scholarly journals Spruce windfalls and cambioxylophagous fauna in an area with the basic and outbreak state of Ips typographus

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (No. 11) ◽  
pp. 497-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Kula ◽  
W. Ząbecki
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Ips Typographus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tree Cover ◽  
Diameter At Breast Height ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Autumn And Winter ◽  
Basic Level ◽  
Hylurgops Palliatus

In spruce windfalls incurred in the autumn and winter season the synusia of cambioxylophagous fauna was evaluated in the profile of a whole stem and crown branches according to the species spectrum, tree cover and intensity of attack. The fauna of windfalls in the area with the basic level of Ips typographus  and in the gradation area differed by species diversity. In the gradation area, frequency of the occurrence of Ips typographus (L.) was higher by 20–40%. P. chalcographus (L.) showed decreased stem cover in the gradation area. In the area with the basic state of Ips typographus, windfalls were intensively colonized by secondary species Hylurgops palliatus (Gyll.), Isarthron fuscum (Fabr.), Monochamus sp. With the increasing dbh (diameter at breast height) of windfalls the colonization of stems by Ips typographus was positively affected, H. palliatus, I. fuscum, Polygraphus poligraphus (L.) responded the other way round.

scholarly journals Silvicultural performance of forest species introduced in integrated livestock forest system in Lavras, MG, Brazil

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erick Martins Nieri ◽  
Renato Luiz Grisi Macedo ◽  
Nelson Venturin ◽  
Regis Pereira Venturin ◽  
José Alvim Pinto Júnior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
The Other ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Diameter At Breast Height ◽  
African Mahogany ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to evaluate the silvicultural performance of four forest species introduced in a setting for integrated livestock forest (ILF) in a pasture in Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The species included were the Australian red cedar (seminal and clonal), African mahogany, teak, and guanandi. A split plot scheme with a randomized complete block design comprising four replicates and 48 plants per plot, was used in the following arrangement: (3(3x2) +7x2) m. The evaluation times (12, 18, 31, 36, and 43 months after planting) corresponded to the subplots. Performances of all four species were evaluated on the basis of their survival rate, height (H) and diameter at breast height (DBH). Based on the performance of the species with regard to these parameters, the clonal Australian red cedar showed a greater growth in DBH and height in the ILF setting as compared to the other species, which indicates it to be a suitable species for the region of Lavras, MG as long as its survival control occurs in the implantation phase.

scholarly journals Nesting habitat selection of Mediterranean raptors in managed pinewoods: searching for common patterns to derive conservation recommendations

2013 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
RAFAEL BARRIENTOS ◽  
BERNARDO ARROYO
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Selection ◽  
Tree Cover ◽  
Nesting Habitat ◽  
Random Factor ◽  
Diameter At Breast Height ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Heterogeneous Habitats ◽  
Large Trees ◽  
Generalised Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Selection Of

SummaryInvestigating habitat selection is a key step in improving the population conservation of forest species in areas managed for different purposes, from timber harvesting to hunting or recreation. Because economic resources allocated to conservation are limited, studies that assess cost-effective strategies are necessary, especially when concerning non-threatened species. We studied nest-site habitat selection of two raptor communities (totalling 245 nests from the five most common species: Short-Toed Eagle Circaetus gallicus, Goshawk Accipiter gentilis, Sparrowhawk A. nisus, Common Buzzard Buteo buteo and Booted Eagle Aquila pennata) in two pinewoods in central Spain separated by 200 km. Using a Generalised Linear Mixed Model for each species and with locality as a random factor, we obtained five models of habitat selection. We highlighted the common nesting patterns in order to facilitate an integrated management of forestry in relation to raptor nesting habitat selection. The most important variable for all species, with the exception of the Sparrowhawk was the nest-tree diameter at breast height, with raptors preferentially selecting nesting trees of large width. Tall trees and a high amount of tree cover around the nesting tree were also important habitat features for several species. Our results suggest that pinewoods should retain unharvested patches with moderate tree coverage (30–70%) containing not only several large trees (diameter at breast height > 40 cm) but also small ones. At the landscape level, open forests and heterogeneous habitats are preferred. These forest patches should be dispersed throughout the landscape.

