scholarly journals The respiratory tract in pigs and its immune system: a review

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 206-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Krejci ◽  
K. Nechvatalova ◽  
M. Blahutkova ◽  
M. Faldyna
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Mucosal Immunology ◽  
The Body ◽  
Functional Description ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
System A

The growing amount of information regarding mucosal immunology in animals resulted from a need to better understand the pathogenesis of diseases entering the body through mucosa surfaces, including the respiratory tract. The second reason for such studies is associated with a search for alternative ways of vaccine application, including delivery to the mucosa of the respiratory tract. This review provides a structural and functional description of the immune system of the pig respiratory tract.  

scholarly journals Outdoor Activity: Benefits and Risks to Recreational Runners during the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aswar Makruf ◽  
Doni Hikmat Ramdhan
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Physical Distance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Strenuous Activity ◽  
Open Window ◽  
Upper Respiratory

Running has become one of the most popular recreational sports worldwide. It is an easily accessible form of exercise as there are minimal equipment and sport structure requirements. Aerodynamic simulation experiments showed a risk of droplet exposure between runners when two people run in a straight line at a close distance (slipstream). Thus, running activities require a safe physical distance of 10 meters to avoid droplet exposure, which can be a source of transmission of COVID-19 infection. However, running outdoors during the COVID-19 pandemic is still often done in pairs and even in groups without wearing a mask. Open window theory stated that changes in the immune system occur immediately after strenuous physical activity. Many immune system components showed adverse changes after prolonged strenuous activity lasting more than 90 minutes. These changes occurred in several parts of the body, such as the skin, upper respiratory tract, lungs, blood, and muscles. Most of these changes reflected physiological stress and immunosuppression. It is thought that an “open window” of the compromised immune system occurs in the 3–72-hour period after vigorous physical exercise, where viruses and bacteria can gain a foothold, increasing the risk of infection, particularly in the upper respiratory tract. Outdoor physical activity positively affects psychological, physiological, biochemical health parameters, and social relationships. However, this activity requires clear rules so that the obtained benefits can be more significant while simultaneously minimizing the risk of transmission of COVID-19 infection.

scholarly journals Diabetes, Immunity and Defense System: A Paradox in Treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 79-84
Author(s):  
Gupta BL ◽  
Prasad G
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Diabetic Complications ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Black Pepper ◽  
Pentose Phosphate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Defense System ◽  
System A ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Excess Glucose

Hyperglycemia has been the primary metabolic condition for the origin of diabetic complications. The glucose in the cell is underutilized due to diminished entry of glucose into the cell and down-regulation of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway. The PPP is the potential pathway in maintaining the defense of the cell through GPx, GR, GSH, and GSSG. Particularly, GPx and GSH levels diminish in diabetes. Constipation in diabetes also plays an important role in decreasing the immune system as the excess glucose in the gut lining enhances the number of gut bacteria and fungi. Antioxidants have not been proved to enhance the immune and defense of cells in diabetes but the exhibitory roles of herbal medicines have been potential in exaggerating the immune and defense system by their unknown modulators and enhancers molecules. Turmeric and black pepper have been proven to enhance the immune and defense of the body in diabetics.

Effect of water consumption over the immune system response given during Covid-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 040-044
Author(s):  
İsmail Özkaya ◽  
Melike Yıldız
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
The Body ◽  
System Response ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
Water Usage ◽  
Disease Treatment ◽  
System A ◽  
Immune System Response ◽  
And Control

Immune system, is the reactions initiated by the body to detect components, called antigens, with a different structure from its own genetic and to destroy those components. To have a strong and healthy immune system, a healthy diet is needed. Immune system also needs water to work properly and effectively. When the contents of diet suggestions published are observed during the COVID-19 pandemia FAO (2020) informs that regular plenty of water consumption will help our immune system. Water is also very important for hygiene in the context of the spread and control of COVID-19. Adequate water supply must be provided for meeting the basic water need, prevention from diseases, successful disease treatment during the illness and general health. Clean water usage, access to clean and adequate water are one of the most significant steps in the world in improving child-adult health.

scholarly journals Mucosal Vaccination via the Respiratory Tract

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hellfritzsch ◽  
Scherließ
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Cellular Immune Response ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mucosal Immune System ◽  
Cytotoxic T Cell ◽  
Vaccine Administration ◽  
Cellular Immune

Vaccine delivery via mucosal surfaces is an interesting alternative to parenteral vaccine administration, as it avoids the use of a needle and syringe. Mucosal vaccine administration also targets the mucosal immune system, which is the largest lymphoid tissue in the human body. The mucosal immune response involves systemic, antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune response in addition to a local response which is characterised by a predominantly cytotoxic T cell response in combination with secreted IgA. This antibody facilitates pathogen recognition and deletion prior to entrance into the body. Hence, administration via the respiratory mucosa can be favoured for all pathogens which use the respiratory tract as entry to the body, such as influenza and for all diseases directly affecting the respiratory tract such as pneumonia. Additionally, the different mucosal tissues of the human body are interconnected via the so-called “common mucosal immune system”, which allows induction of an antigen-specific immune response in distant mucosal sites. Finally, mucosal administration is also interesting in the area of therapeutic vaccination, in which a predominant cellular immune response is required, as this can efficiently be induced by this route of delivery. The review gives an introduction to respiratory vaccination, formulation approaches and application strategies.

