Effects of auriculopalpebral nerve block on ocular parameters in dogs

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of two local anesthetics used on auriculopalpebral block on eyelid akinesia, tear production, intraocular pressure (IOP) and tear break-up time (TBUT) in conscious dogs. A blind, randomized, prospective study was conducted to determine the effects of auriculopalpebral block using ropivacaine 0.75% and bupivacaine 0.5% in 12 healthy non-brachycephalic dogs (24 eyes). Threat response and eyelid reflex tests, Schirmer tear test (STT), IOP and tear break-up time were conducted before blockage and at 30, 60, 120, 240 and 360 minutes after application. A difference was observed between the values found at 30, 60, 120 and 240 minutes compared to baseline for threat response and eyelid reflex tests in the two groups evaluated, proving eyelid akinesia after blockages. No difference was found for STT, IOP and TBUT between baseline values and post-anesthesia times or between groups. It was possible to conclude that ropivacaine and bupivacaine on auriculopalpebral block in conscious dogs promoted eyelid akinesia for at least 240 minutes, not altering ocular physiological parameters of tear production, intraocular pressure, and tear break-up time after blockages.

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Effects of long-term oral administration of melatonin on tear production, intraocular pressure, and tear and serum melatonin concentrations in healthy dogs

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association ◽

10.2460/javma.21.03.0114 ◽

2022 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Claudia Giannetto ◽

Seyed Mehdi Rajaei ◽

Arman Abdous ◽

Hesam Ostadhasan ◽

Hannah Emami Alagha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intraocular Pressure ◽

Data Collection ◽

Oral Administration ◽

Melatonin Concentration ◽

Tear Production ◽

Schirmer Tear Test ◽

Term Administration ◽

Healthy Dogs ◽

Collection Time

Abstract OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of long-term (30-day) oral administration of melatonin on tear production, intraocular pressure (IOP), and concentration of melatonin in the tears and serum of healthy dogs. ANIMALS 20 healthy sexually intact adult male dogs. PROCEDURES 10 dogs were given melatonin (0.3 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h, administered in food at 9 am), and 10 dogs were given a placebo. Tear and serum melatonin concentrations, IOP, and tear production (determined with a Schirmer tear test) were recorded before (baseline) and 30 minutes, 3 hours, and 5 hours after administration of melatonin or the placebo on day 1 and 30 minutes after administration of melatonin or the placebo on days 8, 15, and 30. RESULTS Data collection time had significant effects on tear production, IOP, and tear melatonin concentration but not on serum melatonin concentration. Treatment (melatonin vs placebo) had a significant effect on tear melatonin concentration, but not on tear production, IOP, or serum melatonin concentration; however, tear melatonin concentration was significantly different between groups only 30 minutes after administration on day 1 and not at other times. CLINICAL RELEVANCE In healthy dogs, long-term administration of melatonin at a dosage of 0.3 mg/kg, PO, every 24 hours did not have any clinically important effects on tear production, IOP, or serum or tear melatonin concentrations.

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Effects of tramadol on tear production, intraocular pressure, and pupil size in dogs: clinical study

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/0103-8478cr20140826 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 45 (4) ◽

pp. 724-729 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Thaís Ruiz ◽

Thalita Priscila da Silva Peres ◽

Wilma Neres da Silva Campos ◽

Eveline da Cruz Boa Sorte ◽

Alexandre Pinto Ribeiro

Keyword(s):

Intraocular Pressure ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Pupil Diameter ◽

Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca ◽

Applanation Tonometry ◽

Tramadol Hydrochloride ◽

Tear Production ◽

Schirmer Tear Test ◽

Healthy Dogs ◽

To Receive

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of tramadol on tear production, intraocular pressure (IOP) and pupil diameter (PD) in healthy dogs. Dogs were randomly assigned to receive 4mg kg-1 (n=11) and 6mg kg-1 (n=11) of tramadol hydrochloride intramuscularly. Tear production (Schirmer tear test, STT-1), IOP (applanation tonometry) and the PD (electronic pachymetry) were assessed before, 30 and 60 minutes after administration of tramadol. Data were compared by analysis of variance for repeated measures (P<0.05). Parameters evaluated before, at 30 and 60min, in dogs treated with 4 and 6mg kg-1, were respectively: (STT-1) 22.50±3.38, 21.14±3.94 and 21.09±2.99mm min-1; and 23.05±3.73,22.64±3.76 and 22.82±3.25mm min-1. (IOP) 18.14±2.68, 17.68±2.59 and 18.23±3.84mmHg; and 19.05±2.27, 18.91±2.74 and 17.64±2.34mmHg. (PD) 6.71±0.65, 7.22±1.42 and 6.90±1.39mm; and 6.25±1.08, 6.80±1.27 and 6.49±0.90mm. All parameters evaluated did not change significantly among time points and dose regimen. Based on the conditions under which the experiments were conducted, tramadol did not affect tear production, IOP and PD in dogs, and could be used as a preoperative analgesic for intraocular surgery and pain control for any cause in patients affected by uveitis, glaucoma and keratoconjunctivitis sicca

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Reference Values for the Ophthalmic Schirmer Tear Test and the Intraocular Pressure in Healthy Chinchillas

Folia Veterinaria ◽

10.1515/fv-2016-0025 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 60 (3) ◽

pp. 29-33

Author(s):

M. Richards ◽

A. Trbolová

Keyword(s):

Intraocular Pressure ◽

Reference Range ◽

The Novel ◽

Topical Anaesthesia ◽

Tear Production ◽

Schirmer Tear Test ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Before And After ◽

Left And Right ◽

The Mean

Abstract The objective of this study was to measure the intraocular pressure (IOP) and tear production before and after topical anaesthesia in healthy chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera). Thirteen healthy non-sedated chinchillas (eight males and five females) were used in this study. The tear production was measured by the novel endodontic paper point tear test (PPTT) using Roeko Colour No. 30 Paper points. Following the PPTT, one drop of 0.4 % oxybuprokainium chloride was added to the eye to anaesthetise the cornea and the IOP was measured using the Tono-Pen Avia®Vet. Excess anaesthetic was removed from the conjunctival fornix using a sterile cotton tipped applicator and the PPTT II was performed. The PPTT I and II were measured in 26 eyes, mean ± standard deviations (SD) were 7.98 ± 1.95 mm.min−1, and 9.71 ± 3.52 mm.min−1 respectively. The IOP was measured in 20 eyes, and the mean ± SD was 28.52 ± 12.48 mmHg (35.50 ± 9.31 mmHg in males and 21.53 ± 11.57 mmHg in females). There was no significant difference in the PPTT results between the left and right eyes or between the male and female groups. The males were found to have a significantly higher IOP than females and the PPTT II was significantly greater than the PPTT I. The PPTT test proved to be effective, easy to use, and reliable, causing little apparent discomfort to the chinchillas and could prove to be a much more effective tool than the Schirmer tear test for the evaluation of the tear production in animals with small eyes and/or low aqueous tear production. The mean intraocular pressure proved to be much higher in this population of chinchillas than those previously studied and so further investigation is warranted before a reliable reference range may be produced.

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The influence of fentanyl injection followed by infusion on the intraocular pressure, pupil size and aqueous tear production in healthy non-painful dogs

Veterinární Medicína ◽

10.17221/94/2019-vetmed ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 64 (No. 10) ◽

pp. 448-455

Author(s):

P Rauser ◽

H Nemeckova ◽

M Mrazova ◽

J Burova ◽

L Novak

Keyword(s):

