scholarly journals 'This is not a Story which would Shock!': The #MeToo Campaign in Slovenia

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-356
Author(s):  
Дарья Завиржек
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
Sexual Assaults ◽  
Religious Influences ◽  
Public Figures ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
The Social ◽  
Specific Factors

In post-socialist Slovenia, the #MeToo campaign (#jaztudi), which was started by four public intellectuals in 2018, was rather different to its equivalent in most Western counties. The analysis of the #jaztudi campaign suggests that there are local specifics in the Slovenian material and that the campaign appeared at the peak of the era of neopatriarchy where global inequalities are on the rise. Hundreds of women who testified about sexual harassment and sexual violence were not celebrities and public figures. The men against whom they spoke up were not famous, rich and powerful. They disclosed ordinary, 'small' stories, which were far from spectacular. Women wrote about everyday sexual assaults in childhood, in their teens and in adulthood. The majority of them were not interested in taking legal action against the perpetrators, something which can partially be explained by the contexts of rurality, religious influences and the social norms related to sexual violence towards women that are reproduced in educational, judicial and other social systems. This article provides the social context of the situation facing women in Slovenia and attempts to explain why #MeToo campaigns in different countries are contextual. It shows the importance of locally specific factors that influence women’s readiness to speak out and to denounce perpetrators. A number of factors have a great impact on ending sexual violence against women, including the frequency of violence against women; women’s economic and social status; the responses of professionals in public institutions to which women could turn for help; as well as awareness on the part of parents, teachers and communities. The implementation of the Istanbul Convention, which Slovenia ratified in 2015, and its internalisation on both the cognitive and emotional levels, constitute an important historical turning point in the fight to end sexual violence.

Telling stories of rape, revenge and redemption in the age of the TED talk

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Crawley ◽  
Olivera Simic
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
Entertainment Media ◽  
Mainstream Media ◽  
Informal Justice ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Spectator ◽  
Men’S Involvement

The last few years have witnessed increasing discussion of sexual violence in the mainstream media and public debate in North America and elsewhere, especially with the most recent wave of sexual assault and harassment allegations in entertainment, media and public institutions, called the #MeToo campaign. Despite the view that men must be engaged in this conversation in order to be effective at preventing violence and changing deep-seated patriarchal attitudes, the place of male voices in this ongoing conversation is hotly in question. This article analyzes an unusual and controversial project by Thordis Elva and Tom Stranger, who, 20 years after Stranger raped Elva, produced a TED talk (2016) watched by over 3 million people, and a jointly written book, South of Forgiveness (Elva and Stranger, 2017), detailing their story of forgiveness and redemption. The first part of this article situates this unprecedented victim-rapist enterprise within the history of feminist anti-rape politics and men’s involvement in that politics, arguing that this project both instantiates, and critiques, an appeal to the ‘good man’. The second part analyzes the book South of Forgiveness as a survivor story that is more complex than the highly reductive format of a TED talk allows, and shows how its uneasy fit within the putative frameworks of ‘restorative’ or informal justice (as Elva and others claim it to be) is a function of the unacknowledged dimension to the performance in the form of revenge. The third part of the article turns to Elva’s and Stranger’s public performances that began with the TED talk and book tour, which we attended, to show how this function of revenge played out theatrically and implicates the spectator as bystander and witness. We conclude by reflecting upon the implications of listening to male perpetrators speak against sexual violence against women and our responsibility towards these questions as feminist legal academics.

scholarly journals SISTEM SOSIAL PATRIARKI SEBAGAI AKAR DARI KEKERASAN SEKSUAL TERHADAP PEREMPUAN PATRIARCHAL SOCIAL SYSTEM AS THE ROOT OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 121
Author(s):  
Sonza Rahmanirwana Fushshilat ◽  
Nurliana Cipta Apsari
Keyword(s):  
Social Construction ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Social System ◽  
Women's Roles ◽  
The Social ◽  
Women’S Roles ◽  
Natural Difference

