The influence of fentanyl injection followed by infusion on the intraocular pressure, pupil size and aqueous tear production in healthy non-painful dogs

The goal of the presented research was to assess the influence of continuously administered fentanyl on the intraocular pressure, pupil size and aqueous tear production in dogs. A prospective, randomised, double “blind” clinical study was performed. Twenty-five non-painful dogs, 13 breeds, a body weight of 10.0 ± 5.4 kg (mean ± SD) and age of 6.5 ± 3.3 years, 12 males and 13 females with no ocular abnormalities were randomly allocated into two groups receiving an intravenous injection of saline (SAL) 0.3 ml/kg followed by an infusion 2 ml/kg/h or an intravenous injection of fentanyl (FEN) 0.005 mg/kg (diluted in 0.3 ml/kg) followed by an infusion 0.005 mg/kg/h (diluted in 2 ml/kg/h). The intraocular pressure (IOP), pupil size (PS), pulse rate (PR), respiratory frequency (fR) and systolic and diastolic arterial pressures (SAP, DAP) were measured before (baseline) and at 2, 5, 10, 20 and 30 minutes after the premedication. The Schirmer Tear Test I (STT-I) was measured prior to and at 30 min after the premedication. The data were analysed by Bartlett’s, Anderson-Darling and Dunnett’s tests, the t-test and an analysis of variance (ANOVA) (P < 0.05). Relative to the baseline, in the fentanyl group, the PS was significantly decreased at all time points, the PR was significantly decreased at T30 and the fR was significantly decreased at T5, T10, T20 and T30. There were no other significant changes in the IOP, STT-I, SAP and DAP relative to the baseline. Compared to the control group, in the fentanyl group, the PS was significantly smaller at T2, T5, T10, T20 and T30, the PR was significantly lower at T2, T20 and T30 and the fR was significantly higher at T20. Within thirty minutes of a constant rate infusion of fentanyl in the healthy non-painful dogs, the intraocular pressure and aqueous tear production were not affected. However, the fentanyl significantly decreased pupil size. This fact should be considered, when planning analgesia where miosis is undesirable.

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Effects of fentanyl on intraocular pressure and pupil size in medetomidine-methadone premedicated dogs: a pilot study

Veterinary Record Open ◽

10.1136/vetreco-2019-000391 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. e000391

Author(s):

Maria Isabel Gomez-Martinez ◽

Oscar Varela-Lopez ◽

Jose Luis Fontalba-Navas ◽

Antonio González-Cantalapiedra

Keyword(s):

Intraocular Pressure ◽

Pilot Study ◽

Intravenous Injection ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Pupil Size ◽

Saline Solution ◽

Control Group ◽

Time Points ◽

Repeated Measures Analysis ◽

Fentanyl Group

BackgroundThis is a pilot study to evaluate the effects of fentanyl on intraocular pressure (IOP) and pupil size (PS) in dogs premedicated with medetomidine and methadone.MethodsSixteen dogs with a median (first quartile–third quartile) age of 3.5 (1.25–6) years and a mean (sd) weight of 18.6 (9.2) kg were included. Baseline readings of IOP and PS were recorded before all dogs were premedicated intramuscularly with medetomidine (10 µg/kg) and methadone (0.5 mg/kg). Both measurements were repeated 15 and 30 minutes later. Following this, the dogs were randomly assigned into two groups. The fentanyl group received intravenous fentanyl (10 µg/kg), while the control group received the same volume of saline solution intravenously. IOP and PS measurements were measured and recorded in both groups at one, five and ten minutes after intravenous injection. Data were analysed with one-way and two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance or their non-parametric equivalents.ResultsPS was significantly decreased 15 and 30 minutes following intramuscular premedication and IOP was significantly increased in the fentanyl group at all time points following intravenous administration.ConclusionsMedetomidine, methadone and fentanyl combinations are not recommended for use in patients where an increase in IOP or decrease in PS is undesirable.