Hardwood competition reduces loblolly pine plantation productivity

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 2133-2140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry R. Clason
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Volume Distribution ◽  
Multiple Use ◽  
Pine Plantation ◽  
Diameter At Breast Height ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
The Cost

A hardwood suppression treatment applied in a 7-year-old loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) plantation enhanced productivity through a 27-year rotation that included two commercial thinnings. By age 27, the suppression treatment reduced the hardwood overstory but did not alter the species diversity of the understory vegetation. Pine diameter at breast height, basal area, and merchantable volume for suppressed and check treatments averaged 29.4 and 26.6 cm, 27.1 and 21.6 m2/ha, and 182 and 141 m3/ha, respectively. Harvest volumes for the respective treatments were 27.8 and 12.8 m3/ha with treatment mean total volume growth being 201.3 and 145.1 m3/ha. Besides reducing total volume yields by 27%, hardwood competition had a significant effect on product volume distribution. Check treatment sawtimber volume was 52.5 m3/ha less than the suppressed treatment. Lower sawtimber yields reduced check treatment revenue potential at age 27 by $1442.32/ha. If the revenue losses based on age 27 stumpage value were discounted at 8%, then the cost of an age 7 hardwood suppression treatment could not exceed $305.58/ha for a 27-year rotation. After 20 years, an early hardwood suppression treatment improved the multiple use potential of a loblolly pine plantation.

Overlap and competition for nest holes among eclectus parrots, palm cockatoos and sulphur-crested cockatoos

2003 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Heinsohn ◽  
Stephen Murphy ◽  
Sarah Legge
Keyword(s):  
Intraspecific Competition ◽  
National Park ◽  
The Other ◽  
Iron Range ◽  
Diameter At Breast Height ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Intense Competition ◽  
Behavioural Conflict ◽  
Cape York ◽  
Eucalypt Woodland

We examined the extent of overlap in the characteristics of nest holes used by eclectus parrots (Eclectus roratus), palm cockatoos (Probosciger aterrimus) and sulphur-crested cockatoos (Cacatua galerita) in patches of rainforest and woodland in and around Iron Range National Park, Cape York Peninsula, Australia. Eclectus parrots nested only in rainforest and palm cockatoos nested mostly in eucalypt woodland adjacent to rainforest. Sulphur-crested cockatoos nested in both habitats. Nest holes of eclectus parrots and rainforest sulphur-crested cockatoos were in trees of larger DBH (diameter at breast height) and higher off the ground than those of palm cockatoos and sulphur-crested cockatoos in woodland. Palm cockatoos differed from the other parrots in their use of deeper holes with entrances that faced skywards rather than sideways. Both palm cockatoos and woodland sulphur-crested cockatoos used nests with smaller entrances than eclectus parrots and rainforest sulphur-crested cockatoos. All species showed intraspecific competition for nest holes. Behavioural conflict was also common between sulphur-crested cockatoos and the other two species. Each year 9.7–25.8% of eclectus parrot nests were taken over either permanently or temporarily by sulphur-crested cockatoos. Only one palm cockatoo nest was taken over by sulphur-crested cockatoos. Nest-holes were destroyed by natural causes at similar rates in rainforest (3.8% per annum over 174 nest-years) and woodland (5.4% per annum over 93 nest-years). Four nest trees fell over, and the floor of the nest collapsed at a further four holes. Three woodland nest trees burnt down during dry-season fires (August–October). New eclectus parrot and rainforest sulphur-crested cockatoo holes originated from incipient hollows on the tree that were modified by the parrots. We discuss the intense competition between these large parrots in light of the apparent shortage of appropriate nest holes in Cape York rainforest and eucalypt woodland.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic paleoecology: macroecology within an evolutionary framework

Paleobiology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-177
Author(s):  
James C. Lamsdell ◽  
Curtis R. Congreve
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Evolutionary Rates ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ecological Data ◽  
Temporal And Spatial Variation ◽  
Temporal And Spatial

The burgeoning field of phylogenetic paleoecology (Lamsdell et al. 2017) represents a synthesis of the related but differently focused fields of macroecology (Brown 1995) and macroevolution (Stanley 1975). Through a combination of the data and methods of both disciplines, phylogenetic paleoecology leverages phylogenetic theory and quantitative paleoecology to explain the temporal and spatial variation in species diversity, distribution, and disparity. Phylogenetic paleoecology is ideally situated to elucidate many fundamental issues in evolutionary biology, including the generation of new phenotypes and occupation of previously unexploited environments; the nature of relationships among character change, ecology, and evolutionary rates; determinants of the geographic distribution of species and clades; and the underlying phylogenetic signal of ecological selectivity in extinctions and radiations. This is because phylogenetic paleoecology explicitly recognizes and incorporates the quasi-independent nature of evolutionary and ecological data as expressed in the dual biological hierarchies (Eldredge and Salthe 1984; Congreve et al. 2018; Fig. 1), incorporating both as covarying factors rather than focusing on one and treating the other as error within the dataset.

scholarly journals Estimation of Genetic Parameters and Wood Yield Selection Index in a Clonal Trial of Korean Pine (Pinus koraiensis) in Northeastern China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4167
Author(s):  
David Kombi Kaviriri ◽  
Huan-Zhen Liu ◽  
Xi-Yang Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Selection Index ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Korean Pine ◽  
Branch Number ◽  
Basal Diameter ◽  
Diameter At Breast Height ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Stem Straightness ◽  
Clonal Trial