ABSTRAKJenis kelamin merupakan suatu perbedaan yang fitrah dan dapat dilihat secara biologis. Melalui proses yang panjang, masyarakat melakukan pembedaan antara peran laki-laki dan peran perempuan. Konstruksi sosial yang diciptakan oleh masyarakat bernama patriarki, sistem sosial yang melihat bahwa garis keturunan ayah memiliki posisi yang lebih superior dibandingkan perempuan. Ketidaksetaraan gender yang ditimbulkan mengakibatkan adanya diskriminasi dan tekanan terhadap perempuan dalam kehidupannya. Pembatasan ruang yang dilakukan oleh laki-laki atau bahkan masyarakat membuat perempuan tidak mendapat aksesibilitas dan hak-hak yang seharusnya mereka diterima. Buruknya, salah satu perlakuan tidak menyenangkan yang didapat perempuan adalah kekerasan seksual. Patriarki membuat posisi perempuan lumrah untuk dijadikan objek seksual oleh laki-laki. Hal ini berarti patriarki juga menjadi salah satu faktor yang menyumbang akan langgengnya kekerasan seksual yang menimpa perempuan. ABSTRACTGender is a natural difference and can be seen biologically. Through a long process, the community differentiates between men's roles and women's roles. The social construction created by society is called patriarchy, a social system that sees that the father's lineage has a position that is superior to women. Gender inequality caused by resulting in discrimination and pressure on women in their lives. Spatial restrictions imposed by men or even society prevent women from getting the accessibility and rights they ought to received. One of the unpleasant treatments women received is sexual violence. Patriarchy system allow the women to become sexual objects by men. This means that patriarchy is also one of the factors contributing to the continuous sexual violence experienced by women.

Sexual Violence Trends between 2004 and 2008 in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 408-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan A. Bartels ◽  
Jennifer A. Scott ◽  
Jennifer Leaning ◽  
Jocelyn T. Kelly ◽  
Denis Mukwege ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽  
Sexual Assaults ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Republic Of Congo ◽  
The Social ◽  
Military Campaigns ◽  
South Kivu ◽  
Hospital Registry

AbstractIntroduction: For more than a decade, conflict in the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has been claiming lives. Within that conflict, sexual violence has been used by militia groups to intimidate and punish communities, and to control territory. This study aimed to: (1) investigate overall frequency in number of Eastern DRC sexual assaults from 2004 to 2008 inclusive; (2) determine if peaks in sexual violence coincide with known military campaigns in Eastern DRC; and (3) study the types of violence and types of perpetrators as a function of time.Methods: This study was a retrospective, descriptive, registry-based evaluation of sexual violence survivors presenting to Panzi Hospital between 2004 and 2008.Results: A total of 4,311 records were reviewed. Throughout the five-year study period, the highest number of reported sexual assaults occurred in 2004, with a steady decrease in the total number of incidents reported at Panzi Hospital from 2004 through 2008. The highest peak of reported sexual assaults coincided with a known militant attack on the city of Bukavu. A smaller sexual violence peak in April 2004 coincided with a known military clash near Bukavu. Over the five-year period, the number of sexual assaults reportedly perpetrated by armed combatants decreased by 77% (p = 0.086) and the number of assaults reportedly perpetrated by non-specified perpetrators decreased by 92% (p < 0.0001). At the same time, according to the hospital registry, the number of sexual assaults reportedly perpetrated by civilians increased 17-fold (p < 0.0001). This study was limited by its retrospective nature, by the inherent selection bias of studying only survivors presenting to Panzi Hospital, and by the use of a convenience sample within Panzi Hospital.Conclusions: After years of military rape in South Kivu Province, civilian adoption of sexual violence may be a growing phenomenon. If this is the case, the social mechanisms that prevent sexual violence will have to be rebuilt and sexual violence laws will have to be fully enforced to bring all perpetrators to justice. Proper rehabilitation and reintegration of ex-combatants may also be an important step towards reducing civilian rape in Eastern DRC.

