scholarly journals Contribution to the knowledge of position, flow and arterial distribution of cerebral blood vessels in foetuses 4 to 9 months of age

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 59-62
Author(s):  
Amela Kulenović ◽  
Faruk Dilberović
Keyword(s):  
Brain Development ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Fetal Life ◽  
Cerebral Blood Vessels ◽  
Born Baby ◽  
Straight Flow ◽  
The Brain

We studied cerebral blood vessels in 25 fetuses of gestational age 16-36 weeks and in 10 cadavers of still-born babies by injection-corrosive method. In the early fetal life, arteries are thin with the straight flow, which is directly connected with the brain development. Progressive changes are observed in all the three cerebral arteries in 28-week old fetus, which straight flow becomes more and more tortuous. As in the 32nd week the brain develops faster and gyri and sulci are being formed, the arteries assume wavy flow and number of their rami increases. In a still-born baby, arteries are of rather bigger caliber; they branch abundantly; and due to their relatively broad cerebral sulci, it can be said that their flow is partly tortuous. Our results show evidently that position, flow and relation of cerebral arteries change concurrently with the brain development and appearance of cerebral gyri and sulci.

scholarly journals Study of the changes in the position and the pattern of changes of the brain arteries in fetuses and full-term stillborns

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 7-10
Author(s):  
Amela Kulenović ◽  
Faruk Dilberović
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Full Term ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fetal Life ◽  
Brain Growth ◽  
Cerebral Blood Vessels ◽  
Brain Arteries ◽  
Gestation Age ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Brain

We studied cerebral blood vessels in 20 fetuses of the gestation age between 16-36 weeks, and in 5 full-term stillborn cadavers by the method of dissection. One portion of the brain samples were processed by filling the blood vessels with 10% solution of formalin, whereas in the other group we used Mixobar and injected it through carotid artery to demonstrate brain arteries. In early fetal life the arteries are thin and have a straightforward pattern, which is in a direct correlation with the development of the brain. In brain arteries of a 28-week old fetus we observed progressive changes at all three brain arteries that began to assume more curved pattern. Since a significant increase in the brain growth and formation of the gyruses and sulcuses of the brain occurs in the 32nd week, the arteries also assume a wavier pattern, and the number of its branches increases. In full-term stillborns, the arteries are much larger in caliber, they branch abundantly, and due to relatively wide brain sulcuses we may also conclude that their pattern is partially tortuous. From our results it is evident that there are changes in the position, pattern and relationship of brain arteries that are parallel with the brain development and formation gyruses and sulcuses of the brain.

Two Cases of Atheroma of the Blood Vessels at the Base of the Brain, with Remarks upon the Symptoms, Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Pathological Condition in that Affection

1870 ◽  
Vol 16 (73) ◽  
pp. 52-58
Author(s):  
J. T. Sabben
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Pathological Condition ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
General Paralysis ◽  
Brain Substance ◽  
The Brain

In publishing the following cases, recently under my charge, of mental derangement dependent upon atheromatous deposit in the coats of the larger cerebral arteries, without any apparent disease of the brain substance, I desire, if possible, to define the symptoms of that condition during life, so as to enable them to be distinguished from those of general paralysis, with which I believe them often to be confused.

scholarly journals Amylin: Localization, Effects on Cerebral Arteries and on Local Cerebral Blood Flow in the Cat

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 168-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Edvinsson ◽  
Peter J. Goadsby ◽  
Rolf Uddman
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Cerebral Blood Vessels ◽  
Local Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Doppler Flowmetry