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Influence of medetomidine, acepromazine, fentanyl and butorphanol on intraocular pressure and pupil size in healthy dogs

Veterinární Medicína ◽

10.17221/51/2018-vetmed ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 63 (No. 9) ◽

pp. 413-419 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

M. Mrazova ◽

P. Rauser ◽

J. Burova ◽

M. Georgiou ◽

T. Fichtel

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Intraocular Pressure ◽

Arterial Pressure ◽

Pupil Size ◽

Systolic Arterial Pressure ◽

Respiratory Frequency ◽

Double Blind ◽

Healthy Dogs ◽

Anderson Darling ◽

Fentanyl Group

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of four different drugs used for anaesthesia premedication on intraocular pressure and pupil size in dogs. A prospective, randomised, double-blind clinical study was carried out. The subjects were forty client-owned healthy dogs (20 males and 20 females), aged 8.0 ± 2.9 years, with body weights of 11.8 ± 8.5 kg (mean ± SD) and without ocular abnormalities that were scheduled for periodontal treatment. Animals were randomly allocated into four groups and received intravenously either medetomidine 0.01 mg/kg, acepromazine 0.02 mg/kg, fentanyl 0.01 mg/kg or butorphanol 0.2 mg/kg. Intraocular pressure, pupil size, heart rate, respiratory frequency and systolic and diastolic arterial pressures were measured prior to (baseline) and at five and 10 minutes after premedication (T5, T10). Data were analysed by Anderson-Darling, Bartlett’s, ANOVA and Dunnett’s tests (P < 0.05). Significant increases of intraocular pressure were observed at T5 and T10 in the fentanyl group. Significant decreases of pupil size at T5 and T10 were detected in the fentanyl, butorphanol and medetomidine groups. In the fentanyl group, heart rate dropped significantly at T10, while respiratory frequency was elevated at T5 and T10. In the medetomidine group, heart rate and respiratory frequency were decreased at T5 and T10. In the butorphanol group, systolic arterial pressure was decreased at T5 and diastolic arterial pressure was decreased at T5 and T10. In the acepromazine group, systolic arterial pressure was decreased at T10. Within ten minutes after intravenous administration in healthy dogs, fentanyl significantly increased intraocular pressure and fentanyl, butorphanol and medetomidine decreased pupil size.

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Systemic Treatment of Immune-Mediated Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca with Allogeneic Stem Cells Improves the Schirmer Tear Test Score in a Canine Spontaneous Model of Disease

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm10245981 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (24) ◽

pp. 5981

Author(s):

Manuel Hermida-Prieto ◽

Javier García-Castro ◽

Luis Mariñas-Pardo

Keyword(s):

Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca ◽

Alternative Therapy ◽

Positive Outcome ◽

Control Group ◽

Corneal Scarring ◽

Tear Production ◽

Immune Mediated ◽

Schirmer Tear Test ◽

Ocular Discomfort ◽

Experimental Group

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) is characterized by ocular discomfort, conjunctival hyperaemia, and corneal scarring, causing reduced aqueous tear production that can be measured using the standard Schirmer tear test (STT). Canine adipose tissue-derived MSCs (cATMSCs) have been proposed as treatment due to their anti-inflammatory effect, by releasing cytokines and immunomodulatory soluble factors. Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the systemic administration of cATMSCs on tear production in dogs with immune-mediated KCS, compared to classical Cyclosporine A (CsA) treatment. Methods: Twenty-eight client-owned dogs with spontaneous KCS were allocated in the experimental group (n = 14, treated with systemic cATMSCs or control group (n = 14, treated with CsA). SST values increased significantly at days 15 (p = 0.002), 45 (p = 0.042) and 180 (p = 0.005) with no observed side-effects in the experimental group. Eyes with an initial STT value of 11–14 mm/min maintained significant improvement at day 180, needing only artificial tears as treatment. Eyes with an initial STT value <11 mm/min needed cyclosporin treatment at day 45, so follow-up was stopped. Control animals treated with CsA did not improve their STT at day 180. Results and Conclusions: Systemic allogeneic cATMSCs application appeared to be a feasible and effective therapy with positive outcome in dogs with initial STT between 11–14 mm/min, with a significant improvement in tear production. The STT increment was maintained for at least 180 days, without needing additional medication, thus suggesting it could constitute an alternative therapy to classical immunosuppressive treatments.

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Effects of long-term oral administration of melatonin on tear production, intraocular pressure, and tear and serum melatonin concentrations in healthy dogs

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association ◽

10.2460/javma.21.03.0114 ◽

2022 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Claudia Giannetto ◽

Seyed Mehdi Rajaei ◽

Arman Abdous ◽

Hesam Ostadhasan ◽

Hannah Emami Alagha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intraocular Pressure ◽