scholarly journals Between Sexual Violence and Autonomy: Rethinking the Engagement of the Indian Women’s Movement with Criminal Law

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 860-877
Author(s):  
Kalika Mehta ◽  
Avantika Tiwari
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Women's Movement ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
The State ◽  
Women's Movements ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
The Social ◽  
Gang Rape

AbstractThe aftermath of protests triggered by a brutal gang-rape in New Delhi in December 2012 was archetypal of the broader women’s movement in post-independence India. The primary demands of the social movement to address sexual violence against women were wrapped in the language of rights-based reforms in criminal law provisions. The state responded to the social mobilization in the form of criminal law amendments, while blindsiding key recommendations from feminist groups. This Article revisits pertinent Law Commission reports, subsequent criminal law reforms, and case law on sexual violence against women to analyze how the negotiations between the women’s movement and the State on the seemingly irreconcilable demands of sexual autonomy and punishment for sexual violence. We take account of the intended and unintended consequences of this reliance on criminal law as one of the primary tools in the arsenal of Indian women’s movements. We argue that engagement on the plane of criminal law to address sexual violence against women is a case of limited imagination at best and counter-productive at its worst. This approach of the movement and feminist groups is to react to the “crime” of sexual violence after the fact, leading to distraction from much warranted structural responses. We argue that this approach makes it harder to conceptualize and implement more forward-looking relational models of responsibility that are necessary to address the structural injustice of systemic sexual violence against women.

scholarly journals Una lectura crítica de la regulación legal de las violencias machistas en Lamu, Kenia, desde la aportación de las mujeres indígenas = A Critical Reading of the Legal Regulation of Violence against Women in Lamu, Kenia, from the Contribution of Indigenous Women

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 119
Author(s):  
Ana Fernández Quiroga
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Indigenous Women ◽  
Gender Violence ◽  
Sexual Assaults ◽  
Judicial Process ◽  
The Face ◽  
Las Mujeres ◽  
Experiences Of Women

Resumen. Las violencias machistas son un problema global de primer orden. Sus mani­festaciones son muy diversas y deben tratarse como un problema intersectorial, ya que influye en sus distintos grados de opresión las diferencias étnicas, de clase o de nivel sociocultural. Son innumerables los instrumentos legales que se han promulgado para su erradicación pero sin mejorar en gran medida las cifras de violencia a nivel mundial. En parte debido a que se ha olvidado en muchas ocasiones contar con las propias voces y experiencias de las mujeres que han sufrido estas experiencias y se ha caído en falsos paternalismos en su regulación y en otra parte porque algunas de sus manifestaciones se realizan en espacios privados y quedan invisibilizadas, especialmente las agresiones sexuales dentro del matrimonio. La presente co­municación se refiere a una investigación llevada a cabo en una isla de Kenia llamada Lamu donde se desarrollan distintos proyectos de empoderamiento social y económico de las mu­jeres indígenas. En la misma se trata de conocer el grado de conocimiento y legitimación de la legislación contra las violencias machistas, las barreras en el proceso judicial y la diversidad existente según la etnia, la religión o el nivel socio-cultural, así como las estrategias de resil­iencia de las propias mujeres frente a estas violencias. Se realiza desde un marco metodológico cualitativo donde la pieza clave son las entrevistas en profundidad a las propias mujeres in­dígenas. De la misma sacaremos, entre otras conclusiones, que cuando el proceso judicial de divorcio y el de denuncia de violencia sexual son independientes, ante la falta de capacidad económica, se abandona el segundo.Palabras clave: violencias machistas, violencia sexual, resiliencia, denuncia.Abstract. The Gender Violence is a global problem of the first order. Their manifesta­tions are very diverse and should be treated as an inter-sectorial problem, since ethnic, class or socio-cultural differences influence their different degrees of oppression. There are in­numerable legal instruments that have been promulgated for their eradication but without greatly improving the figures. Partly because it has been forgotten on many occasions to have the voices and experiences of women who have suffered these experiences and has fallen into false paternalism in its regulation and elsewhere because some of its manifestations are car­ried out in private spaces and remain invisible, especially sexual assaults within marriage. This communication refers to an investigation carried out in an island of Kenya called Lamu where different projects of social and economic empowerment of indigenous women are developed. It deals with knowing the degree of knowledge and legitimacy of the legislation against sexist violence, the barriers in the judicial process and the existing diversity according to ethnicity, religion or socio-cultural level, as well as resilience strategies of the women themselves in the face of these violence. It is carried out from a qualitative methodological framework where the key piece is the in-depth interviews with indigenous women themselves. From it we will draw, among other conclusions, that when the judicial process of divorce and that of sexual violence are independent, in the absence of economic capacity, the second is abandoned.Keywords: violence against women, sexual violence, resilience, report.