Amylin and adrenomedullin are two peptides structurally related to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). We studied the occurrence of amylin in trigeminal ganglia and cerebral blood vessels of the cat with immunocytochemistry and evaluated the role of amylin and adrenomedullin in the cerebral circulation by in vitro and in vivo pharmacology. Immunocytochemistry revealed that numerous nerve cell bodies in the trigeminal ganglion contained CGRP immunoreactivity (-ir); some of these also expressed amylin-ir but none adrenomedullin-ir. There were numerous nerve fibres surrounding cerebral blood vessels that contained CGRP-ir. Occasional fibres contained amylin-ir while we observed no adrenomedullin-ir in the vessel walls. With RT-PCR and Real-Time�PCR we revealed the presence of mRNA for calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLRL) and receptor-activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs) in cat cerebral arteries. In vitro studies revealed that amylin, adrenomedullin, and CGRP relaxed ring segments of the cat middle cerebral artery. CGRP and amylin caused concentration-dependent relaxations at low concentrations of PGF2a-precontracted segment (with or without endothelium) whereas only at high concentration did adrenomedullin cause relaxation. CGRP8-37 blocked the CGRP and amylin induced relaxations in a parallel fashion. In vivo studies of amylin, adrenomedullin, and CGRP showed a brisk reproducible increase in local cerebral blood flow as examined using laser Doppler flowmetry applied to the cerebral cortex of the a-chloralose�anesthetized cat. The responses to amylin and CGRP were blocked by CGRP8-37. The studies suggest that there is a functional sub-set of amylin-containing trigeminal neurons which probably act via CGRP receptors.

scholarly journals Effect of Hemoglobin on Neurogenic Responses and Cholinergic Parameters in Porcine Cerebral Arteries

1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew D. Linnik ◽  
Tony Jer-Fu Lee
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Choline Uptake ◽  
Cholinergic Transmission ◽  
Cerebral Blood Vessels ◽  
Mixed Response ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Release Of Acetylcholine ◽  
Neurogenic Vasodilation

Electrically stimulated neurogenic vasodilation and endothelial-dependent cholinergic vasodilation in cerebral arteries are both blocked by hemoglobin. To determine if neurogenic vasodilation has a cholinergic component, we examined the effect of hemoglobin on neurogenic responses and perivascular cholinergic parameters in isolated porcine cerebral arteries. The perfused circle of Willis has a mixed response to transmural nerve stimulation (TNS) that is predominately vasodilation. Exposure to hemoglobin (5 μM) causes constriction of this preparation while simultaneously blocking TNS-induced vasodilation. At similar concentrations, however, hemoglobin did not alter electrically stimulated, tetrodotoxin-sensitive release of acetylcholine. Hemoglobin also had no effect on neuronal choline uptake or esteratic inactivation of acetylcholine. These results demonstrate the ability of low concentrations of hemoglobin to alter cerebral neurogenic vasodilation. The failure of hemoglobin to affect any aspect of cholinergic transmission, however, provides further evidence against a direct vasodilatory role for acetylcholine as a terminal transmitter in isolated cerebral blood vessels.

The Neurovascular Unit: Focus on the Regulation of Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 502-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrícia Quelhas ◽  
Graça Baltazar ◽  
Elisa Cairrao
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Smooth Muscle Cells ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Neurovascular Unit ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
Cerebral Blood Vessels ◽  
Mural Cells ◽  
Brain Pericytes ◽  
The Brain

The neurovascular unit is a physiological unit present in the brain, which is constituted by elements of the nervous system (neurons and astrocytes) and the vascular system (endothelial and mural cells). This unit is responsible for the homeostasis and regulation of cerebral blood flow. There are two major types of mural cells in the brain, pericytes and smooth muscle cells. At the arterial level, smooth muscle cells are the main components that wrap around the outside of cerebral blood vessels and the major contributors to basal tone maintenance, blood pressure and blood flow distribution. They present several mechanisms by which they regulate both vasodilation and vasoconstriction of cerebral blood vessels and their regulation becomes even more important in situations of injury or pathology. In this review, we discuss the main regulatory mechanisms of brain smooth muscle cells and their contributions to the correct brain homeostasis.