scholarly journals Fascinating Dendritic Cells—Sentinel Cells of the Immune System a Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 12-19
Author(s):  
Z. Kiššová ◽  
Ľ. Tkáčiková
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
The Body ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Tumour Immunity ◽  
System A ◽  
Antigen Presenting

Abstract Dendritic cells (DC) are specialized antigen presenting cells which have the unique ability to activate naive T-lymphocytes. Their role in the immune system is much more sophisticated than it seems, as they do not kill the pathogens directly, but provide a long-lasting antigen specific immune response thanks to that sufficiently bridging the innate and the adaptive immunity. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in studies of their role in immune regulation, autoimmune reactions, as well as in immune responses against pathogens and tumours. Processing and presentation capabilities of a highly specific and unique tumour antigen makes them an interesting tool for stimulating effective anti-tumour immunity. In vitro generations of DC represent a preferred model for more detailed studies of DC biology in other fields. The aim of this review was to discuss the main role of dendritic cells in the body as well as their current use as experimental models for further scientific studies.

scholarly journals How Nutrition can help to fight against COVID-19 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (COVID19-S4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Faseeha Aman ◽  
Sadia Masood
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Safety Management ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
The Body ◽  
Creative Commons ◽  
System A ◽  
Dietary Nutrient ◽  
Current Context

Currently Covid-19 pandemic is a leading challenge across the globe. It is mandatory to attain and maintain good nutritional status to fight against virus. Nutritional status of individual is affected by several factors such as age, sex, health status, life style and medications. Nutritional status of individuals has been used as resilience towards destabilization during this COVID-19 pandemic. Optimal nutrition and dietary nutrient intake impact the immune system, therefore the only sustainable way to survive in current context is to strengthen the immune system. There is no evidence found that supplement can cure the immune system except Vit C, which is one of the best way to improve immune system. A proper diet can ensure that the body is in proper state to defeat the virus. However along with the dietary management guidelines the food safety management and good food practices is compulsory. This article explores the importance of nutrition to boost immunity and gives some professional and authentic dietary guidelines about nutrition and food safety to withstand COVID-19. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.COVID19-S4.2776 How to cite this:Aman F, Masood S. How Nutrition can help to fight against COVID-19 Pandemic. Pak J Med Sci. 2020;36(COVID19-S4):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.COVID19-S4.2776 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

scholarly journals AN AYURVEDIC INSIGHT ON ROLE OF IMMUNE SYSTEM IN RECURRENT RESPIRATORY INFECTION IN CHILDREN

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 4170-4173
Author(s):  
Preeti Devi ◽  
Shrinidhi Kumar K
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
School Environment ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
The Body ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Pediatric Practice ◽  
Respiratory Problems ◽  
Tract Infections

Chronic as well as recurrent respiratory disorders are major concern in childhood pediatric practice as we commonly come across such cases in day to day pediatric practice. Recurrent respiratory infections are attributed to immaturity of the immune system, functional, structural limitations, dependency on others, unawareness of hygienic importance and nutritional issues related to weaning etc. Excess intake of sweetish substances, growth potential and school environment also contribute for the same. Mean time the congenital abnormalities of the respiratory and cardiovascular system; also, significantly contribute the recurrent respiratory tract infections. Ayurveda explains the stage of Bala or the childhood as stage of immaturity in structural, functional, emotional, and linguistic and behavior and sexual facets with predominance of the Kapha Dosha. Certain of the Respiratory problems in children are also aggravated by the habit of withholding the natural urges as maximum protective reflexes in the upper part of the body pertaining to respiratory system and helps to prevent the portal of entry for maximum infections. Protective reflexes like sneezing, coughing, hiccup, Shrama shwasa, yawning, lacrimation etc., are in true sense keep away the respiratory tract infections. Classics of Ayurveda explain the treatment Kasa in detail and by keeping classical explanation narrated in Kasa Chikitsa of different Samhita. However, classics explains that Pratishyaya when not treated leads to Kasa and Kasa further leads to Rajayakshama. Such incidences are quite common in children as there is immaturity of immune barriers in the growing stage of the child. Hence treatment should contain immune enhancing drugs or other modes of enhancing the immunity which helps to prevent such recurrent infections.

scholarly journals The Role of the Intestinal Context in the Generation of Tolerance and Inflammation

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernardo Sgarbi Reis ◽  
Daniel Mucida
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Tissue Damage ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
The Body ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
System A ◽  
Enormous Amount

The mucosal surface of the intestine alone forms the largest area exposed to exogenous antigens as well as the largest collection of lymphoid tissue in the body. The enormous amount of nonpathogenic and pathogenic bacteria and food-derived antigens that we are daily exposed sets an interesting challenge to the immune system: a protective immune activity must coexist with efficient regulatory mechanisms in order to maintain a health status of these organisms. This paper discusses how the immune system assimilates the perturbations from the environment without generating tissue damage.

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