Violence against Women: Some Considerations Regarding its Causes and its Elimination

1981 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorie Klein
Keyword(s):  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
Sexual Revolution ◽  
Reform Movements ◽  
Wife Battering ◽  
The Social ◽  
Justice Process ◽  
Criminal Justice Process ◽  
Crimes Against Women ◽  
Systemic Violence

Violence against women is identified as an outcome of the social structure and ideology of gender domination. Its very definition is problematic and political, related to changes in women's place in male-dominated society. Specific crimes against women, such as the outlawing of birth control and abortion, rape, witch hunting, and wife battering, are grouped and analyzed as originating in female subordination in the gender-specific arenas of reproduction, sexuality, and nurturance. Despite recent formal legal gains by women, their increasing participation in the waged labor force, decreased childbearing, and a male-oriented "sexual revolution," neither individual nor systemic violence against women has apparently slackened. This is related to the fact that as traditional patriarchy is absorbed by the rule of the state, public institutions, and medicine over "personal" life, male domination is transformed rather than eroded. A qualitatively different development is the achievement of the feminist movement in exposing, defining, and challenging abuses of women. It is suggested that feminist strategies to use the criminal justice process to achieve liberation, as evidenced by legal reform movements with regard to pornography and family violence, should take into account the limitations of a structure whose predominant determinants are the protection of eco nomic order and ideological legitimacy.

Acceptability of Sexual Violence Against Women In Spain: Demographic, Behavioral, and Attitudinal Correlates

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 1080-1100
Author(s):  
Elena Sirvent Garcia del Valle
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Social Perception ◽  
Public Attitudes ◽  
Educational Background ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
Attitudinal Factors ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Representative Samples

Most research on the social perception of sexual violence is based on samples of university students, while it is rare to find studies with representative samples, despite the vital importance of this information in planning prevention strategies. Furthermore, in Europe, the social perception of sexual violence has been explored very marginally. Our main objective with this study was to explore, by means of a representative sample of the general population ( N = 2,465), the relationship between the acceptability of sexual violence and demographic, behavioral, and attitudinal factors in Spain. The variable with the highest impact on the outcome was sexism, followed by knowledge of the most common type of victim–perpetrator relationship, age, perceived frequency of false complaints, and educational background. Other variables such as sex, country of birth, attitudes toward the consumption of prostitution, or opinions regarding prevention of sexual violence were also significant. A better understanding of the factors influencing public attitudes toward sexual violence would be useful to guide prevention efforts.

scholarly journals Greek students’ attitudes toward rape

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 130
Author(s):  
Aikaterini Gari ◽  
George Georgouleas ◽  
Artemis Giotsa ◽  
Eleni Anna Stathopoulou
Keyword(s):  
Applied Sciences ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Rape Myths ◽  
Science Students ◽  
Rape Victims ◽  
The Social ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Students Attitudes ◽  
The University