Cerebrospinal fluid may nourish cerebral vessels through pathways in the adventitia that may be analogous to systemic vasa vasorum

1982 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 475-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas T. Zervas ◽  
Theodore M. Liszczak ◽  
Marc R. Mayberg ◽  
Peter McL. Black
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Subarachnoid Space ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Cerebral Vessels ◽  
Vasa Vasorum ◽  
Cerebral Blood Vessels ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Large Proteins ◽  
Fine Print

✓ Cerebral blood vessels are devoid of vasa vasorum. Therefore, the authors have studied the microarchitecture of the adventitia of large feline cerebral vessels and systemic vessels of the same size, in an effort to determine how the vessels are nourished. The cerebral vessels contain a rete vasorum in the adventitia that is permeable to large proteins and is in continuity with the subarachnoid space. This substructure may be analogous to the systemic vasa vasorum and may contribute to the nutrition of the cerebral arteries.

scholarly journals Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide and Cerebral Blood Vessels: Distribution and Vasomotor Effects

1987 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 720-728 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Edvinsson ◽  
R. Ekman ◽  
I. Jansen ◽  
J. McCulloch ◽  
R. Uddman
Keyword(s):  
Substance P ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Neurokinin A ◽  
Cerebral Blood Vessels ◽  
Calcitonin Gene ◽  
Basilar Arteries

The innervation of cerebral blood vessels by nerve fibers containing calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and the vasomotor effects of this peptide are described for a number of different mammalian species. CGRP-immunoreactive nerve fibers were present in the adventitia of cerebral arteries in all species examined (guinea pig, cat, rabbit, rat, and mouse). Numerous perikarya containing CGRP immunoreactivity are demonstrable in the trigeminal ganglion of all species. In the cerebral perivascular nerve fibers and in trigeminal perikarya, CGRP is often colocalized with substance P and neurokinin A. Marked interspecies differences exist both in the density of CGRP-immunoreactive nerve fibers and in the cerebrovascular levels measured with radioimmunoassay. The highest concentrations were observed in cerebral vessels from guinea pigs, the lowest concentration in rabbit vessels, and intermediate levels in the feline and human cerebral vasculature. CGRP is a potent dilator of cerebral arteries in all species examined (human pial, feline middle cerebral, rabbit, guinea pig and rat basilar arteries). The concentration of CGRP eliciting half-maximal responses ranged from 0.4 n M (human pial artery) to 3 n M (rat and rabbit basilar arteries). Pretreatment of cerebral arteries with low concentrations of either substance P (0.1 n M) or neurokinin A (3 n M) attenuated slightly the CGRP-induced relaxations of guinea pig basilar arteries. Calcitonin was found to be a very weak dilator of cerebral arteries from human and guinea pig. Thus, cardiovascular nerve fibers containing CGRP appear to be present in all mammalian species (although to varying degrees) and CGRP is invariably a potent dilator of the cerebral arteries for all species.

Clinical evaluation of Nasya Karma and Vatagajankusha Rasa effect in the management of Pakshaghata

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (04) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuldeep . ◽  
A. S. Prashanth ◽  
S. G. Chavan
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Blood Supply ◽  
Clinical Evaluation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cerebral Blood Vessels ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
The Brain

Vata Vyadhi is considered one among the Ashta Maha Gada as told by Acharya’s. Out of all Nanatmaja Vata Vyadhis, the disease Pakshaghata is considered superior among the other Vataja disorders. In modern era, the Lakshana’s of Pakshaghata is closely resembles the disease Hemiplegia. In Hemiplegia, symptoms appears due to the Ischemia of Brain tissue which is an end result of improper blood supply to the brain either due to thrombus, embolism or may be due to rupture of any cerebral blood vessels. Acharya Bhela, has considered Pakshaghata as one among the Asthi Majjagata Roga’s. Acharya Sushruta also states that, the Mastulunga Majja is nothing but it is Majjadhara Kala. So, here an attempt has been made to evaluate the efficacy of Brimhana Nasya along with Shamanoushadi’s for the management of Pakashaghata.

scholarly journals Acetylcholine and Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide in Cerebral Blood Vessels: Effect of Extirpation of the Sphenopalatine Ganglion

1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Hara ◽  
I. Jansen ◽  
R. Ekman ◽  
E. Hamel ◽  
E. T. MacKenzie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide ◽  
Cerebral Circulation ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Sphenopalatine Ganglion ◽  
Cerebral Blood Vessels ◽  
Nerve Network ◽  
Quantitative Measurements ◽  
Rostral Part

