A.YE. BEIDEMAN’S MURALS IN ST. ALEXANDER NEVSKY CATHEDRAL IN PARIS IN CONNECTION WITH THE CRIMEAN PERIOD OF THE ARTIST’S OEUVRE

2021 ◽  
pp. 149-162
Author(s):  
Vitalii V. Zherdiev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Research Experience ◽  
Mary Magdalene ◽  
John The Baptist ◽  
John Chrysostom ◽  
The Right ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Temple

The article is about the little-known murals in St. Alexander Nevsky Cathedral in Paris (1859– 1861, architect R.I. Kuzmin), painted by Alexander Yegorovich Beideman (1826–1869). The scientific novelty of the results obtained is in the fact that for the first time A. Beideman’s religious works from the Parisian cycle are introduced and placed into scientific circulation. This cycle is master’s most significant preserved religious work and unique in the Orthodox ecclesiastical art of Western Europe of the second half of the 19th century. Although such brilliant masters as E.S. Sorokin, P.S. Sorokin, M.N. Vasilyev and F.A. Bronnikov worked on the creation of the polychrome ensemble of the Parisian cathedral together with Beideman, his murals in Paris became one of the first in the academic period of Russian ecclesiastical art, in which the transition to the traditions of Byzantine iconography was manifested. Beideman painted eighteen images in the lower part of the temple and on the pillars. Images of Our Lady of Akhtyr with St. Mary Magdalene and St. John are in the niche to the left of the central apse; the Deesis with the Virgin and St. John the Baptist is in the niche to the right of the central apse. Images of Christ the Great Bishop, St. Jacob the Apostle, St. John Chrysostom, St. Basil the Great and St. Gregory the Theologian are in the central apse. Images of St. Mitrofan of Voronezh and St. Joseph the Songwriter are in the sacristy. The image of New Testament Trinity is in the conch. Images of Metropolitans of Moscow Peter, Alexius, Jonah, and Philip are on the pillars below the evangelists. The artist avoided a bright palette, working mainly in the ocher-silver gamma, which, along with the frontality and pronounced statics, gave a sense of “incorporeity” to the figures of the saints. The closeness to the traditional iconography was given by the monumental architectonics of the flowing robes and the almost iconographic austerity of the faces. But, nevertheless, there is a big difference in the style solution of Beideman’s paintings in the Parisian cathedral compare to his easel and monumental works of different years. Especially comparing to Beideman’s watercolor etudes for the murals in the Holy Cross Exaltation Church in Livadiya (architect I.A. Monighetti) and St. Olga church of in Mikhailovka near Strelna (architect D.I. Grimm). The author of the article comes to the conclusion, based on the field research materials, his own restoration and research experience and the comparison of Beideman’s surviving works, in particular, in Livadiya, that the painting in the Parisian cathedral could have been somewhat modified over time. But the artist’s conscious stylistic manner is also possible. The chronology of Beideman’s creative path, the exact period of his work in Paris, has been clarified in comparison with the period of his work in the Livadiya church in Crimea.

The Canons of John Mauropous

1947 ◽  
Vol 37 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 70-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan Hussey
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
John Chrysostom ◽  
The University ◽  
First Time ◽  
Service Books

John Mauropous, an eleventh-century Metropolitan of Euchaïta, has long been commemorated in the service books of the Orthodox Church. The Synaxarion for the Office of Orthros on 30th January, the day dedicated to the Three Fathers, St. Basil the Great, St. Gregory the Theologian, and St. John Chrysostom, tells how the festival was instituted by Mauropous and describes him as ‘the well-known John, a man of great repute and well-versed in the learning of the Hellenes, as his writings show, and moreover one who has attained to the highest virtue’. In western Europe something was known of him certainly as early as the end of the sixteenth century; his iambic poems were published for the first time by an Englishman in 1610, and his ‘Vita S. Dorothei’ in the Acta Sanctorum in 1695. But it was not until the second half of the nineteenth century that scholars were really able to form some idea of the character and achievement of this Metropolitan of Euchaïta. Particularly important were two publications: Sathas' edition in 1876 of Michael Psellus' oration on John, and Paul de Lagarde's edition in 1882 of some of John's own writings. This last contained not only the works already printed, but a number of hitherto unpublished sermons and letters, together with the constitution of the Faculty of Law in the University of Constantinople, and a short introduction containing part of an etymological poem. But there remained, and still remains, one significant omission: John's canons have been almost consistently neglected.