Intraocular Pressure ◽

Intravenous Injection ◽

Pupil Size ◽

Control Group ◽

Double Blind ◽

Tear Production ◽

Constant Rate ◽

Schirmer Tear Test ◽

Anderson Darling ◽

Fentanyl Group

The goal of the presented research was to assess the influence of continuously administered fentanyl on the intraocular pressure, pupil size and aqueous tear production in dogs. A prospective, randomised, double “blind” clinical study was performed. Twenty-five non-painful dogs, 13 breeds, a body weight of 10.0 ± 5.4 kg (mean ± SD) and age of 6.5 ± 3.3 years, 12 males and 13 females with no ocular abnormalities were randomly allocated into two groups receiving an intravenous injection of saline (SAL) 0.3 ml/kg followed by an infusion 2 ml/kg/h or an intravenous injection of fentanyl (FEN) 0.005 mg/kg (diluted in 0.3 ml/kg) followed by an infusion 0.005 mg/kg/h (diluted in 2 ml/kg/h). The intraocular pressure (IOP), pupil size (PS), pulse rate (PR), respiratory frequency (fR) and systolic and diastolic arterial pressures (SAP, DAP) were measured before (baseline) and at 2, 5, 10, 20 and 30 minutes after the premedication. The Schirmer Tear Test I (STT-I) was measured prior to and at 30 min after the premedication. The data were analysed by Bartlett’s, Anderson-Darling and Dunnett’s tests, the t-test and an analysis of variance (ANOVA) (P < 0.05). Relative to the baseline, in the fentanyl group, the PS was significantly decreased at all time points, the PR was significantly decreased at T30 and the fR was significantly decreased at T5, T10, T20 and T30. There were no other significant changes in the IOP, STT-I, SAP and DAP relative to the baseline. Compared to the control group, in the fentanyl group, the PS was significantly smaller at T2, T5, T10, T20 and T30, the PR was significantly lower at T2, T20 and T30 and the fR was significantly higher at T20. Within thirty minutes of a constant rate infusion of fentanyl in the healthy non-painful dogs, the intraocular pressure and aqueous tear production were not affected. However, the fentanyl significantly decreased pupil size. This fact should be considered, when planning analgesia where miosis is undesirable.

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Changes in intraocular pressure, horizontal pupil diameter, and tear production during the use of topical 1% cyclopentolate in cats and rabbits

Open Veterinary Journal ◽

10.4314/ovj.v10i1.10 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Liga Kovalcuka ◽

Madara Nikolajenko

Keyword(s):

Intraocular Pressure ◽

Pupil Diameter ◽

Stress Factors ◽

Systemic Effects ◽

Domestic Cats ◽

Limited Data ◽

Time Points ◽

Tear Production ◽

Schirmer Tear Test ◽

Pre Treatment

Background: Cyclopentolate is not commonly used as mydriatic drug in veterinary medicine because of limited data on the local and systemic effects in animals.Aim: To determine the effects of topical 1% cyclopentolate hydrochloride on intraocular pressure (IOP), horizontal pupil diameter (HPD) and tear production in the cat and rabbit’s eye during the first hour and up to 36 hours after treatment.Methods: One drop of 1% cyclopentolate hydrochloride was used in the left eye in 10 clinically and ophthalmologically healthy domestic cats and 10 rabbits. IOP and HPD were recorded every 5 minutes during the first hour, then every 2 hours during the following 12-hour period, and at 24 and 36 hours after application. Schirmer tear test (STT) was measured at 30 and 60 minute after treatment, then in same time points as IOP and HPD. Rebound tonometer (TonoVet®) was used to assess IOP, Jameson calliper to measure HPD and STT to determine the tear production.Results: 1% cyclopentolate increased IOP in cats, reaching a maximum (28.1 ± 5.4 mmHg) at T50 and in rabbits at T25 (16.7 ± 1.3 mmHg). Maximal mydriasis in cats was observed at T40 and lasted 24–36 hours, but in rabbits at T25, and returned to pre-treatment values at T10h–T12h. In cats, STT decreased in both eyes 30 minutes after treatment and remained lower throughout the 36-hour period. In rabbits, STT decreased in the treated eye 30 minutes after treatment, but all following STT measurements returned to normal pre-treatment levels.Conclusion: Study showed novel data about the effects of 1% cyclopentolate to IOP, HPD, STT in cats and rabbits. Cyclopentolate in cats caused mydriasis 20–40 minutes after the treatment by increasing IOP, at the same time, pupil diameter reached pre-treatment values 24–36 hours after treatment. In rabbit’s mydriasis occurred faster, 10–25 minutes after treatment without significant IOP increase and mydriasis lasted 10–12 hours. Significant STT decrease was recorded in cats, but more likely were connected to stress factors. This drug could be considered as a therapeuticalalternative in rabbit more than in cats. Keywords: Cyclopentolate, Horizontal pupil diameter, Intraocular pressure, Tear production.