The innervation of cerebral blood vessels by nerve fibers containing acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and the vasomotor effects of the two neurotransmitters have been analyzed in the rat following the uni- or bilateral removal of the sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG), which is thought to be the major origin of this innervation. Histochemistry of AChE-positive nerve fibers and the immunoreactivity toward VIP revealed only a 30% reduction in the innervation pattern of the rostral part of the cerebral circulation following the operation. At ∼4 weeks postoperatively, the original nerve network was restored. Quantitative measurements of cholineacetyltransferase activity and VIP revealed similar reductions in the levels of collected large cerebral arteries at the base of the brain and in small pial vessels overlying the cerebral cortex at the various postoperative times following uni- or bilateral removal of the SPG. The two techniques thus complemented each other. Vasomotor reactivity to acetylcholine (ACh) and VIP was examined in proximal segments of the middle cerebral artery at the various postoperative times. Generally, the removal of the SPG had no effect on the responses to ACh or VIP. The evidence indicates that only approximately one-third of the cholinergic/VIP innervation of the rostral part of the cerebral circulation originates in the SPG.

scholarly journals Morphology and Morphometry of Foetal Corpus Callosum Using MRI – A Retrospective Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (02) ◽  
pp. 663-669
Author(s):  
Kirthika C P ◽  
Siva T ◽  
Rajeswaran R ◽  
Kalpana R ◽  
Yuvaraj Maria Francis
Keyword(s):  
Corpus Callosum ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Abnormal Development ◽  
Radiology Department ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Prenatal Ultrasonography ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Normal Brain Development ◽  
Foetal Mri

Introduction: Corpus callosum (CC) is the largest commissural white fibres interconnecting cerebral hemispheres. The corpus callosum is responsible for interhemispheric transfer of information which is essential for cognitive function. The foetal corpus callosum serves as sensitive indicator for normal brain development and maturation. As the corpus callosum is a part of the highest order latest maturing mental network of the brain, its measurements are important to assess normal brain development and to locate structural changes. A comprehensive evaluation of normal human foetal corpus callosal development is essential to detect and understand the congenital anomalies of the brain. Thus, the prenatal diagnosis of partial or complete agenesis of the corpus callosum is important for predicting the normal development of the foetus. Foetal neural anomalies that are suspected on prenatal ultrasonography (USG) can be detected in early stage using foetal MRI. This imaging technique is highly useful for detailed visualization of normal neural development. Certain conditions like colpocephaly and widening of interhemispheric fissure can be clearly visualized using foetal MRI when compared to prenatal ultrasonography. Aim and objective: Was to establish the normal reference values for the measurement of foetal corpus callosum. The length and thickness of the foetal CC was measured corresponding to gestational age (GA) between 18-36weeks. Materials and methods: A retrospective MRI study was carried out in Radiology department of Sri Ramachandra Hospital. The study was conducted on 50 pregnant women with GA of 18-32 weeks and morphology of foetal corpus callosum was measured using MRI. The corpus callosum was visualized in a mid-sagittal plane as an anechoic structure, delimited by two echogenic lines superiorly by sulcus of the corpus callosum and inferiorly by the septum pellucidum. The length of corpus callosum was measured from the anterior most aspect of genu to the posterior most aspect of the splenium and the width of individual parts were measured and correlated with gestational age. The values obtained from the study were statistically calculated using regression coefficient method. Results: In the present study following parameters were observed such as length and width of diverse parts of Corpus callosum. The length of foetal CC ranged from 25.96 to 47.2 mm in 18 to 32 weeks of gestational age. The range of width of rostrum, genu, body and splenium were 1.2 to 2.2 mm, 1.2-2.8mm, 1.3-3.1mm and 1.36-3.2mm respectively. Conclusion: The periodic development of nervous system can be calculated more effectively with the morphometric measurement of foetal CC and its correlation with BPD. It is considered to be accurate than using BPD measurement of head circumference in USG. Hence, with the normative data of foetal CC measurements correlated with gestational age would give us accurate details of neuronal growth rather than measuring biparietal diameter (BPD) alone using USG. This knowledge will be highly helpful for the gynaecologists to predict the abnormal development of the foetus and it is advised to include foetal CC parameters as a one of the tools for early detection of CNS anomalies.

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