The development of nursing care of the sick in Western Europe in the 18th and the first half of the 19th centuries

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-28
Author(s):  
Jerzy Supady
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
Nursing Care ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Religious Congregations ◽  
The Right ◽  
Napoleon I ◽  
The 19Th Century

The Enlightenment ideology and the French Revolution had a very negative impact on the activities of religious congregations in respect of nursing care of the sick in hospitals in the 18th century. Emperor Napoleon I attempted to improve the existing situation by restoring the right for nursing care to nuns. In the first half of the 19th century, in Germany catholic religious orders had the obligation to provide nursing care and in the 30’s of the 19th century the Evangelical Church also joined charity work in hospitals by employing laywomen, i.e. deaconesses.

Ein symphonisches Selbstbildnis: Über Zoltán Kodálys Symphonie in C (1961)

2009 ◽  
Vol 50 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 203-220
Author(s):  
Anna Dalos
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Cultural Policy ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Music History ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Major Scale ◽  
Western European ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Revolution

After the revolution in 1956, the cultural policy in Hungary shifted to allow a new openness toward Western-European movements: consequently 1956–1967 became one of the most important transitional periods of Hungarian music history. Composers turned away from the tradition of the foregoing thirty years, determined by the influence of Bartók and Kodály, imitating rather the works of Schoenberg, Berg, Webern, Boulez, Nono, Lutosławski, Penderecki and Stockhausen. In this context the 78-year-old Zoltán Kodály’s Symphony, written in 1960–1961 for the Swiss Festival Orchestra and dedicated to the memory of Arturo Toscanini, was rejected by the young generation of composers and also Hungarian music critics, who turned themselves for the first time against the much-revered figure of authority. The Symphony’s emphasis on C major, its conventional forms, Brahms-allusions, pseudo self-citations and references to the 19th-century symphonic tradition were also received without comprehension in Western Europe. Kodály’s letters and interviews indicate that the composer suffered disappointment in this negative reception. Drawing on manuscript sources, Kodály’s statements and the Symphony itself, my study argues that the three movements can be read as caricature-like self-portraits of different phases of the composer’s life (the young, the mature and the old) and that Kodály identified himself with the symphonic genre and the C-major scale.

‚David Armenius philosophus‘

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 49-84
Author(s):  
Udo Reinhold Jeck
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Philosophical Tradition ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Western Tradition ◽  
Critical Exploration ◽  
Great Relevance ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time

Abstract At the centre of the philosophical tradition of Armenia is a thinker who in the Western tradition carries the Latin names ‘David Armenius philosophus’ or ‘David invincibilis’. Today, international philosophical-historical research is increasingly concerned with the enigmatic corpus of the works that have been handed down under the name of David. The historical-critical exploration of early Armenian philosophy and its specific achievements, as well as its intense relationship to late antique Byzantine thought, were, however, initiated by important scholars of Western Europe at the beginning of the 19th century. Before this time, there were few reliable references to ‘David’ in Western European research literature. It was the orientalist Carl Friedrich Neumann (1798–1870) who brought about the turnaround. He studied in Heidelberg with Creuzer and Hegel, learned the Armenian language from the Mechitarists in Venice, and found inspiration in Paris. Then he examined the available Armenian and Greek sources of the Corpus Davidis and collected his findings in a monograph in 1829. Neumann’s deeply philosophical mind is clearly revealed in this treatise, entitled Mémoire sur la vie et les ouvrages de David. With great certitude, he traced down the pieces of information from David’s writings, as well as from the related ancient Armenian sources, which had great relevance for further research. These findings included communications on the biography of David and his own works, as well as on Aristotle, late antique Aristotelianism and Neoplatonism. Almost inevitably, Neumann also fell victim to errors, which, however, does not diminish his importance as a pioneer of research into late antique Armenian philosophy. Neumann put David on the map for Western scholars, thus prompting a wider interest in the hitherto isolated Armenian philosophical thought for the first time.

PECULIARITIES OF SANDSTONE DISLOCATIONS IN THE AREA OF INFLUENCE OF GLUBOKOYARSK NORMAL FAULT ON THE FIELD OF THE MINE “CAPITAL”

2020 ◽  
pp. 7-15
Author(s):  
Viktor Alokhin ◽  
◽  
Viktor Dubosarskyi ◽  
Yelyzaveta Rostovska
Keyword(s):  
Field Research ◽  
Normal Fault ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Iron Hydroxides ◽  
Iron Compounds ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Fault Systems ◽  
Area Of Influence ◽  
The Right ◽  
First Time

