scholarly journals A crude capsular polysaccharide extract as a potential novel subunit vaccine with cross-protection against the most prevalent serovars of Glaesserella (Haemophilus) parasuis in the Czech Republic

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 392-399
Author(s):  
K Matiaskova ◽  
K Nedbalcova ◽  
R Tesarik ◽  
H Kudlackova ◽  
J Gebauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Western Blotting ◽  
Subunit Vaccine ◽  
Capsular Polysaccharide ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Haemophilus Parasuis ◽  
The Czech Republic

Glaesserella (Haemophilus) parasuis is a part of the normal flora of the respiratory tract of pigs. However, under certain conditions it can also induce severe systemic disease with high morbidity and mortality leading to gross economic losses in the pig industry. The most prevalent serovars in pig herds in the Czech Republic are the virulent serovars 1, 4, 5 and 13. The currently available commercial vaccines are inactivated vaccines with certain limitations, such as no or poor cross-serovar protection. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to construct a subunit vaccine with a crude capsular polysaccharide extract (cCPS) isolated from G. parasuis CAPM 6475 (serovar 5) and evaluate its immunogenicity in a mouse model. Mice were immunised subcutaneously with two doses of the constructed vaccine in a 14-day interval and challenged intraperitoneally with various G. parasuis strains (serovars 1, 4, 5, 13) at 21 days after the second immunisation. The results of the ELISA test showed that the boost dose of the vaccine induced the production of IgG antibodies in high levels. On the basis of the death cases, the pathological findings and the bacterial isolation, the mice immunised with the cCPS were partially protected against the challenge with the homologous serovar 5 as well as with heterologous serovars 1, 4 and 13 of G. parasuis. The cross-reaction of the mixed serum from the immunised mice with the tested serovars was seen in the western-blotting also. Moreover, the most abundant protein found in the cCPS by mass spectrometry was catalase, a protein of molecular weight 55 kDa that may correspond to the strongest reaction seen in the western-blotting. Our findings indicated that the crude capsular polysaccharide extract may provide an effective immunogenicity in preventing a G. parasuis infection caused by the most prevalent serovars in the Czech Republic. However, the evaluation of the efficacy needs to be performed in pigs before any conclusions can be drawn.

scholarly journals First detection and characterisation of porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus in the Czech Republic

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (No. 02) ◽  
pp. 60-66
Author(s):  
R Moutelikova ◽  
J Prodelalova
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Sequence ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Nucleocapsid Gene ◽  
Nasal Swabs ◽  
Encephalomyelitis Virus ◽  
Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus

Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV) is a highly neurovirulent coronavirus that invades the central nervous system in piglets. The incidence of PHEV among pigs in many countries is rising, and the economic losses to the pig industry may be significant. Serological studies suggest that PHEV is spread worldwide. However, no surveillance has been carried out in the Czech Republic. In this study, eight pig farms were screened for the presence of members of the Coronaviridae family with the use of reverse transcription PCR. A collection of 123 faecal samples and 151 nasal swabs from domestic pigs were analysed. In PHEV-positive samples, almost the complete coding sequence of the nucleocapsid gene was amplified and the acquired sequences were compared to those of geographically dispersed PHEV strains; phylogenetic analyses were also performed. PHEV was present in 7.9% of nasal swabs taken from different age categories of pigs. No other swine coronaviruses were detected. The amino acid sequence of the Czech PHEV strains showed 95.8–98.1% similarity to other PHEV reference strains in GenBank. PHEV strains collected from animals on the same farm were identical; however, strains from different farms have only exhibited only 96.7–98.7% amino acid sequence identity. Our study demonstrates the presence of PHEV in pigs in the Czech Republic. The Czech PHEV strains were evolutionarily closest to the Belgium strain VW572.

scholarly journals Generation and Evaluation of a Glaesserella (Haemophilus) parasuis Capsular Mutant

2020 ◽  
Vol 88 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsten C. Eberle ◽  
Samantha J. Hau ◽  
Shi-Lu Luan ◽  
Lucy A. Weinert ◽  
Judith A. Stasko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Capsular Polysaccharide ◽  
Natural Transformation ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Haemophilus Parasuis ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Host Interaction ◽  
Challenge Study ◽  
Increased Sensitivity ◽  
Upper Respiratory