Literature on sexual harassment and violence against women describes a variety of myths and stereotypes regarding partial or total responsibility of rape victims and their “enjoyment” of sexual violence. Rape stigma and rape myths are aspects of generalized attitudes toward victims of rape and rapists, while it seems that sexual violence remains a taboo in today’s western societies. This study explores Greek university students’ attitudes towards rape. A questionnaire created for the purpose of this study was administered to 950 Greek students at the University of Athens and at the University of Ioannina, divided into three groups: a group of students from the Faculty of Law, a group from Departments orientated to Humanistic and Social Sciences and a group of students from other Faculties and Departments of Applied Sciences. Factor analysis revealed four factors: “Rape victim’s responsibility”, “Defining the concept of rape”, “Rape motivation” and “Rapist’s characteristics”. In line with previous research findings, the results indicated that women were less accepting of conservative attitudestowards rape than men; they also seemed to reject attitudes of “blaming the victim” more, and to hold negative views of rapists. Additionally, the results showed that students of rural origin retain more conservative attitudes with respect to the victim’s responsibility and the rapist’s characteristics than students of urban origin. Finally, students in Law Departments seemed to have accepted more moderate attitudes than the other two groups of students; they mostly disagree with conservative attitudes regarding victim’s responsibilities along with the Social Science students, but they agree more with Applied Sciences students in defining rape.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF SOCIAL COMMUNITY CONTROLS ON INCREASING SEXUAL VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-165
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ramadan
Keyword(s):  
Social Control ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Social Ties ◽  
Sexual Crime ◽  
Social Community ◽  
The Social ◽  
Library Studies ◽  
Community Controls

Women are creatures of God Almighty who must be protected, even though gender equality has been done with men. Therefore women must be protected from all forms of intimidation, harassment, exploitation, violence both physically and psychologically. Because the nature of women in the eyes of the social and religious eyes have differences with men, as the nature of women is the weakest god creature. Even in law, women have different protections compared to men. This writing is in the form of descriptive narrative which means describing using available legal materials which are then processed based on the theories obtained and using normative methods based on library studies, namely by collecting various kinds of literature consisting of books, journals, and documents others relating to violence and sexual harassment and social control of these crimes. Sexual crime experienced by women in Indonesia is caused by the weak social control in the community that makes the bond of social ties not well established, causing women to be lower in the eyes of the perpetrators who commit violence against women. report the actions that occur, thus there will be omission of these conditions so as to make the perpetrators freely commit sexual violence against women. Therefore the role of community social control is very necessary to protect women.

scholarly journals Reclaiming Stigmatized Narratives: The Networked Disclosure Landscape of #MeToo

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan J. Gallagher ◽  
Elizabeth Stowell ◽  
Andrea G. Parker ◽  
Brooke Foucault Welles
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Social Stigma ◽  
Collective Narratives ◽  
The Social ◽  
Disproportionate Number ◽  
Made In

The social stigma looming over disclosures of sexual violence discourages many women from publicly sharing their stories, limiting their ability to seek support and obscuring the epidemic of sexual violence against women. By inviting women to share their ordinarily silenced stories, the hashtag #MeToo surfaced a network of survivors to confront this stigma. Through a mixed-methods analysis of over 1.5 million tweets posted during the first two weeks after #MeToo gained widespread popularity in 2017, we map the landscape of disclosures that emerged and disentangle the effects of network-level reciprocal disclosures, or disclosures made in reaction to seeing others disclose. We detail how survivors disclosed a diversity of sexual violence experiences in solidarity with others, composing nearly half of all authored tweets and comprising a disproportionate number of interactions within the #MeToo network. Further, we show that the more disclosures an individual potentially saw prior to disclosing, the more likely they were to share details with their disclosure. We argue that such network-level reciprocal disclosures may have reduced stigma, creating a counterpublic space safe for disclosure which, subsequently, generated more disclosures. Our work illustrates how feminist hashtag activism, like #MeToo, can unify individual and collective narratives to dismantle the stigma surrounding disclosures of sexual violence. Content warning: This article heavily discusses issues of sexual violence against women.

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