Purpose. Investigation of the conditions peculiarities of occurrence and rupture deformations of sandstones in outcrops along the right bank of the river Kazenny Torets in the field of the mine “Capital”. Methodology. In this work there were used: traditional structural-geological methods of field research; methods of field tectonophysical research; computer programs “Fabric-8” and “Win-Tensor” for processing field data, building of the stretch rose-diagrams of rupture deformations and reconstructing paleostress fields. Results. The conditions of occurrence of sandstones and their changes in space have been investigated. The systems of tectonic fractures, their mineral filling and influence on the material composition of the sedimentary rocks have been studied. Special tectonophysical studies have been carried out to determine the signs of paleostress fields of different kinematic types and ages.Reconstruction of paleostress fields was carried out using the elements of beding of cracks, grooves and slip lines on their slide mirrors. Several systems of rupture dislocations have been identified based on the results of studies in the hanging wing of the Glubokoyarsky fault. Systems of cracks have been identified, which facilitated the migration of deep-seated solutions with iron compounds. Such solutions changed the composition of sandstones in the wings of ruptured dislocations and formed zones of rock saturation with iron hydroxides up to 10 cm thick. Scientific novelty. For the first time in the outcrops on the day surface in sandstones of the hanging wing of the Glubokoyarsk fault, systems of tectonic fault dislocations of higher orders have been established. The repeated tectonic activation of the Glubokoyarsk normal fault in fields of paleostresses of different kinematic types has been established. The influence of ruptured dislocations on the formation of accumulations of iron hydroxides in rocks has been studied. Practical significance. The features of the conditions of occurrence of sandstones and the system of faulting dislocations in the hanging wing of the Glubokoyarsky fault have been established, which make it possible to predict the structural-geological, tectonic and tectonophysical conditions near fault dislocations, which is important for planning and carrying out mining operations in mine fields. Key words: sandstones, fault, tectonic cracks, iron hydroxides, reconstruction, paleostress field.

scholarly journals NATIONAL ROMANTICISM IN WALT WHITMAN POEMS

Lire Journal ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-20
Author(s):  
Tomi Arianto
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Walt Whitman ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Leaves Of Grass ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
The Right ◽  
19Th Century America ◽  
National Romanticism ◽  
The 19Th Century

Romanticism is often misunderstood as something genuine love and merely about romance. In fact, romanticism is an understanding of great ideas that also be delivered great ideas. The development of Romanticism delivered a new orientation that called National Romanticism by maintaining the freedom of individual, sovereignty, and independent of human rights. This study took data from three Walt Whitman poems; Patriotic, War Democracy, and Poem of America. Researcher was using the concept of interpretation to explore the meaning of poetry and the influence of romanticism in Whitman poetry. Researchers use Isaiah's theory in his book “the root of romanticism” to explore the influence of the romanticism idea on Whitman's poems. From the three samples of poetry, it is found that romanticism is very influential in Whitman poetry, especially the idea of romantic nationalism. Patriotic themes, nationalities and egalitarian concepts are reflected in Whitman's collection of "Leaves of grass" poems. Patriotic themes and nationalities are seen from the struggle for the right of individual freedom in opposing slavery and aristocratic government. The egalitarian concept is seen from the struggle to promote equality, as well as the democracy system that promotes people's sovereignty. The role of the idea of romanticism has evolved in American territory because it shares the same pattern and state of affairs as revolutions against noble, social, and political norms and rationalization of nature. Thus, the representation of romantic ideas originating from Western Europe of the 18th century has penetrated into the 19th century America which is reflected in the works that carried Whitman.

scholarly journals Method of acquisition and termination of judicial office in Serbia in the second half of the 19th century

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 1383-1413
Author(s):  
Zoran Čvorović
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Judicial Independence ◽  
Civil Servants ◽  
Financial Security ◽  
Specific Procedure ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
The Will ◽  
The Right ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time

From the viewpoint of the way of acquisition and termination of the judicial service, judges in Serbia passed a long road from ordinary civil servants that were acquiring and losing their position solely based on the will of the minister of justice, to independent judges with guaranteed tenure appointed on recommendation from the highest courts and dismissed by decision of the highest courts in the country. The path, however, was not straight-line, neither in terms of normative solutions nor in terms of political and social temptations. The Law on Judges from 1881 which regulated the Judiciary of the Principality of Serbia on the principles of judicial consistency, competence and financial security, introduced for the first time the method of electability (co-optation) of judges by judicial collegiums in the Serbian judiciary. At the same time, this Law completely disempowered Minister of Justice of the right to decide on the termination of the judge's office and handed it over to the highest court in the country - the Cassation court. The significance of the formal guarantees of judicial independence, which has been ensured since 1881 by specific procedure of acquisition and termination of judicial office, became questionable due to both "pestilent" touch between judges and politics, but also for substantial number of judges who took judicial independence as judicial irresponsibility.