ABSTRACT Glaesserella (Haemophilus) parasuis is a commensal bacterium of the upper respiratory tract in pigs and also the causative agent of Glässer’s disease, which causes significant morbidity and mortality in pigs worldwide. Isolates are characterized into 15 serovars by their capsular polysaccharide, which has shown a correlation with isolate pathogenicity. To investigate the role the capsule plays in G. parasuis virulence and host interaction, a capsule mutant of the serovar 5 strain HS069 was generated (HS069Δcap) through allelic exchange following natural transformation. HS069Δcap was unable to cause signs of systemic disease during a pig challenge study and had increased sensitivity to complement killing and phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages. Compared with the parent strain, HS069Δcap produced more robust biofilm and adhered equivalently to 3D4/31 cells; however, it was unable to persistently colonize the nasal cavity of inoculated pigs, with all pigs clearing HS069Δcap by 5 days postchallenge. Our results indicate the importance of the capsular polysaccharide to G. parasuis virulence as well as nasal colonization in pigs.

scholarly journals Predictability of flood events in view of current meteorology and hydrology in the conditions of the Czech Republic

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 156-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Březková ◽  
M. Šálek ◽  
E. Soukalová ◽  
M. Starý
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Weather Prediction ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Hydrological Models ◽  
Flood Events ◽  
Common Error ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Hydrological Forecast

In central Europe, floods are natural disasters causing the greatest economic losses. One way to reduce partly the flood-related damage, especially the loss of lives, is a functional objective forecasting and warning system that incorporates both meteorological and hydrological models. Numerical weather prediction models operate with horizontal spatial resolution of several dozens of kilometres up to several kilometres, nevertheless, the common error in the localisation of the heavy rainfall characteristic maxima is mostly several times as large as the grid size. The distributive hydrological models for the middle sized basins (hundreds to thousands of km<sup>2</sup>) operate with the resolution of hundreds of meters. Therefore, the (in) accuracy of the meteorological forecast can heavily influence the following hydrological forecast. In general, we can say that the shorter is the duration of the given phenomenon and the smaller area it hits, the more difficult is its prediction. The time and spatial distribution of the predicted precipitation is still one of the most difficult tasks of meteorology. Hydrological forecasts are created under the conditions of great uncertainty. This paper deals with the possibilities of the current hydrology and meteorology with regard to the predictability of the flood events. The Czech Hydrometeorological Institute is responsible by law for the forecasting flood service in the Czech Republic. For the precipitation and temperature forecasts, the outputs of the numerical model of atmosphere ALADIN are used. Moreover, the meteorological community has available operational outputs of many weather prediction models, being run in several meteorological centres around the world. For the hydrological forecast, the HYDROG and AQUALOG models are utilised. The paper shows examples of the hydrological flood forecasts from the years 2002&ndash;2006 in the Dyje catchment, attention being paid to floods caused by heavy rainfalls in the summer season. The results show that it is necessary to take into account the predictability of the particular phenomenon, which can be used in the decision making process during an emergency.

scholarly journals Necessity of Molecular Techniques To Distinguish between Neisseria meningitidis Strains Isolated from Patients with Meningococcal Disease and from Their Healthy Contacts

1998 ◽  
Vol 36 (9) ◽  
pp. 2465-2470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrich Vogel ◽  
Giovanna Morelli ◽  
Kerstin Zurth ◽  
Heike Claus ◽  
Eugen Kriener ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Neisseria Meningitidis ◽  
Meningococcal Disease ◽  
Capsular Polysaccharide ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Blood Isolate ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Systemic Spread ◽  
Sequence Types

Serogroup C strains of Neisseria meningitidis were isolated from a Germany patient with severe meningococcal disease after a trip to the Czech Republic. These strains (case isolates) were characterized by classical and molecular techniques, as were other strains (carrier isolates) isolated from healthy contacts. Five of 10 carrier isolates had switched off the expression of capsular polysaccharide, as demonstrated by a serogroup-specific PCR. The two case isolates were indistinguishable by multilocus sequence typing and belonged to the ET-37 complex. The carrier isolates belonged to four different sequence types, all unrelated to that of the case strains. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis showed that the case isolates differed from reference ET-37 complex strains from the Czech Republic and Canada as well as from all the carrier isolates. The isolate from the patient’s nasopharynx was indistinguishable from the blood isolate except for a 40,000-bp chromosomal deletion that had occurred during systemic spread.

scholarly journals Genomic analysis of Escherichia coli strains isolated from diseased chicken in the Czech Republic

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aneta Papoušková ◽  
Martina Masaříková ◽  
Adam Valček ◽  
David Šenk ◽  
Darina Čejková ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Zoonotic Potential ◽  
Beta Lactamase ◽  
Phylogenetic Groups ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Molecular Features ◽  
Local Spread