Data Collection ◽

Oral Administration ◽

Melatonin Concentration ◽

Tear Production ◽

Schirmer Tear Test ◽

Term Administration ◽

Healthy Dogs ◽

Collection Time

Abstract OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of long-term (30-day) oral administration of melatonin on tear production, intraocular pressure (IOP), and concentration of melatonin in the tears and serum of healthy dogs. ANIMALS 20 healthy sexually intact adult male dogs. PROCEDURES 10 dogs were given melatonin (0.3 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h, administered in food at 9 am), and 10 dogs were given a placebo. Tear and serum melatonin concentrations, IOP, and tear production (determined with a Schirmer tear test) were recorded before (baseline) and 30 minutes, 3 hours, and 5 hours after administration of melatonin or the placebo on day 1 and 30 minutes after administration of melatonin or the placebo on days 8, 15, and 30. RESULTS Data collection time had significant effects on tear production, IOP, and tear melatonin concentration but not on serum melatonin concentration. Treatment (melatonin vs placebo) had a significant effect on tear melatonin concentration, but not on tear production, IOP, or serum melatonin concentration; however, tear melatonin concentration was significantly different between groups only 30 minutes after administration on day 1 and not at other times. CLINICAL RELEVANCE In healthy dogs, long-term administration of melatonin at a dosage of 0.3 mg/kg, PO, every 24 hours did not have any clinically important effects on tear production, IOP, or serum or tear melatonin concentrations.

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Effect of Fentanyl Nasal Packing Treatment on Patients With Acute Postoperative Pain After Nasal Operation: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial

Annals of Otology Rhinology & Laryngology ◽

10.1177/0003489418759113 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 127 (5) ◽

pp. 297-305 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Kwan-Sub Kim ◽

Nam-Kyung Yeo ◽

Seong-Su Kim ◽

Woong-Sub Park ◽

Su-Hyun Kwak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Endoscopic Sinus Surgery ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Numeric Rating Scale ◽

Sinus Surgery ◽

Control Group ◽

Double Blind ◽

Ramsay Sedation Scale ◽

Numeric Rating ◽

Fentanyl Group

Purpose: Nasal packing is an option for bleeding control after endoscopic sinus surgery and septoplasty. Although new packing materials have been developed, patients still suffer from pain and require additional analgesics treatments. In this study, a prospective, randomized, and double-blind controlled trial was designed to evaluate the effect of fentanyl-soaked packing on pain after endoscopic sinus surgery and septoplasty. Methods: One hundred fifty-two patients who underwent nasal surgeries due to chronic rhinosinusitis or nasal septal deviation were enrolled in this study. At the end of operation, 50 mcg fentanyl-soaked biodegradable synthetic polyurethane foams packing Nasopore or Merocel were applied to a group of 79 patients, and saline-soaked ones were applied to another group of 73 patients. To evaluate the influence of fentanyl on postoperative nasal pain, patients’ conditions were assessed via means of Numeric Rating Scale, patient satisfaction, and Ramsay Sedation Scale. In addition, symptoms of headache or sore throat and any signs of cardiopulmonary-relevant indicators were monitored. Results: The fentanyl group had significantly decreased Numeric Rating Scale and increased patient satisfaction in every operation type for the majority of postoperative time periods ( P < .05) with reduced postoperative headache and sore throat compared to the control group. The fentanyl group showed a higher score on Ramsay Sedation Scale than the control group ( P < .05 in group including endoscopic sinus surgery). There were no significant differences in cardiopulmonary-relevant indicators between the 2 groups ( P > .05). Conclusion: Fentanyl group showed significantly reduced postoperative pain without serious adverse effects. We suggest that topical fentanyl application to nasal packs can be a useful method to reduce pain during the early postoperative period after endoscopic sinus surgery and septoplasty.

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Effects of tramadol on tear production, intraocular pressure, and pupil size in dogs: clinical study

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/0103-8478cr20140826 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 45 (4) ◽

pp. 724-729 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Thaís Ruiz ◽

Thalita Priscila da Silva Peres ◽

Wilma Neres da Silva Campos ◽

Eveline da Cruz Boa Sorte ◽

Alexandre Pinto Ribeiro

Keyword(s):

Intraocular Pressure ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Pupil Diameter ◽

Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca ◽

Applanation Tonometry ◽

Tramadol Hydrochloride ◽

Tear Production ◽

Schirmer Tear Test ◽

Healthy Dogs ◽

To Receive

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of tramadol on tear production, intraocular pressure (IOP) and pupil diameter (PD) in healthy dogs. Dogs were randomly assigned to receive 4mg kg-1 (n=11) and 6mg kg-1 (n=11) of tramadol hydrochloride intramuscularly. Tear production (Schirmer tear test, STT-1), IOP (applanation tonometry) and the PD (electronic pachymetry) were assessed before, 30 and 60 minutes after administration of tramadol. Data were compared by analysis of variance for repeated measures (P<0.05). Parameters evaluated before, at 30 and 60min, in dogs treated with 4 and 6mg kg-1, were respectively: (STT-1) 22.50±3.38, 21.14±3.94 and 21.09±2.99mm min-1; and 23.05±3.73,22.64±3.76 and 22.82±3.25mm min-1. (IOP) 18.14±2.68, 17.68±2.59 and 18.23±3.84mmHg; and 19.05±2.27, 18.91±2.74 and 17.64±2.34mmHg. (PD) 6.71±0.65, 7.22±1.42 and 6.90±1.39mm; and 6.25±1.08, 6.80±1.27 and 6.49±0.90mm. All parameters evaluated did not change significantly among time points and dose regimen. Based on the conditions under which the experiments were conducted, tramadol did not affect tear production, IOP and PD in dogs, and could be used as a preoperative analgesic for intraocular surgery and pain control for any cause in patients affected by uveitis, glaucoma and keratoconjunctivitis sicca

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Effects of auriculopalpebral nerve block on ocular parameters in dogs

Bioscience Journal ◽

10.14393/bj-v37n0a2021-54175 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 37 ◽

pp. e37073

Author(s):

Laura da Costa Luz ◽

Andréia Vitor Couto do Amaral ◽

Jéssica Ribeiro Guimarães ◽

Anne Caroline Assis Silva ◽

Carolina Araújo Neves ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intraocular Pressure ◽

Prospective Study ◽

Nerve Block ◽

Local Anesthetics ◽

Physiological Parameters ◽

Conscious Dogs ◽

Tear Production ◽

Schirmer Tear Test ◽

Baseline Values ◽

Break Up

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of two local anesthetics used on auriculopalpebral block on eyelid akinesia, tear production, intraocular pressure (IOP) and tear break-up time (TBUT) in conscious dogs. A blind, randomized, prospective study was conducted to determine the effects of auriculopalpebral block using ropivacaine 0.75% and bupivacaine 0.5% in 12 healthy non-brachycephalic dogs (24 eyes). Threat response and eyelid reflex tests, Schirmer tear test (STT), IOP and tear break-up time were conducted before blockage and at 30, 60, 120, 240 and 360 minutes after application. A difference was observed between the values found at 30, 60, 120 and 240 minutes compared to baseline for threat response and eyelid reflex tests in the two groups evaluated, proving eyelid akinesia after blockages. No difference was found for STT, IOP and TBUT between baseline values and post-anesthesia times or between groups. It was possible to conclude that ropivacaine and bupivacaine on auriculopalpebral block in conscious dogs promoted eyelid akinesia for at least 240 minutes, not altering ocular physiological parameters of tear production, intraocular pressure, and tear break-up time after blockages.

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Reference Values for the Ophthalmic Schirmer Tear Test and the Intraocular Pressure in Healthy Chinchillas

Folia Veterinaria ◽

10.1515/fv-2016-0025 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 60 (3) ◽

pp. 29-33

Author(s):

M. Richards ◽

A. Trbolová

Keyword(s):

Intraocular Pressure ◽

Reference Range ◽

The Novel ◽

Topical Anaesthesia ◽

Tear Production ◽

Schirmer Tear Test ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Before And After ◽

Left And Right ◽

The Mean

Abstract The objective of this study was to measure the intraocular pressure (IOP) and tear production before and after topical anaesthesia in healthy chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera). Thirteen healthy non-sedated chinchillas (eight males and five females) were used in this study. The tear production was measured by the novel endodontic paper point tear test (PPTT) using Roeko Colour No. 30 Paper points. Following the PPTT, one drop of 0.4 % oxybuprokainium chloride was added to the eye to anaesthetise the cornea and the IOP was measured using the Tono-Pen Avia®Vet. Excess anaesthetic was removed from the conjunctival fornix using a sterile cotton tipped applicator and the PPTT II was performed. The PPTT I and II were measured in 26 eyes, mean ± standard deviations (SD) were 7.98 ± 1.95 mm.min−1, and 9.71 ± 3.52 mm.min−1 respectively. The IOP was measured in 20 eyes, and the mean ± SD was 28.52 ± 12.48 mmHg (35.50 ± 9.31 mmHg in males and 21.53 ± 11.57 mmHg in females). There was no significant difference in the PPTT results between the left and right eyes or between the male and female groups. The males were found to have a significantly higher IOP than females and the PPTT II was significantly greater than the PPTT I. The PPTT test proved to be effective, easy to use, and reliable, causing little apparent discomfort to the chinchillas and could prove to be a much more effective tool than the Schirmer tear test for the evaluation of the tear production in animals with small eyes and/or low aqueous tear production. The mean intraocular pressure proved to be much higher in this population of chinchillas than those previously studied and so further investigation is warranted before a reliable reference range may be produced.

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