EARLY BYZANTINE PHASE OF THE LATIN CATHEDRAL OF ST. JOHN THE BAPTIST IN SAMARIA (SEBASTE): ARCHITECTURE AND SCULPTURAL DECORATION

2020 ◽  
pp. 101-123
Author(s):  
Светлана Валерьевна Тарханова
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Holy Land ◽  
Early Christian ◽  
Byzantine Art ◽  
John The Baptist ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Church ◽  
Preliminary Description ◽  
Early Byzantine

Гробница св. Иоанна Предтечи, расположенная в подземной крипте под латинским собором в Себастии, почитается с раннехристианского периода до наших дней. Архитектурная постройка, в которой размещается крипта с часовней над ней, значительно перестраивалась как минимум три раза и в настоящий момент является мечетью (ранневизантийский период, период крестоносцев, позднеисламский период). Во время недавней разведки памятника (С. Тарханова, Х. Школьник, 2019 г.) было обнаружено множество римских и ранневизантийских деталей. Отдельные из них были включены в средневековую кладку церкви или разбросаны на ее территории. Среди них были фусты колонн из проконнеского и каристейского мраморов, из ассуанского красного и троадского серого гранитов, из местного известняка, аттические и тосканские базы, коринфские капители, также из серого мрамора и известняка, элементы литургической мебели, стенки мраморных саркофагов с крестами и т. д. Помимо этого, на восток от церкви крестоносцев была обнаружена хорошо сохранившаяся апсида с арочным окном и рельефным крестом под ним, которая, по мнению автора, может быть датирована ранневизантийским периодом (V-VI вв.). Данная апсида была условно изображена на рисунках путешественников в первой половине XIX в. Латинский собор - довольно известный монумент, так как он был официально открыт в первой половине XX в. во время Объединенной экспедиции в Самарию (результаты работ именно по этому памятнику не опубликованы). Но его ранневизантийская фаза не была изучена должным образом, в то время как перестройка крестоносцев представлена в подробной публикации Прингла. Только одна ранневизантийская капитель попала в публикацию Крауфута. Все остальные детали, представленные здесь, публикуются впервые спустя практически столетие (или больше) после их не зафиксированного в научных трудах открытия. Также предлагается локализация ранневизантийской церкви частично на восток от сохранившейся постройки крестоносцев и частично под ней. Проводятся первичное описание, стилистический анализ, предлагаются классификация и датировка архитектурных остатков и разрозненного скульптурного декора. Приведены отдельные параллели в местном и имперском художественном контексте соответствующих периодов, хотя основная цель статьи заключается в том, чтобы заново открыть совершенно забытые образцы ранневизантийского искусства, которые некогда украшали одно из важнейших loca sancta Святой Земли. The tomb of St. John the Forerunner beneath the Latin Cathedral in Sebaste has been venerated since the Early Christian times until nowadays. The architectural edifice itself was vastly rebuilt at least three times (Early Byzantine (5th-6th centuries CE), Crusader (11th-13th centuries CE), Late Islamic (not clear)), being used as a mosque today. During the personal survey at the site (S. Tarkhanova, H. Shkolnik 2019) plenty of Early Byzantine and Roman architectural members, secondarily incorporated into the church, or scattered near it, were noticed. Also the well-preserved Early Byzantine apse was recovered to the east from the Crusader building (both were conventionally depicted on the drawings of the 19th century of David Roberts). Although the Latin Cathedral is generally known, as it was excavated in the 1st half of the 20th century by the Joint Samaria Expedition (unpublished), its Early Byzantine phase wasn’t studied properly. Thus, except of one capital, all the other decorative elements are firstly published, as well as the Byzantine monument itself is localized for the first time. The author offers preliminary description, stylistic analyses, classification and dating of the architectural remains and decorative elements. Some initial parallels show them in the context of local and Imperial artistic tendencies of the time, though the main aim of the article was concentrated on the recovering of completely forgotten pieces of Byzantine art, which once decorated one of the most important loca sancta of the Holy Land.