Abstract Background: Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) can cause various extraintestinal infections in poultry, resulting in massive economic losses in poultry industry. In addition, some avian E. coli strains may have zoonotic potential, making poultry a possible source of infection for humans. Due to its extreme genetic diversity, this pathotype remains poorly defined. This study aimed to investigate the diversity of colibacillosis-associated E. coli isolates from Central European countries with a focus on the Czech Republic. Results: Of 95 clinical isolates subjected to preliminary characterization, 32 were selected for whole-genome sequencing. A multi resistant phenotype was detected in a majority of the sequenced strains with the predominant resistance to β -lactams and quinolones being associated with TEM-type beta-lactamase genes and chromosomal gyrA mutations respectively. The phylogenetic analysis confirmed a great diversity of isolates, that were derived from nearly all phylogenetic groups, with predominace of B2, B1 and C phylogroups. Clusters of closely related isolates within ST23 (phylogroup C) and ST429 (phylogroup B2) indicated a possible local spread of these clones. Besides, the ST429 cluster carried blaCMY-2, -59 genes for AmpC beta-lactamase and isolates of both clusters were generally well-equipped with virulence-associated genes, with considerable differences in distribution of certain virulence-associated genes between phylogenetically distant lineages. Other important and potentially zoonotic APEC STs were detected, incl. ST117, ST354 and ST95, showing several molecular features typical for human ExPEC.Conclusions: The results support the concept of local spread of virulent APEC clones, as well as of zoonotic potential of specific poultry-associated lineages, and highlight the need to investigate the possible source of these pathogenic strains.

scholarly journals Tuberculous lesions in pigs in the Czech Republic in the years 1990–1999: occurrence, causal factors and economic losses

2012 ◽  
Vol 48 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 113-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Pavlik ◽  
L. Matlova ◽  
L. Dvorska ◽  
J. Bartl ◽  
L ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Miliary Tuberculosis ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Sources Of Infection ◽  
Processed Products ◽  
Financial Losses

In the decade monitored a total of 45 873&nbsp;318 pigs were slaughtered and examined according to veterinary hygiene standards. Apart from 1991, when results of tuberculous findings were not obtained, tuberculous lesions were found in 134 088 (0.32%) of the 41&nbsp;458&nbsp;565 pigs examined in the remaining nine years. During a detailed analysis of the pathological anatomical examination of 190&nbsp;940 pigs slaughtered in one district, tuberculous lesions in lymph nodes were found in 4&nbsp;107 (2.2%) pigs: mesenteric (65.3% pigs), submandibular (18.6% pigs), inguinal (0.1% pigs) and simultaneously intestinal and head lymph nodes (15.9% pigs). Miliary tuberculosis was found only in the parenchymatous organs of four (0.1%) pigs. The following financial losses resulted: 6% for confiscating the head, intestines and stomach, and from 22 to 24% for assessing meat as conditionally edible after processing, i.e. intended only for heat-processed products. Mycobacteria were isolated from 7 246 (41.8%) pigs through the cultivation of tissue samples from 17&nbsp;326 pigs. Mycobacterium bovis was detected in only five (0.07%) animals which originated from the last outbreak of bovine tuberculosis in cattle in the Czech Republic in 1995. M.&nbsp;avium complex (MAC) isolates came from 6&nbsp;870 (94.8%) animals: 55.7% M.&nbsp;a.&nbsp;avium isolates were mainly of serotypes 2 and 3 and genotype IS901+ and IS1245+ and 39.2% M.&nbsp;a.&nbsp;hominissuis isolates were mainly of serotypes 4, 8 and 9 and genotype IS901&ndash; and IS1245+. Conditionally pathogenic mycobacteria (M.&nbsp;chelonae, M.&nbsp;terrae, M.&nbsp;phlei and M.&nbsp;fortuitum) were isolated from 371 (5.1%) pigs. In the whole period monitored, two marked increases in the findings of tuberculous lesions were recorded: In the mid-1990s as a result of using deep bedding with wood shavings and at the end of the 1990s as a result of supplementing the pigs&rsquo; feed with peat. The predominant occurrence of M.&nbsp;a.&nbsp;avium isolates of genotype IS901+ and IS1245+ in the first half of the 1990s was replaced above all by M.&nbsp;a.&nbsp;hominissuis isolates of genotype IS901- and IS1245+. The reason for this was probably a change in the sources of infection for pigs. While at the beginning of the 1990s the most frequent source of infection were wild and domestic birds, various parts of the external environment became the source of the infection for pigs from the mid-1990s. In the years 1996 to 1999, Rhodococcus equi was isolated from 203 (11.6%) of the 1&nbsp;745 animals examined. It was solely isolated from 154 (8.8%) animals and from 49 (2.8%) animals together with mycobacteria.