In order to determine suitable traits for selecting high-wood-yield Korean pine materials, eleven morphological characteristics (tree height, basal diameter, diameter at breast height, diameter at 3 meter height, stem straightness degree, crown breadth, crown height, branch angle, branch number per node, bark thickness, and stem volume) were investigated in a 38-year-old Korean pine clonal trial at Naozhi orchard. A statistical approach combining variance and regression analysis was used to extract appropriate traits for selecting elite clones. Results of variance analysis showed significant difference in variance sources in most of the traits, except for the stem straightness degree, which had a p-value of 0.94. Moderate to high coefficients of variation and clonal repeatability ranged from 10.73% to 35.45% and from 0.06% to 0.78%, respectively. Strong significant correlations on the phenotypic and genotypic levels were observed between the straightness traits and tree volume, but crown breadth was weakly correlated to the volume. Four principal components retaining up to 80% of the total variation were extracted, and stem volume, basal diameter, diameter at breast height, diameter at 3 meter height, tree height, and crown height displayed high correlation to these components (r ranged from 0.76 to 0.98). Based on the Type III sum of squares, tree height, diameter at breast height, and branch number showed significant information to explain the clonal variability based on stem volume. Using the extracted characteristics as the selection index, six clones (PK105, PK59, PK104, PK36, PK28, and K101) displayed the highest Qi values, with a selection rate of 5% corresponding to the genetic gain of 42.96% in stem volume. This study provides beneficial information for the selection of multiple traits for genetically improved genotypes of Korean pine.

Speciation of cestoda. Evidence for two sibling species in the complex Bothrimonus nylandicus (Schneider 1902) (Cestoda: Cyathocephalidea)

Parasitology ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Renaud ◽  
C. Gabrion
Keyword(s):  
Sibling Species ◽  
Definitive Host ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
The Other ◽  
Congeneric Species ◽  
Biochemical Genetic ◽  
Autumn And Winter ◽  
Biological Differences

SUMMARYUsing biochemical genetic methods, we have distinguished 2 sibling species in the complex Bothrimonus nylandicus (Schneider, 1902), which infest 2 congeneric species of sole (Solea lascaris and Solea impar) on European coasts (Atlantic and Mediterranean). Neither of the parasite species is specific for either of the sole species, but one of them is present all year round, whereas the other is absent in the autumn and winter and only appears in the spring, subsequently disappearing at the end of the summer. Only S. impar lives in the Mediterranean, and is equally infested by both cestodes, whereas both species occur in the Atlantic and each of them is preferentially infested by 1 species of cestode. The shortness of the adult stage of the parasite in the definitive host and the presence of 2 life-cycles associated with competition between the 2 hosts in the Atlantic could be responsible for the biological differences observed and for maintaining the sibling species in sympatry.

Grass silage: A comparison of the changes involved in the ordinary, molasses and A.I.V. processes

1937 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Morley Davies ◽  
G. H. Botham ◽  
W. B. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Winter Season ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Autumn And Winter

The object of this communication is to give an account of an experiment, carried through in the autumn and winter season of 1934–5, designed to determine the changes in composition involved in making silage by the ordinary, molasses and A.I.V. processes. The changes in composition included those of both crude as well as digestible nutrients.

scholarly journals Seemingly Unrelated Mixed-Effects Biomass Models for Black Locust in West Poland

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 380
Author(s):  
Karol Bronisz ◽  
Szymon Bijak ◽  
Rafał Wojtan ◽  
Robert Tomusiak ◽  
Agnieszka Bronisz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Locust ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Cross Model ◽  
Diameter At Breast Height ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Dry Biomass ◽  
Biomass Components ◽  
Independent Variable

Information about tree biomass is important not only in the assessment of wood resources but also in the process of preparing forest management plans, as well as for estimating carbon stocks and their flow in forest ecosystems. The study aimed to develop empirical models for determining the dry mass of the aboveground parts of black locust trees and their components (stem, branches, and leaves). The research was carried out based on data collected in 13 stands (a total of 38 sample trees) of black locust located in western Poland. The model system was developed based on multivariate mixed-effect models using two approaches. In the first approach, biomass components and tree height were defined as dependent variables, while diameter at breast height was used as an independent variable. In the second approach, biomass components and diameter at breast height were dependent variables and tree height was defined as the independent variable. Both approaches enable the fixed-effect and cross-model random-effect prediction of aboveground dry biomass components of black locust. Cross-model random-effect prediction was obtained using additional measurements of two extreme trees, defined as trees characterized by the smallest and largest diameter at breast height in sample plot. This type of prediction is more precise (root mean square error for stem dry biomass for both approaches equals 77.603 and 188.139, respectively) than that of fixed-effects prediction (root mean square error for stem dry biomass for both approaches equals 238.716 and 206.933, respectively). The use of height as an independent variable increases the possibility of the practical application of the proposed solutions using remote data sources.

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