, rice price, population and income per capita have significant effect on chicken egg demand in Magetan District. Race egg price has inelastic elasticity since its value is negative (-0,280). Chicken meat price has subtitute elasticity since its value is positive (0,911). Rice price has complementary elasticity since its value is negative (-0,233). Income elasticity has a negative (-0,476) value means that chicken egg is an inferior good for Magetan District.

Determinants of foreign and domestic non-listed real estate fund flows in India

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 503-524
Author(s):  
Ashish Gupta ◽  
Graeme Newell ◽  
Deepak Bajaj ◽  
Satya Mandal
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Real Estate ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Real Estate Market ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Fund Flows ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Macroeconomic Determinants

PurposeReal estate forms an important part of any economy and the investment in real estate, in turn, is impacted by the macroeconomic environment of that country. The purpose of the present research is to examine macroeconomic determinants of foreign and domestic non-listed real estate fund (NREF) flows and to examine whether they are similar or different for an emerging economy like India.Design/methodology/approachThe long and short-run cointegration between the time-series variables is estimated using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds test and error correction model (ECM) using quarterly data across the 2005–2017 period. ARDL is a suitable method for short time-series data.FindingsThe empirical results indicate that domestic NREF flows are positively and significantly impacted by real GDP and performance of listed real estate stocks (i.e. BSE realty index). Whereas, foreign NREF flows are positively and significantly impacted by the exchange rate, performance of listed real estate stocks and domestic NREF flows.Practical implicationsThe empirical results have significant implications for academicians, policy makers and real estate market practitioners. In the context of these results, some interesting insights are gained that would help in the implementation of the policies aimed toward increasing the fund flows in the real estate sector, which in turn would have a significant trickle-down effect on the Indian economy.Originality/valueThe existing literature looks at macroeconomic and other drivers of foreign investment in international real estate investments. However, there are very few studies on the determinants of domestic real estate investment flows and on determinants of NREFs' investment flows; particularly in emerging markets. The present study, in contrast, evaluates simultaneously the macroeconomic determinants of the domestic and foreign NREFs' investment flows in India. The ARDL and ECM method used has been applied for the first time to the study of NREFs.

Gasoline and Travel Demand Models Using Time Series and Cross-Section Data from United States

1996 ◽  
Vol 1558 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Schimek
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Travel Demand ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Rebound Effect ◽  
The United States ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Price And Income Elasticities ◽  
Demand Models

The price and income elasticities of highway gasoline and automobile travel demand are useful for forecasting gasoline tax revenues and highway investment needs and evaluating policies to reduce automobile use, improve fuel efficiency, or reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Gasoline and travel demand elasticities are calculated using 1950 to 1994 time series data for the United States and 1988 to 1992 pooled data for states of the United States. Gasoline demand was found to be price inelastic in the short run, but in the long run, it was found to be —0.7. Even in the United States, gasoline price has a significant impact on gasoline use. The response to price changes is divided among driving, fuel efficiency, and the size of the vehicle stock, although the latter is the smallest. The Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) program was found to be associated with an average 1 percent annual decline in per capita fuel consumption. The elasticity of driving with respect to fuel efficiency— the rebound effect—was found to be —0.3, confirming previous results. The state-level data produce inconclusive results; it is hypothesized that this is the result of the confounding effect of CAFE.

scholarly journals ANALISIS DETEKSI FENOMENA FLYPAPER EFFECT PADA KINERJA KEUANGAN KOTA BENGKULU

AKUNTABILITAS ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-56
Author(s):  
Septriani Septriani ◽  
Armelly Armelly ◽  
Retno A Ekaputri ◽  
Esti Pasaribu
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Financial Performance ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Flypaper Effect ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
Data Analysis Tool

The purpose of this research is to know the possibility of flypaper effect on Financial Performance of Bengkulu City by knowing the influence of locally-generated revenue (PAD), General Allocation Fund (DAU) to Bengkulu City. This reaseach used the time series data about the Budget Realization Report (LRA) of Bengkulu City and the Financial Statistics of Bengkulu Province which provided by the Central Bureau of Statistics of Bengkulu Province. Data analysis tool used is multiple regression analysis.The empirical results of this research shows that the first, PAD has influential positive and significant to regional expenditure against the Bengkulu City, DAU has influential positive and significant regional expenditure against the Bengkulu City. The second, flypaper effect phenomenon is not occurring on financial performance of the Bengkulu City, it is seen of the value of the coefficients PAD greater than the value of the coefficients general allocation fund (DAU) and the result is significant on ? = 0.05.

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