scholarly journals Occurrence of the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne hapla in the Czech Republic

Plant Disease ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-98
Author(s):  
M. Zouhar ◽  
P. Rysanek ◽  
B. Tesarova
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Meloidogyne Hapla ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Causal Organism ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
The Past ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Meloidogyne hapla was detected in several commercial vegetable fields in the Province of Central Bohemia in the Czech Republic. Crops grown in the area of infestation include leek, onion, cauliflower, early potatoes, and carrot. During the past 2 to 3 years, growers have observed typical symptoms of Meloidogyne infection as stunting and galls on roots of carrot. Identification of the causal organism was based on microscopic observation of the perineal patterns of females obtained from root galls and polymerase chain reaction (1,2). Known isolates of M. chitwoodi, M. arenaria, M. javanica, M. incognita, and M. fallax from M. Phillips (SCRI, Dundee) and C. Zijlstra (PRI, Wageningen), and M. hapla from M. Liskova (PI, Kosice) were used as controls. M. hapla was identified in galled roots using both methods. Several fields with carrots were inspected in the area during vegetation in 2000 and 2001. In most fields, only isolated and limited outbreaks occurred, but recently, we observed a widespread and fairly homogeneous occurrence of root knot attributed to M. hapla in a 2-ha field. This nematode may become a more widespread and damaging pest, especially of carrot, in the Czech Republic. Other than carrot, vegetable crops grown in the area and tested in the greenhouse and field in soil highly infested by our isolates of M. hapla had no visible symptoms of infection. Therefore, exclusion of carrot cultivation or a longer crop rotation is recommended to minimize economic losses to growers. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the occurrence of M. hapla in the Czech Republic. References: (1) T. S. Harris et al. J. Nematol. 22:518, 1990. (2) C. Zijlstra et al. Genetics 85:1231, 1995.

scholarly journals First Report of Asiatic Brown Rot Caused by Monilinia polystroma on Peach in Italy

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (11) ◽  
pp. 1585-1585 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Martini ◽  
A. Lantos ◽  
A. Di Francesco ◽  
M. Guidarelli ◽  
S. D'Aquino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Its2 Region ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
First Report ◽  
Plant Pathol

Monilinia spp. are well-known pathogens causing brown rot of fruit trees in many fruit production areas worldwide. In Italy, three Monilinia species are particularly significant with regard to fruit trees, causing blossom and twig blight and brown rot in fruits: Monilinia laxa (Aderhold and Ruhland) Honey, M. fructicola (Winter) Honey, and M. fructigena (Aderhold and Ruhland). In 2009, a new species, M. polystroma, was distinguished from M. fructigena based on morphological and molecular characteristics in Europe (3). M. polystroma is not known to occur in Italy and to date has been reported from the Czech Republic (1), Hungary (3), Poland (4), Serbia (5), and Switzerland (2). In July 2013, during a survey for fungal postharvest pathogens, stored peaches (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) belonging to different cultivars showing brown rot symptoms were observed in the Emilia Romagna and Sardinia regions of Italy. Typical decay spots were circular and brown, tending toward black, and 5% of peaches presented a large number of yellowish or buff-colored stromata and firm decayed tissues, the symptoms originated by M. polystroma. The pathogen was isolated on V8 agar (V8A) and culture plates were incubated at 25°C in darkness for 5 days. A conidial suspension was spread on malt extract agar (MEA) and single spores were selected. M. polystroma colonies grown on potato dexstrose agar (PDA) were yellowish in color. Irregular black stromatal crusts occurred on the edges of the colonies after 10 to 12 days of incubation and on the margin was present sporogenous tissue slightly elevated above the colony surface, color buff/pale luteous (1). The conidia were one-celled, ovoid or limoniform, smooth and hyaline, and 12 to 20 × 8 to 12 μm in distilled water when grown on V8A at 22°C. The ribosomal ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region was PCR-amplified from genomic DNA obtained from mycelium using primers ITS1 and ITS4. A BLAST search in GenBank revealed the highest similarity (99%) to M. polystroma sequences (GenBank Accession No. GU067539). Pathogenicity was confirmed using surface-sterilized mature ‘Red Heaven’ peaches. The fruits were wounded (2 × 2 × 2 mm) twice with a sterile needle and inoculated with 2-mm plugs of 7-day-old mycelia from fungal colony margins. The sample unit was represented by 10 fruits. Control fruits were inoculated with PDA. After 7 days of incubation at 20°C in plastic containers with high humidity, typical symptoms of brown rot developed on both the wounds of all inoculated fruits, while control fruits remained symptomless. By the 14th day, all fruits had rotted and the yellowish exogenous stromata appeared on the surface of infected peaches. The fungus isolated from inoculated fruit exhibited the same morphological and molecular features of the original isolates; the molecular analysis performed using the primers by Petroczy (3) confirmed the result of the PCR with ITS1 and ITS4 primers. To our knowledge, this is the first report of M. polystroma on peach in Italy. This is relevant because the new pathogen could spread into other European countries that are main peach producers (such as Spain), causing economic losses. Bringing it to the attention of the scientific community allows the arrangement of research studies for assessing potential resistances with a significant impact on disease control management. Further studies are necessary to determine geographic distribution, prevalence, and economic importance of this organism in Italy. References: (1) EPPO Reporting Service. 2011/134: First reports of Monilinia polystroma in Hungary and the Czech Republic. No. 6, 2011. (2) M. Hilber-Bodmer et al. Plant Dis. 96:146, 2012. (3) M. Petroczy and L. Palkovics. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 125:343, 2009. (4) A. Poniatowska et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 135:855, 2013. (5) M. Vasic et al. Plant Dis. 97:145, 2013.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial susceptibility of Pasteurella multocida and Haemophilus parasuis isolates associated with porcine pneumonia