Ieskats baltu dialektu pētniecībā Latvijā un Lietuvā: paralēlais un atšķirīgais

2020 ◽  
pp. 150-159
Author(s):  
Anna Stafecka
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Systematic Classification ◽  
Joint Project ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The Right ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time

Both Baltic languages, which are still alive, have preserved their historical territorial dialects. The article gives a brief insight into the research of Latvian and Lithuanian dialects, which are the continuation of ancient languages of Baltic tribes, perhaps with many changes and mutual influence. Only the Livonian dialect of Northern Kurzeme has to be mentioned as an exception because of the Livonian language and the Couronian tribe language as the basis of it. Subdialects, as the smallest territorial units of language in Latvia and Lithuania (points) had formed themselves during feudalism, when peasants did not have the right to change their place of residence. The first recordings of the peculiarities of Latvian and Lithuanian dialects have been known since the 17th-century dictionaries and grammars. The systematic classification of both Latvian and Lithuanian dialects began in the second half of the 19th century. In Latvia, the first who described all three Latvian dialects in his Lettische Grammatik was Gotthard Friedrich Stender. In Lithuania, both Lithuanian dialects were distinguished by August Schleicher. The first research in Latvian and Lithuanian dialectology and geolinguistics dates back to the second half of the 19th century. The first map of Lithuanian dialects was published by Friedrich Kurschat in 1876. The first geolinguistic maps of the Latvian language were developed by August Bielenstein. They were published in 1881 and 1892. The early programmes of collecting the cultural and linguistic heritage of the Lithuanian and Latvian folklore and language were published at the end of the 19th century. They are very different. The boundaries of the territorial dialects of Latvian, unlike the Lithuanian, are not determined by one or two dialectal features, but by a set of isoglosses, reflecting phonetic and morphological features. In Lithuanian dialectology, the system of settlements (points) was chosen – language material was collected within approx. 10–12 km radius around them. In the 1950s, geolinguistic research in Lithuania and Latvia are connected with the creation of national dialectal atlases. In 1977, for the first time in the history of Baltic geolinguistics, the material of Lithuanian and Latvian dialects was collected according to a united program for the Atlas linguarum Europae. In it, Latvian was represented with 36 subdialects and Lithuanian with 42 subdialects. At the beginning of the 21st century, Latvian and Lithuanian linguists have launched a joint project, the Atlas of the Baltic Languages. We can draw the conclusion that the research of dialects in Latvia and Lithuania for more than a century have been parallel but different, dialectal material was collected according to different programmes.

PECULIARITIES OF SANDSTONE DISLOCATIONS IN THE AREA OF INFLUENCE OF GLUBOKOYARSK NORMAL FAULT ON THE FIELD OF THE MINE “CAPITAL”

2020 ◽  
pp. 7-15
Author(s):  
Viktor Alokhin ◽  
◽  
Viktor Dubosarskyi ◽  
Yelyzaveta Rostovska
Keyword(s):  
Field Research ◽  
Normal Fault ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Iron Hydroxides ◽  
Iron Compounds ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Fault Systems ◽  
Area Of Influence ◽  
The Right ◽  
First Time

Purpose. Investigation of the conditions peculiarities of occurrence and rupture deformations of sandstones in outcrops along the right bank of the river Kazenny Torets in the field of the mine “Capital”. Methodology. In this work there were used: traditional structural-geological methods of field research; methods of field tectonophysical research; computer programs “Fabric-8” and “Win-Tensor” for processing field data, building of the stretch rose-diagrams of rupture deformations and reconstructing paleostress fields. Results. The conditions of occurrence of sandstones and their changes in space have been investigated. The systems of tectonic fractures, their mineral filling and influence on the material composition of the sedimentary rocks have been studied. Special tectonophysical studies have been carried out to determine the signs of paleostress fields of different kinematic types and ages.Reconstruction of paleostress fields was carried out using the elements of beding of cracks, grooves and slip lines on their slide mirrors. Several systems of rupture dislocations have been identified based on the results of studies in the hanging wing of the Glubokoyarsky fault. Systems of cracks have been identified, which facilitated the migration of deep-seated solutions with iron compounds. Such solutions changed the composition of sandstones in the wings of ruptured dislocations and formed zones of rock saturation with iron hydroxides up to 10 cm thick. Scientific novelty. For the first time in the outcrops on the day surface in sandstones of the hanging wing of the Glubokoyarsk fault, systems of tectonic fault dislocations of higher orders have been established. The repeated tectonic activation of the Glubokoyarsk normal fault in fields of paleostresses of different kinematic types has been established. The influence of ruptured dislocations on the formation of accumulations of iron hydroxides in rocks has been studied. Practical significance. The features of the conditions of occurrence of sandstones and the system of faulting dislocations in the hanging wing of the Glubokoyarsky fault have been established, which make it possible to predict the structural-geological, tectonic and tectonophysical conditions near fault dislocations, which is important for planning and carrying out mining operations in mine fields. Key words: sandstones, fault, tectonic cracks, iron hydroxides, reconstruction, paleostress field.

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