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Visual acuity and intraocular pressure after surgical management of late in-the-bag dislocation of intraocular lenses. A single-centre prospective study

Eye ◽

10.1038/s41433-019-0668-8 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 34 (8) ◽

pp. 1406-1412

Author(s):

Ditte Artzen ◽

Branka Samolov ◽

Mats Lundström ◽

Per Montan

Keyword(s):

Visual Acuity ◽

Intraocular Pressure ◽

Prospective Study ◽

Surgical Management ◽

Intraocular Lenses ◽

Single Centre

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Effect of acepromazine or xylazine on tear production as measured by Schirmer tear test in normal cats

Veterinary Ophthalmology ◽

10.1111/j.1463-5224.2009.00738.x ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 1-3 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Masoud Selk Ghaffari ◽

Abdolali Malmasi ◽

Saied Bokaie

Keyword(s):

Tear Production ◽

Schirmer Tear Test

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Reference values for intraocular pressure and Schirmer tear test in clinically normal Sanjabi sheep

Small Ruminant Research ◽

10.1016/j.smallrumres.2010.12.008 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 97 (1-3) ◽

pp. 101-103 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Masoud Selk Ghaffari ◽

Mohammad Shojaei ◽

Amin Sabzevari ◽

Nargess Khorami

Keyword(s):

Intraocular Pressure ◽

Reference Values ◽

Clinically Normal ◽

Schirmer Tear Test

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Evaluation of tear production with modified Schirmer tear test-1 during the neonatal period in cats

Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0100-736x2011000400013 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 31 (4) ◽

pp. 350-354 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

L.F. Conceição ◽

A.P. Ribeiro ◽

M.L.M. Torres ◽

M.L.G. Lourenço ◽

J.L. Laus

Keyword(s):

Reference Values ◽

Neonatal Period ◽

Positive Correlation ◽

Tear Secretion ◽

Tear Production ◽

Schirmer Tear Test ◽

Maturity Parameters ◽

Time Point

The study aimed to evaluate tear production by means of modified Schirmer tear tes-1 (mSTT-1) in neonate cats. Likewise, correlation between mSTT-1 and STT-1 was assessed in vitro. Standard SST strips were cut in half and after eye lid opening, tear production of neonates (n=15) was daily measured in both eyes (mSTT-1), until the 7th day, and at day 14, 21, and 28. Animals were daily weighted until 28 days of age. Results were compared statistically (P<0.05). During the first 7 days, the overall mSTT-1 mean was 0.76 wetting/minute. Significant differences between right and left eyes were not observed at any time point (P=1.00). Tear secretion increased significantly, from the 14th to 28th day, in comparison with 7 first days (P<0.05). Positive correlation between maturity parameters and tear secretion was observed (P<0.0001). Distance between slopes of each strip changed significantly (P<0.0001). It was concluded that tear secretion in the neonatal period of cats is very below the reference values described for young and adults of the same species. It is not possible to extrapolate results obtained with mSTT-1 to standard STT-1.

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Triggerfish Recording of IOP Patterns in Combined HFDS Minimally Invasive Glaucoma and Cataract Surgery: A Prospective Study

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm10163472 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (16) ◽

pp. 3472

Author(s):

Bojan Pajic ◽

Mirko Resan ◽

Brigitte Pajic-Eggspuehler ◽

Horace Massa ◽

Zeljka Cvejic

Keyword(s):

Circadian Rhythm ◽

Intraocular Pressure ◽

Minimally Invasive ◽

Prospective Study ◽

Cataract Surgery ◽

High Frequency ◽

Glaucoma Surgery ◽

Before And After ◽

Contact Lens Sensor ◽

A Prospective Study

Background: The aim of the study is to investigate whether the circadian IOP rhythm can be influenced by combined cataract surgery with high frequency deep sclerotomy (HFDS) and whether intraocular pressure (IOP) can be significantly reduced by HFDS. Methods: In our study 10 patients were included, in whom 24 h IOP monitoring was installed before and after HFDS/cataract surgery using a Triggerfish. HFDS is a minimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS). Results: After performed HFDS combined with cataract surgery, the IOP was reduced from 27.7 ± 2.11 mmHg to 14.4 ± 2.59 mmHg, which is highly significant (p < 0.001). The contact lens sensor (CLS) cosinor analysis pre- and postoperatively showed that the circadian rhythm is not influenced by the surgery, i.e., the circadian IOP rhythm did not show significant differences before and after surgery. Conclusions: HFDS combined with cataract surgery is a potent surgical method that can significantly reduce the IOP. However, the circadian rhythm cannot be changed by the surgery. The acrophase remained during the night in all patients.

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