2013 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kateřina Nedbalcová ◽  
Zdeňka Kučerová
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Pasteurella Multocida ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Haemophilus Parasuis ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Microdilution Method ◽  
Broth Microdilution Method ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽  
High Level ◽  
Resistance Rates

Pasteurella multocidaandHaemophilus parasuispig isolates obtained in the Czech Republic were tested for their susceptibility against selected antimicrobial agents by broth microdilution method between 2008 and 2011. A low degree of resistance was observed for ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ceftiofur, tulathromycin, tilmicosin, florfenicol and enrofloxacin in 20 (6.0%), 15 (4.5 %), 2 (0.6%), 8 (2.4%), 13 (3.9%), 5 (1.5%) and 5 (1.5%)P. multocidaisolates as well as for tiamulin, gentamicin, tulathromycin, tilmicosin and ampicillin in 2 (2.4%), 2 (2.4%), 3 (3.6%), 3 (3.6%) and 6 (7.2%)H. parasuisisolates. In addition, moderate level of resistance to tiamulin was found in 60 (18.1%)P. multocidaisolates and high level of resistance for tetracycline was detected in 107 (32.2 %)P. multocidaisolates and in 23 (27.7 %)H. parasuisisolates. Differences between resistance rates ofP. multocidaandH. parasuiswere significant (P≤ 0.5) only for tiamulin. These data confirmed that antimicrobial resistance is not very widespread among current porcineP. multocidaandH. parasuisisolates in the Czech Republic.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Small-Scale Gasification for CHP for Wood from Salvage Logging in the Czech Republic

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1448
Author(s):  
Jitka Malaťáková ◽  
Martin Jankovský ◽  
Jan Malaťák ◽  
Jan Velebil ◽  
Barbora Tamelová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Electric Power ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Operating Mode ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Fuel Quality ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Salvage Logging

This study focused on small gasification units for combined heat and power generation (CHP) up to 200 kW of electric power, which can use wood from salvage logging, and assessed the current feasibility of running commercially available units in the conditions of the Czech Republic. In total, the technical and economic parameters of 21 gasification units from ten major international producers were compiled. One of the most important parameters assessed was the net calorific value, which in the analysed samples of spruce wood was determined at 18.37 MJ kg−1 on a dry basis. This complies to the requirements for fuel quality for these units. The economic profitability was determined for three investment variants with electric power of 10, 100, and 200 kWel in an operating mode of constant power at 20 and 30 wt.% input moisture level of the wood. Economic analysis showed that smaller alternatives with an output of 10 and 100 kWel produce economic losses. On the other hand, the 200-kWel alternative produced operating profit and positive cash flow at both fuel moisture levels in the first year of operation. The evaluation of individual alternatives using dynamic investment evaluation methods also showed that only the alternative with an output of 200 kWel with both fuel moistures was able to produce a positive net present value.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document